Lesson 1

Introduction to
Ruby

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 Philosophy
behind Ruby

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 Human
oriented

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 Principle of
least surprise

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 Fun to program in

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 Features of Ruby

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 Everything is an object
1.class # => Fixnum
'a'.class # => String
:z.class # => Symbol

class Person
end
Person.class # => Class
Person.new.class # => Person

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 On the fly

def double_it(input)
input * 2
end
double_it(1) # => 2
double_it("a") # => "aa"

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 Open for change
class Array
def first_half
slice(0, size/2)
end
end
a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
puts a.to_s #=> 123456
puts a.first_half.to_s #=> 123

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 Program your programs

class Person
attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
attr_reader :person_id
alias :last_name, :family_name
end

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 Express yourself

me = people.find { |p| p.first_name ==

'Sau Sheong' }

family = people.select { |p|

p.last_name == 'Chang' }

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 Perl
SmallTalk
+ Lisp
Ruby
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 Current versions of
Ruby

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 Matz Ruby Interpreter
Ruby 1.8.7

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 Yet Another Ruby VM
-> Ruby 1.9.1

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 JRuby (1.4)
Ruby 1.8 (1.9) on the JVM

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 Rubinius
Ruby 1.8 in Ruby
(and a bit of C++)

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 IronRuby (0.9.2)
Ruby 1.8

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 MacRuby (0.6)
Ruby 1.9 in Objective-C

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 Installing Ruby

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 http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads/

Windows - RubyInstaller

Mac - already pre-installed (1.8.7); or

use port

Linux (Debian, Ubuntu etc)

% sudo apt-get install ruby1.9.1-full

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 Tools

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 Rubygems

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 Interactive Ruby
(irb)

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 Language

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 Strings and Variables

'Hello, Sau Sheong!'

name = 'Sau Sheong' # => "Sau Sheong"

"Hello, #{name}!" # => "Hello, Sau Sheong!"

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 Methods
str = "Hello, World!" # => "Hello, World!"
str.size # => 13
str.sub("World", "Ruby") # => "Hello, Ruby!"

def greet(name="Sau Sheong")

"Greetings, #{name}!"
end

puts greet
puts greet('everyone')
# >> Greetings, Sau Sheong!
# >> Greetings, everyone!

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 Numbers

1 + 2 # => 3
1 + 2.1 # => 3.1
2**10 # => 1024
9 / 2 # => 4
5 % 3 # => 2
-3.abs # => 3
1.class # => Fixnum
(2**50).class # => Bignum
1.3.class # => Float

Saturday, September 11, 2010

 Arrays
Array.new # => []
[1,2,3] # => [1, 2, 3]
[1] + [2] << 3 # => [1, 2, 3]
[1,2,3] - [2,3] # => [1]
%w(one two) # => ["one", "two"]
[1,2,3].pop # => 3
[1,2].push(3) # => [1, 2, 3]
[1,2,3].shift # => 1
[2,3].unshift(1) # => [1, 2, 3]
[1,3].insert(1,2) # => [1, 2, 3]

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 Hashes

options = {:name => "Ruby"}

h = Hash.new # => {}
h['string'] = 1
h[:symbol] = 1
h # => {:symbol=>1, "string"=>1}
h.keys # => [:symbol, "string"]
h[:symbol] # => 1

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 Iterators

for n in 0..2
puts n
end

(0..2).each do |n|
puts n
end

[0,1,2].each {|n| puts n}

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 Enumerable

ary = [1,2,3]
ary.map {|n| n * 2} # => [2, 4, 6]
ary.select {|n| n % 2 == 0} # => [2]
ary.inject(0) {|sum, n| sum + n} # => 6

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 Control structures
if some_condition
# ...
elsif other_condition
# ...
else
# ...
end

while condition
# ...
end

puts "lol" if funny?

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 Regular Expressions
str = "Hello, world!"
str.gsub(/[aeiou]/,"*") # => "H*ll*, w*rld!"
str =~ /w(or)ld/ # => 7
$1 # => "or"
match = str.match(/w(or)ld/) # => #<MatchData:
0x532cbc>
match[0] # => "world"
match[1] # => "or"

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 Error handling
begin
raise "Standard error"
rescue => e
p e
end
# >> #<RuntimeError: Standard error>

begin
raise StandardError.new("Oh, oh")
rescue RuntimeError
puts "runtime"
rescue StandardError
puts "standard"
end
# >> standard

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 Files

File.open('test.txt','w') do |file|
file.write("line\n")
file.puts("line")
end
File.read('test.txt')

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 Classes
class Calc
attr_accessor :factor

def initialize(factor=2)
@factor = factor
end

def multiply(value)
@factor * value
end
end

calc = Calc.new
calc.multiply 5 # => 10
calc.factor = 3
calc.multiply 5 # => 15

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 Inheritance
class Foo
def greet
"Hi, #{value}"
end
def value
"foo"
end
end

class Bar < Foo

def value
"bar"
end
end

Foo.new.greet # => "Hi, foo"

Bar.new.greet # => "Hi, bar"

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 Class methods
class Foo
def self.bar
"BAR!"
end

def bar
"bar"
end
end

Foo.bar # => "BAR!"

Foo.new.bar # => "bar"

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 Mixins
module Even
def even?
self % 2 == 0
end
end

class Fixnum
include Even
end

1.even? # => false

2.even? # => true

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 Questions?

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