M A N U E L L.

Q U E Z O N U N I V E R S I T Y

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

RESEARCH PAPER
ON

INDIVIDUAL & DUAL SPORTS

(RESEARCH PAPER)

Submitted by:
Castro, Jerico D.
Student No.: 16-00055

Submitted to:
PROF. HUGO
PE 103 Professor
 MLQU MISSION

The Manuel L. Quezon University shall contribute to nation

building by turning out nationalistic, competent, educated and
upright Filipinos imbued with a spirit of selflessness and
committed service to society, through quality education and
training that is sustainable, with particular emphasis on the
acquisition of current and relevant knowledge and highly valued
skills by its students, that are apropos to our country’s hopes
and dreams for a progressive future for all.

The Manuel L. Quezon University as an organization adheres to

the precept: We are a people organization. We know that the
future of this University lies in our hands: The Board of Regents,
administrative officials, faculty and employees. We believe in the
innate potential of every individual to excel and do good. As
such, we shall endeavor to provide, at all times, a Christian
environment that fosters good study habits, quality education,
academic freedom, trust and confidence, creativity and
excellence; and which recognizes as well as rewards
accomplishments and hard work; and promotes teamwork,
openness and integrity.

MLQU VISSION

Total quality education through excellence in instruction

rendered by recognized leaders in the field of education.
 MLQU HYMN

From every luminous shore

And verdant mountains
From city clamor and barrio quietude
We have come to MLQU
Perpetual fountain to imbibe wisdom
Patriotism and rectitude.
Oh, Alma Mater, our dear MLQU!
To thee our hearts shall forever beat,
Forever and ever be true.
We shall love thee
Amidst smiles or tears.
Thy light shall never
Be dimmed by the years,
Thy light shall never
Be dimmed by the years.
WHAT IS SPORTS?

Sport is about a range of specific activities which involves competition and requires physical
conditioning and skills. A good way to define it would be to say, "It is a structured physical
activity, usually competitive, that requires complex skills and a high level of individual
commitment and motivation". Let's look at what this mean:

 Structured physical activity-structured means it is organized. All sports have governing

bodies that set rules and arrange events. It also requires physical preparation to some extent.
 Competitive-all sport has a competitive element, either between individual and team.
 Requires complex skills-skills have to be learned for an individual to become a performer.
Basic skills have to be learned first, which are later developed into more complex skills.
 High level of individual commitment and motivation - top athletes get to where they are by
training for long hours for many years and often have to make sacrifices. This of course leads
to rewards, such as winning, a sense of achievement, prize money or wages, which make all
the hard work worthwhile.
Throughout history, sport has played a variety of important function in society: as a form of
recreation, as a preparation for war or the hunt; or later as a substitute for war. Some sports such
as wrestling, date back thousands of years, others have arisen and being adapted from other
activities. Today there are hundreds of different sports and the job of defining what a sport
becomes very difficult. However, a number of characteristics that are shared by all sports can be
identified.

Common Features of Sport

 Most of the world's sports contain the following features:

 Competition between individual or team
 Physical activity
 Winners and losers (in some sports you can have a draw)
 Rules to ensure fair competition
 A special place to play (e.g., a pitch, court, or ring)
 Special equipment

There have been many attempts to divide sport into groups. Let's examine a few:
· Game - in this group of sports, you win by out-thinking your opponents, dominating territory,
and scoring in some way, (coincidence, anticipation, avoidance), e.g. Soccer, Hockey,
Badminton etc.
· Gymnastic - in this group of sports, you win by producing movements which are performed as
perfectly as possible when compared to a pre-set standard (movement replication), which are
marked by judges, e.g. gymnastics, trampolining, etc.
· Athletic - in this group of sport you win by producing more power than your opponents (power
optimization), e.g. running, jumping, weightlifting, etc.
Specific sports in each of the three types can be analyzed by investigating there:

 Structure (rules and organization)

 Strategies (plans made to win)
 Techniques
 Physical demands of the sport (fitness, energy systems, etc.)
 Psychological demands of the sport (skill, anxiety control, goal setting etc.)
Sport can provide the basis for a lifelong participation in regular exercise, and the development
of mental and moral qualities, including team spirit, sportsmanship, self-discipline, cooperation,
commitment, and competing within a framework of agreed rules. Sport can help channel people's
energy and aggression in a controlled and constructive way.

The relationship between PE and sport

Physical Education (PE) and sport are closely linked. Whilst Physical Education is a part of the
process of education that aims to improve human development and performance through
physical activity and Sport is about a range of structured physical activities, the two shared close
relationship. Physical education curriculum places great emphasis on sport and team games, in
an effort to raise the importance of these in school life.
Both are concerned with physical performance and through them health benefits can be gained;
there is the opportunity to push oneself physically and discover strengths and weaknesses about
oneself when given challenges or competition. However, there are also differences that set the
two apart. Physical education is about the development of the individual, whereas sport is about
the development of excellence. Sport is often about winning and success while PE is concerned
with preparation for leisure and a healthy lifestyle.
Most of our great professional sportsmen and women began their development in physical
education classes.

(Ellison-Brown, 2015)
TABLE TENNIS
1. BRIEF DESCRPTION

Table tennis is a game played inside by two or four people. The players stand at each end of a
table which has a low net across the middle and hit a small light ball over the net, using small
bats.

2. HISTORY
EARLY ORIGINS OF TABLE TENNIS/PING-PONG
12th Century AD - The game of table tennis probably descended from the the game of "Royal
Tennis" (also known as Real Tennis or Court Tennis), which was played in the medieval era.
1880's - Some sources claim that the sport was once known as indoor tennis, and was played in
the early 1880's by British army officers stationed in India and South Africa. These officers are
supposed to have used cigar box lids as paddles, rounded wine bottle corks as balls, and books
for an improvised net.
1887 - According to the ITTF website, the first use of the name "Table Tennis" appeared on a
board and dice game made by J.H.Singer of New York.
1890 - The earliest existing evidence of a table tennis game is a set made by David Foster,
patented in England, which included table versions of Lawn Tennis, Cricket and Football.
1890's - Parker Brothers begin making an indoor tennis kit which included a portable net, a small
ball covered in netting, and paddles.
1901 - John Jacques register "Ping Pong" as a trade name in England. The American rights to the
name are sold to Parker Brothers.
1901 - On the 12th December 1901, "The Table Tennis Association" is formed in England. Four
days later, "The Ping Pong Association" is also formed in England.
1901 - Table tennis is first brought to China via western settlements.
1903 - On the 1st May 1903, "The Table Tennis Association" and "The Ping Pong Association"
amalgamate, forming "The United Table Tennis and Ping Pong Association". This association
will later revert its name to "The Table Tennis Association", before becoming defunct in 1904.

1920'S - 1950'S - CLASSIC HARD BAT ERA - EUROPE DOMINATES THE SPORT
1920's - In the early 1920's the game began to revive in England and Europe.
1922 - "The Table Tennis Association" is reconstituted, with the name "English Table Tennis
Association" being adopted in 1927.
1926 - The International Table Tennis Federation is formed.
1936 - Repainted tables (which made the playing surface very slow) and a high net (6¾ inches
high) combine to make attacking play very difficult at the World Championships in Prague,
Czechoslovakia. This results in the longest rally ever in a World Championships taking place,
lasting over two hours.
1940-1946 - No World Championships held due to World War II.
1950-1955 Angelica Rozeanu-Adelstein of Romania wins six Women's Singles titles in a row at
the World Championships. Since her last title win in 1955, every World Champion in Women's
Singles has been an Asian player.

1950'S - 1970'S - SPONGE BAT ERA, RISE OF JAPAN AND CHINA

1952 - Hiroji Satoh of Japan becomes notorious for his use of a wooden racket covered in thick
foam sponge rubber, which produces much more speed and spin than conventional pimpled
rubber rackets. He wins the 1952 World Championships over Jozsef Koczian of Hungary, and
begins a period of Asian male domination in the sport which will last until Sweden rises to
supremacy from 1989 into the early 1990's.
1957 - The World Championships changes to a biennial event (once every two years), due to the
logistics of hosting an event of such size, and difficulty in finding suitable venues.
1960's - In the early 1960's, the loop drive was invented and become popular around the world.
1960's - From around 1965 to 1971, China under the rule of Ma Tse-Tung disappears from world
table tennis events.
1961-1965 - Zhuang Zedong of China wins 3 Men's Singles titles in a row at the World
Championships, each time over compatriot Li Furong.
1960's - In the early 1960's, Xhang Xi Lin of China uses a "Yin-Yan" bat with normal rubber on
one side, and long pimples on the other - the first recorded instance of successful combination
bat play.
1971 - China returns to International Competition at the 1971 World Championships.
1971 - The US Table Tennis Team takes a "Ping-Pong Diplomacy" trip to China, in a world first
effort to use sport to establish and improve diplomatic relations.
1971 - Jean-Paul Weber of France uses the first anti-spin rubber in the World Championships in
Nagoya, Japan, and enjoys some success with its use.
1971 - The first Commonwealth Championships are held in Singapore.

1970'S - 2000'S - THE AGE OF SPEED GLUE & TECHNOLOGY

1970's - Table tennis players discover that using bicycle tyre repair glue to put rubber on a blade
dramatically increases the speed and spin that can be produced. This discovery is often credited
to Dragutin Surbek of Yugoslavia, and Tibor Klampar of Hungary. This discovery is called
speed glue.
1970's-1989 - China is the dominant force in both men's and women's events on the world scene,
winning multiple events at all world championships.
1980 - The first World Cup event is held in Hong Kong.
1982 - The initial World Veteran's Championships is conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden.
1989-1993 - Sweden breaks the Chinese stranglehold in Men's World Championships, winning
the 1989, 1991, and 1993 Teams Events, and producing the 1989 and 1991 World Men's
Champions (Jan-Ove Waldner and Jorgen Persson respectively). China continues its dominance
in female ranks.
2000 - The ITTF increases the ball diameter to 40mm.
2001 - The ITTF changes the scoring system, moving to 11 point games, and using a best of 5
games or best of 7 games match.
2002 - Table Tennis becomes a Commonwealth Games Sport, at Manchester, England.
2003 - Werner Schlager of Austria breaks the Chinese stranglehold on the Men's Singles World
Championship title, saving several match points along the way against opponents in Wang Liqin
and Kong Linghui. He meets Joo Se Hyuk of South Korea in the final - Joo is the first defensive
player to make the Mens Singles final since the Eberhard Scholer of Germany in 1969 (Scholer
also lost in his final, to Japan's Shigeo Itoh).
2000's - In the early 2000's, frictionless long pimples become popular among many players, in an
attempt to negate the the power and spin produced by modern technology and speed glue.
2006 - The intended banning of frictionless long pips and speed glues with toxic organic solvents
is announced by the ITTF.
2007 - The ITTF withdraws its approval of all table tennis glues, following a health incident
involving a speed glue user in Japan.
2008 - The use of speed glues with illegal VOCs is banned for all ITTF junior competitions as of
January 1. Machines that test for illegal VOCs are introduced to check for rules infractions.
(THOUGHTCO., 2017)
BRIEF HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

In 1899 American GI’s (and later in 1901, early

educators called (Thomasites) introduced table
tennis (using sandpaper rackets) to locals in the
Philippines during the colonization period
After the American GI’s left, table tennis
remained as a primary form of inexpensive
recreation in the Philippines. Because these early
rackets were made of sandpaper surfaces by the
Parker Brothers company in the USA, it became
known as “liha” in Tagalog from that point
onward.
Figure 1: US MILITARY TROOPS CIRCA 1899
(UNIVERSITY OF PHILIPPINES, 2017)

Figure 2: THOMASITES

3. EQUIPMENT/PLAYING AREA
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

THE TABLE Table – official table tennis tables are 2.74 m

in length, 1.525 m wide and 0.7 m high. Tables
are made from a manufactured timber and
covered in a smooth coating to reduce friction,
allowing the ball to have maximum bounce. A
white line borders the table and divides it
lengthwise, marking the right hand and left
hand half of each side.

Racket – also called bats or paddles, "racket" is

THE RACKET the official ITTF term for the instrument used
to hit the ball. Table tennis rackets are made of
 plywood and covered in pimpled or inverted
rubber with a thin layer of sponge in between.
The combination of sponge, pimpled rubber
and plywood allows the ball to travel at
maximum speed and is conducive to adding
spin to the ball, although many players today
prefer inverted rubber because it is resistant to
spins, allowing for effective defensive shots.
Most rackets have a long handle but the
Japanese racket has a raised handle and the
Chinese racket a much shortened handle,
allowing for varying ways of gripping the
racket.
Ping Pong ball – international regulations
PING PONG BALL require a table tennis ball to be 40 mm in
diameter and made from hollow celluloid. The
required diameter was changed from 38 mm in
2003 in an attempt to slow the ball down,
causing controversy amongst some Chinese
players who are famed for their ability to spin
the ball so fast, a return is impossible. The
colour of the ball used depends upon the colour
of the table but is usually the colour that stands
out most effectively against the table. The
quality of ball is denoted by a number of stars:
one, two or three. Three star balls are the most
expensive but are very good quality and will
last a lot longer than balls with one star.
NET
Net – the net stretches across the middle of the
table and should be 15.25 cm high.

CLOTHING
Clothing – there is no specific uniform
required for table tennis, although in official
competitions teams will wear clothes
representative of their countries’ colours.
Loose, non-reflective clothing is recommended
and footwear should allow good ankle control
and quick movements, as opposed to trainers
 that are specifically designed for running.

(TALKTABLETENNIS.CO.UK, 2017)

4. RULES/HOW THE GAME IS PLAYED?

Basic Table Tennis Rules

Service Rules

 The service must start with the ball in an open palm. This stops you from throwing it up
with spin.
 The ball must be thrown vertically, at least 16 cm. This stops you from serving straight
out of your hand and surprising your opponent.
 The ball must be above and behind the table throughout the serve. This stops you getting
any silly angles and gives your opponent a fair chance at returning.
 After throwing the ball, the server must get their free arm and hand out of the way. This
is to allow the receiver to see the ball.

Doubles Rules

 The service must go diagonally, from the server’s right-hand side to the receiver’s right-
hand side. This stops you from getting the opposing pair tangled up before they’ve even
hit a ball.
 A doubles pair must strike the ball alternately. This makes doubles challenging. None of
that front court/back court tennis nonsense.
 At the change of service, the previous receiver becomes the new server and the partner of
the previous server becomes the receiver. This makes sure everybody does everything.
After eight points you’re back to the start of the cycle.

General match play

 You have two serves before it is your opponent’s turn to serve twice. This used to be five
serves each but since changing to 11 it’s now just two.
 At 10-10 it’s deuce. You get one serve each and must win by two clear points. This is
sudden death or table tennis’ equivalent of a tie break.
  If you are playing a best of 3, 5 or 7 (as opposed to just one set) you have to change ends
after each game. This makes sure both players experience conditions on both sides of the
table. You also change ends when the first player reaches five points in the final game of
a match.

A let is called if…

 An otherwise good serve touches the net. This ensures your opponent has a chance at
making a return.
 The receiver isn’t ready (and doesn’t try to hit the ball). This is just common sense really!
 If play is disturbed by something outside of the players’ control. This allows you to
replay the point if your cat jumps onto the table, etc.

A point is lost if…

 The service is missed.

 The service is not returned.
 A shot goes into the net.
 A shot goes off the table without touching the court.
 A player moves the table, touches the net or touches the table with their free hand during
play.

5. COMPETITION AND MANAGEMENT

A. WORLD TABLE TENNIS CHAMPIONSHIPS

The World Table Tennis Championships have been held since 1926, biennially since 1957. Five
individual events, which include men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, women's double
and mixed doubles, are currently held in odd numbered years. The World Team Table Tennis
Championships, which include men's team and women's team events, were first their own
competition in 2000. The Team Championships are held in even numbered years.
In the earlier days of the tournament, Hungary's men's team was a dominant force, winning the
championships 12 times. From the 1960s onwards, China emerged as the new dominant power in
this tournament and, with the exception of 1989-2000, when Sweden won four times, China
continues to dominate the sport. China's men's team holds a record 20 world team championship
titles.
In the 1950s, Japan's women team was a force to be reckoned with winning a total of 8 titles. The
Chinese women started their strong grip on the world team championships from the 1970s
onwards. They have only lost twice since 1975. China holds 20 women's team titles. Singapore's
women team holds the title in 2010.
B. INTERNATIONAL TABLE TENNIS FEDERATION
The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) is the governing body for all international
table tennis associations. The role of the ITTF includes overseeing rules and regulations and
seeking technological improvement for the sport of table tennis. The ITTF is responsible for the
organization of numerous international competitions, including the World Table Tennis
Championships that has continued since 1926.

(WIKIPEDIA, 2017)
C. MATCH OFFICIALS
Referee
For each competition as a whole a referee shall be appointed and his or her identity and location
shall be made known to the participants and, where appropriate, to the team captains.
The referee shall be responsible for

 the conduct of the draw;

 the scheduling of the matches by time and table;
 the appointment of match officials;
 conducting a pre-tournament briefing for match officials;
 checking the eligibility of players;
 deciding whether play may be suspended in an emergency;
 deciding whether players may leave the playing area during a match;
 deciding whether statutory practice periods may be extended;
 deciding whether players may wear track suits during a match;
 deciding any question of interpretation of Laws or Regulations, including the
acceptability of clothing, playing equipment and playing conditions;
 deciding whether, and where, players may practice during an emergency suspension of
play;
 taking disciplinary action for misbehavior or other breaches of regulations.
 Where, with the agreement of the competition management committee, any of the duties
of the referee are delegated to other persons, the specific responsibilities and locations of
each of these persons shall be made known to the participants and, where appropriate, to
the team captains.
 The referee, or a responsible deputy appointed to exercise authority in his or her absence,
shall be present at all times during play.
 Where the referee is satisfied that it is necessary to do so he or she may replace a match
official with another at any time, but he or she may not alter a decision already made by
the replaced official on a question of fact within his or her jurisdiction.
 Players shall be under the jurisdiction of the referee from the time at which they arrive at
the playing venue until they leave it.
Umpire, Assistant Umpire and Stroke Counter

 An umpire and an assistant umpire shall be appointed for each match. The umpire shall
sit or stand in line with the net and the assistant umpire shall sit directly facing him or
her, at the other side of the table.
 The umpire shall be responsible for:
 checking the acceptability of equipment and playing conditions and reporting any
deficiency to the referee;
 taking a ball at random as provided in 3.4.2.1.1-2;
 conducting the draw for the choice of serving, receiving and ends;
 deciding whether the requirements of the service law may be relaxed for a player with
physical disability;
 controlling the order of serving, receiving and ends and correcting any errors therein;
 deciding each rally as a point or a let;
 calling the score, in accordance with specified procedure;
 introducing the expedite system at the appropriate time;
 maintaining the continuity of play;
 taking action for breaches of the advice or behavior regulations;
 drawing by lot which player, pair or team shall change their shirt, should opposing
players or teams have a similar shirt and cannot agree which of them will change.
 ensuring that only authorized persons are at the playing area.
 The assistant umpire shall:
 decide whether or not the ball in play touches the edge of the playing surface at the side
of the table nearest him or her;
 inform the umpire for breaches of the advice or behavior regulations.
 Either the umpire or the assistant umpire may:
 decide that a player's service action is illegal;
 decide that, in an otherwise correct service, the ball touches the net assembly;
 decide that a player obstructs the ball;
 decide that the conditions of play are disturbed in a way that may affect the outcome of
the rally;
 time the duration of the practice period, of play and of intervals.
 Either the assistant umpire or a separate official may act as stroke counter, to count the
strokes of the receiving player or pair when the expedite system is in operation.
 A decision made by the assistant umpire in accordance with the provisions of
 may not be overruled by the umpire.
 Players shall be under the jurisdiction of the umpire from the time at which they arrive at
the playing area until they leave it.

(INTERNATIONAL TABLE TENNIS FEDERATION, 2017)

6. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

A. Grip and Racket Control

Holding the racket determine how you play the game. Two basic grip is
recommended.

1. Orthodox or Shake-hand Grip

> This is popularly used worldwide. Grasps the racket

as if to shake hands with it. It gives you the best
forehand and backhand.

2. Pen-hold Grip
> This is similar to holding a pen between the thumb and
forefinger. The forefinger and thumb reach over the shoulders of
the blade, with the other fingers spread over the back. Only one
side of the racket is used for both forehand and backhand shots.

B. Stance and Footwork

Proper stance and footwork in serving or receiving are just as important in learning
table tennis as they are in tennis, badminton, or any sport skill that requires
constantly alert player.
Beginner’s Stance in Serving – Face slightly to the right side
with feet well apart and the left foot forward. Be in position about
1 ½ to 2 ft. directly behind the center line of own court.
Stance in Receiving – Position is about 2 to 2 ½ feet directly in
the back of the center line of own court. Feet are well apart, knees
slightly bent and body inclined forward in ready position.
For Forehand Strokes – The left foot and left shoulder point
approx. toward the table.
For Backhand Strokes - The right foot and shoulder should point
approx. toward the table.
C. Serving

1. Topspin serves
With either a forehand or backhand stroke, the ball is put into play
by projecting it upward from the flat free hand. As the ball hit the
racket, which is swung forward and upward meets descending it,
and the racket face is closed (facing upward from the tabletop and
net).

2. Backspin serves
The ball is struck with a downward, forward
motion of the racket. The racket face is open
(facing upward from the tabletop and net).

D. Strokes

1. Push shot - is the basic defensive shot

2. Forehand/Backhand Drive
3. Forehand/Backhand Chop - This is primarily
a defensive stroke.
4. Smash Shot - Is used on a higher-than-the-
net bounce the higher the better. It is high
straight forward and downward without spin
on the opponent’s court. This is an offensive
stroke.

(slideshare, 2017)
LAWN TENNIS
1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION
A game played with racquet and ball on a court traversed by a net, but without enclosing walls. It
is a modern adaptation of the ancient game of tennis (q.v.), with which it is identical as regards
the scoring of the game and " set." lawn-tennis is essentially a summer game, played in the open
air, either on courts marked with whitewash on close-cut grass like a cricket pitch, or on asphalt,
cinders, gravel, wood, earth or other substance which can be so prepared as to afford a firm, level
and smooth surface. In winter, however, the game is often played on the floor of gymnasiums,
drill sheds or other buildings, when it:is called " covered-court lawn-tennis"; but there is no
difference in the game itself corresponding to these varieties of court.

2. HSITORY
Tennis as the modern sport can be dated to two separate roots. Between 1859 and 1865, Major
Harry Gem and his friend Augurio Perera developed a game that combined elements of rackets
similar to the game of Poona or Badminton many British soldiers brought from being stationed
in India and the Basque ball game pelota, which they played on Perera's croquet lawn in
Birmingham, United Kingdom. In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's
first tennis club in Leamington Spa. The Courier of 23 July 1884 recorded one of the first tennis
tournaments, held in the grounds of Shrubland Hall.
In December 1873, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed a similar game — which he called
sphairistike (Greek: σφάίρίστική, meaning "skill at playing at ball"), and was soon known simply
as "sticky" — for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in
Llanelidan, Wales. He based the game on the newer sport of outdoor tennis or real tennis.
According to most tennis historians, modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, as
Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis and applied
them to his new game

Lawn tennis in the U.S., 1887

The first championships at Wimbledon in London were played in
1877. On 21 May 1881, the United States National Lawn Tennis
Association (now the United States Tennis Association) was
formed to standardize the rules and organize competitions. The
U.S. National Men's Singles Championship, now the US Open,
was first held in 1881 at Newport, Rhode Island. The U.S.
National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887. Tennis was also popular in
France, where the French Open dates to 1891. Thus, Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open,
and the Australian Open (dating to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events
in tennis. Together these four events are called the Grand Slam (a term borrowed from bridge)
The comprehensive International Lawn Tennis Federation, now known as the International
Tennis Federation, rules promulgated in 1924 have remained remarkably stable in the ensuing
eighty years, the one major change being the addition of the tiebreaker system designed by James
Van Alen.
The Davis Cup, an annual competition between national teams, dates to 1900.
In 1926, promoter C.C. Pyle established the first professional tennis tour with a group of
American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences. The most
notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman
Suzanne Lenglen. Once a player turned pro he or she could not compete in the major (amateur)
tournaments.
In 1968, commercial pressures and rumors of some amateurs taking money under the table led to
the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the open era, in which all players could
compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from tennis. With the
beginning of the open era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and
revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the
sport has shed its upper/middle-class English-speaking image (although it is acknowledged that
this stereotype still exists).
In 1954, Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame, a non-profit museum in
Newport, Rhode Island. The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as
a hall of fame honoring prominent members and tennis players from all over the world. Each
year, a grass-court tournament and an induction ceremony honoring new Hall of Fame members
are hosted on its grounds.

3. EQUIPMENT/PLAYING AREA
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

TENNIS BALL Modern tennis balls must conform to

certain criteria for size, weight,
deformation, and bounce criteria to be
approved for regulation play. The
International Tennis Federation (ITF)
defines the official diameter as 6.54–6.86
cm (2.57–2.70 inches). Balls must have
masses in the range 56.0–59.4 g (1.98–2.10
ounces). Yellow and white are the only
colors approved by the ITF, and most balls
produced are a fluorescent yellow known
as "optic yellow", first introduced in 1972
following research demonstrating they
were more visible on television.

Rackets can be made of many alloys or

THE RACKET wood. There are no restrictions on the size
or materials used in making a racket. It has
 an oval head and a gradually widening
throat that connects the narrow handle with
the head of the racket.

The head of the racket is tightly woven

with strings which are made of various
materials like nylon, gut or synthetic gut.
The handles are covered with leather or
nylon for a better grip.

A rectangular net is used to separate the

NET two sides of a Tennis court. The net should
cover the space between the two net posts.
The net is woven in such a way that it does
not allow the Tennis ball to pass through. It
is usually tied in about 3 feet above the
ground at the center.

WRIST BANDS Wrist bands are worn around wrists to

prevent sweat from wetting the players’
palm or the racket. A wet grip might not be
strong.
HEAD BAND Headbands are used to absorb sweat. They
also tie player’s hair away from their face.
Any tight cap made of absorbent material
can also be used instead of a head band.
TENNIS SHOES Just running shoes don’t provide enough
lateral support to players. Tennis shoes are
designed to give players better stability and
prevent them from sliding while moving
sideways. Shoes shouldn’t damage the
court when players move briskly across the
court.
 DRESS Men wear T-Shirts or shirts made of
materials like polyester that does not
absorb sweat and keeps the player cool.
They wear shorts that do not cover their
knees.

Though women are advised to wear just

any comfortable dress, of late many Tennis
champions try to make a style statement
with their carefully designed clothes. Many
players prefer wearing a tank top or a T-
shirt on a short skirt.

PLAYING AREA
Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface, usually grass, clay, or a hardcourt of concrete
and/or asphalt. The court is 78 feet (23.77 m) long, and its width is 27 feet (8.23 m) for singles
matches and 36 ft (10.97 m) for doubles matches. Additional clear space around the court is
required in order for players to reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the
court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07
m) high at the posts and 3 feet (91.4 cm) high in the center.
The design of the lawn tennis court has undergone much development. It was Major Walter
Clopton Wingfield who, in 1873, designed a court approximate to the current one for his stické
tennis (sphairistike). This template was modified in 1875 to the court shape that exists today; the
markings homogeneous with Wingfield's design, with the hourglass shape of his court changed
to a more linear framework.
4. RULES/HOW THE GAME WAS PLAYED?
PLAY OF A SINGLE POINT
The players (or teams) start on opposite sides of the net. One player is designated the server, and
the opposing player, or in doubles one of the opposing players, is the receiver. Service alternates
between the two halves of the court. For each point, the server starts behind his baseline,
between the center mark and the sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the
net. When the receiver is ready, the server will serve, although the receiver must play to the pace
of the server.
In a legal service, the ball travels over the net (without touching it) and into the diagonally
opposite service box. If the ball hits the net but lands in the service box, this is a let or net
service, which is void, and the server gets to retake that serve. The player can serve any number
of let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults. A fault is a serve
that is long, wide, or not over the net. There is also a "foot fault", which occurs when a player's
foot touches the baseline or an extension of the center mark before the ball is hit. If the second
service is also faulty, this is a double fault, and the receiver wins the point. However, if the serve
is in, it is considered a legal service.
A legal service starts a rally, in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net. A legal
return consists of the player or team hitting the ball exactly once before it has bounced twice or
hit any fixtures except the net, provided that it still falls in the server's court. The ball then travels
back over the net and bounces in the court on the opposite side. The first player or team to fail to
make a legal return loses the point.

SCORING
A tennis match is composed of a number of sets. Typically for both men's and women's matches,
the first player win two sets win the match. At certain important tennis tournaments for men,
including all four Grand Slam tournaments and the final of the Olympic Games, the first man to
win three sets wins the match. A set consists of games, and games, in turn, consist of points.
A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving. A game is won by
the first player to have won at least four points in total and at least two points more than the
opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner particular to tennis: scores of
zero to three points are described as "love" (or zero), "fifteen," "thirty," and "forty" respectively.
(See the main article Tennis score for the origin of these words as used in tennis.) If at least three
points have been scored by each player, and the scores are equal, the score is "deuce". If at least
three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent,
the score of the game is "advantage" for the player in the lead. During informal games,
"advantage" can also be called "ad in" or "ad out", depending on whether the serving player or
receiving player is ahead, respectively.
In tournament play, the chair umpire calls the point count (e.g., "fifteen-love") after each point.
The score of a tennis match during play is always read with the serving player's score first. After
a match, the score is always read with the winning player's score first. At the end of a game, the
chair umpire also announces the winner of the game and the overall score.
A game point occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one
more point to win the game. The terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches (match
point), and even championships (championship point). For example, if the player who is serving
has a score of 40-love, the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.) as the player has
three consecutive chances to win the game. Game points, set points, and match points are not
part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play.
A break point occurs if the receiver, not the server, has a game point. Break points are of
particular importance in men's professional tennis because serving is generally advantageous.
The advantage to the server is much less in the women's game. A receiver who has two (score of
15-40) or three (score of love-40) consecutive chances to win the game has double break point or
triple break point, respectively. As with game, set, and match points, break points are not
announced.
A set consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating between games, ending
when the count of games won meets certain criteria. Typically, a player wins a set by winning at
least six games and at least two games more than the opponent. If one player has won six games
and the opponent five, an additional game is played. If the leading player wins that game, the
player wins the set 7–5. If the trailing player wins the game, a tiebreaker is played. A tiebreaker,
played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and thus the set, to
give a final set score of 7–6. Only in the final sets of matches at the Australian Open, the French
Open, Wimbledon, the Olympic Games, Davis Cup, and Fed Cup are tiebreakers not played. In
these cases, sets are played indefinitely until one player has a two game lead. A "love" set means
that the loser of the set won zero games. In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the
winner of the set and the overall score.
In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the end of the match with the well-known phrase
"Game, set, match" followed by the winning person's or team's name.

5. COMPETITION/MANAGEMENT
Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players. Common tournament
configurations include men's singles, women's singles, and doubles, where two players play on
each side of the net. Tournaments may be arranged for specific age groups, with upper age limits
for youth and lower age limits for senior players. Example of this include the Orange Bowl and
Les Petits As. There are also tournaments for players with disabilities, such as wheelchair tennis
and deaf tennis. In the four Grand Slam tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 people
for each gender.
Players may also be matched by their skill level. According to how well a person does in
sanctioned play, a player is given a rating that is adjusted periodically to maintain competitive
matches. For example, the United States Tennis Association administers the National Tennis
Rating Program, which rates players between 1.0 and 7.0 in 1/2 point increments. Average club
players under this system would rate 3.0-4.5 while world class players would be 7.0 on this scale.
6. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES
In the fundamentals of tennis, the basics of the game must be learned. Often times, these tennis
basics can be vigorous, frustrating and agonizing for a beginner. Similar to a pyramid, tennis
beginners must start from the first level foundation to build a solid root, in this case the basic
strokes, understanding of the rules and how to play tennis.

The physical fundamentals of tennis can further be subdivided into these components:

 Strokes – this pertains to techniques in striking the ball

 Footwork – this covers proper movement on court
 Physical fitness and conditioning – this includes strength, flexibility, speed, agility and
stamina. It also covers eyesight, reaction time and coordination.
 Equipment – your racket, strings and shoes

Fundamentals of Tennis: Strokes

The most commonly discussed fundamentals of tennis are the techniques of properly executing
the main strokes as listed below.

The Forehand groundstroke

The acceptable grips are the continental, eastern,
semi-western and western. For beginners, the
eastern grip is usually taught. This grip is just
like shaking hands with the racket.
Wait for the ball by standing on the baseline
facing the net with knees bent comfortably and
weight on the balls of the feet. Hold the racket
in front with arms relaxed.
Take the racket back while pivoting the hips and turning the shoulders. Body weight loads up on
the back foot (right foot for right handers). How you take your racket back depends on what
you’re comfortable with as long as it is a smooth and continuous motion.
Swing for the ball with a relaxed arm and a loose wrist. Then on contact, hit the ball out in front
at the same time as you firmly snap your wrist through the ball. The shoulders and trunk uncoil
while body weight is transferred from back foot to front foot as you step into the shot.
Follow through completely by finishing with the racket over the opposite shoulder. Then recover
back to the waiting position.

Backhand groundstroke
Acceptable grips are the continental, eastern and
double handed grips. Double handed grips are
usually a combination of a continental or eastern
grip with the dominant hand and an eastern
forehand or semi-western forehand grip with the non-dominant hand.
Wait for the ball as you would on a forehand groundstroke.
Take the racket back in a smooth and continuous manner that you are comfortable doing. Pivot
the hips, turn the shoulders and load your weight on the back foot.
Swing for the ball with a relaxed arm/s and loose wrist/s. Hit the ball in front and firmly drive
through it, uncoiling the shoulders and trunk. Transfer your body weight from back foot to front
foot as you step into the shot.
Follow through completely. One handers should keep the elbow straight and two handers should
finish over the opposite shoulder. Recover for the next shot.

Fundamentals of Tennis: Serve

Hold the racket with a continental grip. The non-dominant hand holds
the ball using the fingertips. Line up sideways to the net with feet body
width apart. Your leading foot is pointing diagonally to the baseline
and the back foot is parallel to the baseline.
Toss the ball up and fully extend the tossing arm. Take the racket back
behind your head. Look up to the ball. Bend your knees, coil your
trunk and turn and tilt the shoulders.
Launch up to the ball with your legs by pushing off the ground with
your feet. Take the racket to the back scratch position by cocking the
wrist back fully. The elbow goes up and extends, followed by the wrist
which pronates the forearm to contact the ball. At this point, the arm
and wrist are both fully extended. The shoulders and trunk uncoil.
Follow through by continuing pronating the forearm and extending the arm out toward the target
before coming around and finishing on the opposite side of the body. Land with the leading foot
as weight transfer is completed.

Fundamentals of Tennis: Volleys

Hold the racket with a continental grip in front of your face. Focus on the ball and keep on the
balls of your feet.
Turn your shoulders as you step forward to meet the ball with the racket out in front and above
the wrist.
Adjust to the height of the ball by bending your knees, not your waist.

Fundamentals of Tennis: Spins

 Topspin – this is applied by hitting the ball from low to high

 Slice – backspin or underspin shots are the reverse of topspin and are created by hitting
the ball from high to low
  Lob – this is a shot that is hoisted high up in the air over a player at net. It is also
sometimes used to disrupt the rhythm of a baseline rally. It is hit by opening up the racket
face before contact and following through upward.
 Drop shot – this is an underspin shot that lands short over the net and is meant to make an
opponent who is at the baseline try to scramble forward. It is hit like a slice but much
more softly.

Fundamentals of Tennis: Footwork

Proper balance should be maintained at all times in executing all kinds of strokes. Throughout a
point, you should keep on the balls of your feet with your knees bent. Take small adjustment
steps as you set up for your shots. Never plant your feet firmly on the ground.

Fundamentals of Tennis: Physical fitness and conditioning

 Strength – whole body strengthening is ideal because tennis is a sport that can cause
imbalances in the musculoskeletal system. Particular attention is paid to certain areas that
could be vulnerable to injury, namely, the shoulder (especially the rotator cuff), the elbow
and the wrist.
 Flexibility – this goes hand in hand with strength and is important to prevent injuries.
 Speed – this refers to the rate at which a person can move along one direction.
Developing speed is important for tracking down shots hit far away from you.
 Agility – this is closely related to speed and pertains to the ability to get moving from a
stationary position, change directions and change speeds.
 Stamina – how long can you play without getting too tired? You never know if a match
will last 30 minutes or 3 hours so it is always better to be prepared.
 Eyesight and reaction time – you are always told to focus on the ball but you have to
know that you can actually see the ball. When you do see it, you have to react
appropriately and quickly as well.
 Coordination – having a smooth stroke and timing the ball well can only be developed
through constant practice and drills.
The mental and psychological fundamentals of tennis cover the following areas:

Fundamentals of Tennis: Strategy and tactics –

 Fundamentals of tennis strategy this represents a player’s approach to playing a match,

taking into account his strengths and weaknesses in all aspects of the game and
comparing it with those of his opponent. It also covers proper decision making on court
from situation to situation, both in between points and within specific points.
 Maximize the spaces where you can possibly hit your shots while minimizing your
opponent’s. This is done by proper court positioning and shot placement. Basically, the
more you control the centre of the court, the better off you are. Also, the deeper your
shots, the better. Another thing to remember is that the more you push your opponent
back and the more you move forward, the better your chance of winning the point.
 Use your strengths and exploit your opponent’s weakness as much as possible. Corollary
to this, minimize exposing your own weakness while avoid feeding or playing into your
opponent’s strengths.
  Be decisive about what to do before the point starts and commit to your shots once the
ball is in play.
 Before the point, you should know where to serve and what kind of serve to hit or where
to stand for the return and what kind of return to hit.
 Proper court positioning is dependent on where your opponent is and what shot he or she
will be hitting.
 As much as possible, you should be standing at a place that bisects the possible angles of
your opponent’s shot.

Fundamentals of Tennis: Concentration and focus –

 this is also usually called mental toughness.

 Focus only on the things that matter. Usually, that would be the ball.
 Don’t be distracted by things that you cannot control like the crowd and the atmospheric
conditions.
 Be calm, but be determined.
 Learn how to deal with pressure situations and this includes handling bouts of
nervousness.
 Deal with the fear of playing a better opponent or the fear of losing to someone who you
think is inferior to you. Just enjoy the game because no one wins by playing in fear.
 Respect all opponents as well as the umpire, linesmen and ball kids.
 The fundamentals of tennis should be inculcated at the beginning of a player’s
development. There is no substitute for having the correct foundation when your
objective is to build as much success as
CHESS
1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Chess is a classic two person board game. It is played with specially designed pieces on a square
board made up of 64 alternating light and dark squares arranged in eight rows and columns. First
appearing around A.D. 600, the game steadily evolved into the modern game known today. The
earliest methods of production involved carving the board and pieces out of wood or stone.
Today, a variety of common modern manufacturing methods such as injection molding and
lithographic printing are employed to mass produce thousands of games.
The objective of the modern chess game is to force the opponent's most important piece, the
king, into checkmate. This is a position in which the king cannot be moved to avoid capture. The
player with the white pieces begins the game by moving a piece to another square following the
rules that govern piece movement. The players alternate moves until one player is either
checkmated, resigns, or there is a draw. Thousands of books have been published relating to the
strategies during the three key stages of chess, including the opening, the middle game, and the
end game.

2. HISTORY
While the exact time and place of chess's origin is debated, most scholars believe it was
developed sometime around the sixth century A.D. It is a descendant of a game called
chaturanga, which was commonly played in India during that time. (Chaturanga is derived from
a much older Chinese game.) The name chaturanga is a Sanskrit word that refers to the four
divisions of the Indian army, including elephants, chariots, cavalry, and infantry. These pieces
became the basis for the four types of pieces in the game. Two of the key similarities between
chess and chaturanga is that different pieces have different powers and victory is based on what
happens to the king.
While the exact time and place of chess's origin is debated, most scholars believe it was
developed sometime around the sixth century A.D. It is a descendant of a game called
chaturanga, which was commonly played in India during that time. (Chaturanga is derived from
a much older Chinese game.) The name chaturanga is a Sanskrit word that refers to the four
divisions of the Indian army, including elephants, chariots, cavalry, and infantry. These pieces
became the basis for the four types of pieces in the game. Two of the key similarities between
chess and chaturanga is that different pieces have different powers and victory is based on what
happens to the king.
Shtranj caught the interest of philosophers, kings, poets, and other nobility, and eventually
became known as the "royal game." The best players wrote down the moves of each of their
games. This practice eventually led to the development of puzzles in which the solver had to find
solutions, like finding checkmate in a specific number of moves. During the fifteenth century
some significant rule changes were made. For example, castling was introduced, as was the
initial two-square pawn advance. One of the most important changes was the transformation of
the counselor piece into the queen, the strongest chess piece. These improvements helped make
the game popular throughout Europe. Some of the best players during this time—Ruy Lopez and
Damiano—put together chess instruction books that also helped to make the game more widely
accepted.
The rules and piece design steadily evolved, reaching the current standard during the early
nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, chess experienced a tremendous growth in interest
resulting in the development of various chess organizations and the crowning of a world
champion. The first computer chess program was introduced in 1960. Steady improvements in
technologies and algorithms led to the 1996 defeat of the world champion, Garry Kasparov, by a
computer called Deep Blue.

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Some chess historians say the Philippines are one of the latest countries in which the game was
introduced. They say that chess came to the Philippines in the 20th century just like in
Madagascar.
This is obviously erroneous as our national hero, Jose Rizal, was an avid chess player.
The Spaniards brought the game here in the 16th century as it was already popular in Spain as
early as the 12th or 13th century.

Eugene Torre
Eugene Torre is considered the strongest chess player the Philippines produced through the
1980s and 1990s period. Board 1 player of the Philippines in eighteen World Chess Olympiads.
In 1974, then twenty-two years old he became Asia's first Grandmaster by winning the silver
medal in the Chess Olympiad held in Nice, France. In a tournament in Manila in the 1976, Torre
beat then reigning world chess champion Anatoly Karpov in a game that has become part of
Filipino chess history. In 1982 he earned a spot the World Candidates Chess Championships,
where he faced the legendary Zoltan Ribli. His Elo rating reached 2602 in 1985 and in 1986
Torre was ranked 40th in the world with an ELO Rating of 2619. He served as Fischer's second
in the 1992 World championship against Boris Spassky in Yugoslavia. Torre is still performing
consistently as of present by winning the 2008 Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Cup, an
international chess tournament.

3. EQUIPMENT AND PLAYING AREA

The chess equipment offered by the organisers (hosts) of a FIDE or Continental Championship,
Olympiad and other FIDE registered tournaments shall conform with the standards mentioned
below, and shall be approved by the Chief Organiser and the Chief Arbiter.
It is recommended, that the chess pieces, boards and clocks, used in the World or Continental top
level competitions be approved by participating players. Their approval shall be obtained for
other equipment the table, chairs etc.
In case either side disagrees, the equipment to be used shall be decided by the Chief Organiser or
the Chief Arbiter of the event, bearing in mind the standards for its size and form as mentioned
below.
It is highly recommended that the chess equipment used in a competition is the same for all
participants and all games.

CHESS PIECES

Material

Chess pieces should be made of wood, plastic or an imitation of these materials.

Height, weight, proportions

The size of the pieces should be proportionate to their height and form; other elements such as
stability, aesthetic considerations etc., may also be taken into account. The weight of the pieces
should be suitable for comfortable moving and stability.

Recommended height of the pieces is as follows: King – 9.5 cm, Queen – 8.5 cm, Bishop – 7 cm,
Knight – 6 cm, Rook – 5.5 cm and Pawn – 5 cm. The diameter of the piece's base should
measure 40-50% of its height. These dimensions may differ up to 10% from the above
recommendation, but the order (e.g. King is higher than Queen etc.) must be kept.

Form, style of pieces

Recommended for use in FIDE competitions are pieces of Staunton style. The pieces should be
shaped so as to be clearly distinguishable from one another. In particular the top of the King
should distinctly differ from that of the Queen. The top of the Bishop may bear a notch or be of a
special color clearly distinguishing it from that of the Pawn.
Colour of the pieces

The “black” pieces should be brown or black, or of other dark shades of these colours. The
“white” pieces may be white or cream, or of other light colours. The natural colour of wood
(walnut, maple, etc.) may also be used for this purpose. The pieces should not be shiny and
should be pleasing to the eye.

CHESS BOARDS

Material and colour

For the World or Continental top level competitions wooden boards should be used. For other
FIDE registered tournaments boards made of wood, plastic or card are recommended. In all cases
boards should be rigid. The board may also be of stone or marble with appropriate light and dark
colours, provided the Chess Organiser and Chief Arbiter finds it acceptable. Natural wood with
sufficient contrast, such as birch, maple or European ash against walnut, teak, beech, etc., may
also be used for boards, which must have a dull or neutral finish, never shiny. Combination of
colours such as brown, green, or very light tan and white, cream, off-white ivory, buff, etc., may
be used for the chess squares in addition to natural colours.

Size of the square and the board

The side of the square should measure 5 to 6 cm. Referring to 2.2 the side of a square should be
at least twice the diameter of a pawn’s base (it means four paws on one square). A comfortable
table of suitable height may be fitted in with a chessboard. If the table and the board are separate
from one another, the latter must be fastened and thus prevented from moving during play.
CHESS TABLES

For all official FIDE tournaments the length of the table is 110 cm (with 15% tolerance). The
width is 85 cm (for each player at least 15 cm). The height of the table is 74 cm. The chairs
should be comfortable for the players. Special dispensation should be given for children’s events.
Any noise when moving the chairs must be avoided.

CHESS CLOCKS

For the FIDE World or Continental Championships and Olympiads electronic chess clocks must
be used. For other FIDE registered tournaments organizers are recommended to use also
mechanical chess clocks.

If mechanical chess clocks are used, they should have a device (a “flag”) signalling precisely
when the hour hand indicates full hours. The flag must be arranged so that its fall can be clearly
seen, helping the arbiters and players to check time. The clock should not be reflective, as that
may make it difficult to see. It should run as silently as possible in order not to disturb the
players during play.

ELECTRONIC SCORE SHEETS

(a) An electronic score sheet is a replacement for the current used paper versions within
tournaments and matches. It makes it easier for reconstructing games for publication in situations
where no other means of move registration is used.

(b) An electronic score sheet is a device where a player can notate his and his opponent’s moves
during a game with an electronic registration of the game played.

(c) Basic rules for this electronic score sheet (device):

(1) The device is dedicated for notating chess games (not a multipurpose computer).

(2) The device fully complies with FIDE rules.

(3) The game notation complies with FIDE Laws of Chess, whereas the use of figurines is
allowed.

(4) The device can be linked to the owner or player through some unique identification of the
device.

(5) The device logs user actions during game mode to prevent or detect foul play.

(6) It is foreseen that both players and tournament organizations will buy and use their own
devices.

(7) The device should have approximately the size of A5-A6 (paper size).
TOURNAMENT HALLS FOR THE FIDE WORLD OR CONTINENTAL
CHAMPIONSHIPS AND OLYMPIADS

Space for players and arbiters

It is recommended that the minimal space of 4 square meter be available for each player in
individual matches and round robin tournaments. For other tournaments 2 square meters may be
adequate.

Some definitions and recommendations regarding sizes

L : Length of the table.

L = 110 cm, tolerances: +20 cm, -10 cm.

W : Width of the table.

W = 85 cm, tolerances: +5 cm, -5 cm.

S : Horizontal space between table rows.

S = 3m, tolerances: +1.5 m, -0.5 m.

R : Vertical space between table rows.

R = 3m, tolerances: +1.5 m, -0.5 m.

There should be a minimum of 2.5 meters between rows of players. It is best not to have long,
unbroken rows. Where possible, players should play on individual tables at least for top boards
or top matches in the events.

4. RULES/HOW THE GAME IS PLAYED?

Setting Up Chess Board
“White to the Right” Put the White corner to the
right side
If the board has letters, they should read A-H for
the White player.
Queen On Her Color Check this before you start
the game
Add the pieces in Alphabetical Order going out
from the King & Queen

 Bishops next to K & Q

 Knights next to Bishops
 Rooks in the Corners
Add the Pawns in Front

Moving Rooks
Rooks move to vacant squares in a horizontal or vertical straight
line Rooks must stop before their own pieces, or they can capture
a piece and occupy that square

Moving Bishops
Bishops move to vacant squares in a diagonal straight line Bishops
must stop before their own pieces, or they can capture a piece and
occupy that square
Moving Knights
Knights move in an “L”, two squares in one direction and one
square at a right angle Knights jump any piece

Moving the Queen

The Queen combines the moves of the Rook and the Bishop. The
Queen moves
to vacant squares in a straight line The Queen must stop before
her own pieces, or she can capture a piece and occupy that
square
Queen = Power

Moving the King

The King moves one square in any direction, but cannot stay in
or move to a square under attack
The King may capture an unprotected piece
Castling is done with both the King and Rook in the same move

Moving Pawns
Pawns move forward, either one or two empty squares on their
first move and then only one empty square
Pawns only capture pieces diagonally
 En Passant Capture
Pawns allowed to take an opponent’s pawn “en passant” (French “in
passing”)
When the opponent’s pawn moves two squares, the pawn can
capture as if the pawn only moved one square
MUST be done immediately (on the very next move), or the option
to capture this way is lost

Pawn Promotion
When a Pawn reaches the final rank, it is exchanged (in the
same turn) for a Queen, Rook, Bishop or Knight
a8=N is checkmate
a8=Q is stalemate

Chess Merit Badge Requirements

 Do the following:
 Explain the four rules for castling.
 On a chessboard, demonstrate a “scholar’s mate” and a “fool’s mate.”
 Demonstrate on a chessboard four ways a chess game can end in a draw.

Rules for Castling

1. The King & Rook have not yet moved
2. All squares between the King & Rook are empty
3. The King is not in check
4. The King does not move to or through check
Checkmate & When to Resign

 Checkmate = King is threatened and no legal move to meet the threat

 A player can resign (still a loss) when their position is hopeless, saves time & shows they
knew they lost

4 Ways to Draw a Game

1. by agreement
2. Repeating the same position three times, with the same person to move and the same possible
moves
3. Stalemate: The player to move has no legal moves and is not in check
4. The 50-Move Rule: 50 moves without a check or a piece being captured
About Draws

To Request a Draw
1. You must be the player to move
2. Make your move
3. Offer a draw before touching the clock; the offer is considered on your time If your opponent
offers a draw, he often thinks he is losing
50-Move Draw Example

 The opposite-color Bishops can avoid each other, and

avoid capture by the King forever
 This will be a draw eventually, if one is not offered and
accepted
 Trying to win on time can be challenged by appeal to
the director

(PREPARED.FO LIFE, 2011)

5. COMPETITION AND MANAGEMENT
Organization
The World Chess Federation (FIDE) is the governing body of the World Chess Championship.
For the purpose of creating the rules and regulations, communicating with the players and
negotiating with the organizer, the FIDE President has nominated the FIDE Commission for
World Championships and Olympiads (hereinafter referred to as WCOC). Upon
recommendation by the WCOC, the body responsible for any changes to the regulations of the
World Championship Cycle events is the FIDE Presidential Board.

FIDE Principals
The FIDE Principals are:
a) President and Deputy President,
b) 3 members of the Appeals Committee including the Chairman,
c) FIDE Supervisor,
d) 2 Arbiters,
e) FIDE Press Officer,
f) Representative of FIDE Medical Commission,
g) 2 WCOC members.

ARBITERS
Two (2) arbiters of the WCM will be appointed by FIDE after consulting both players by
providing them a list of five (5) nominees. No arbiter may belong to the same Federation as
either of the players. Exception: if both players are members of the same Federation, an arbiter
may also belong to this Federation.
During play either the Chief Arbiter or his Deputy shall be present in the playing area.
Immediately after the end of the match, the Chief Arbiter shall write a report and send it without
delay to FIDE and to the FIDE Secretariat.
The report shall be written in the English language and contain the result of each individual game
as well as the final result of the match. In addition, the report shall contain a general description
of the course of the event. If there were any difficulties, conflicts or incidents, they shall be
described together with the measures taken to deal with them.
The report shall be supplemented by adding two copies of the bulletins and the original score
sheets of the games shall be sent to FIDE.
The Chief Arbiter may, in consultation with the WCOC, and with the approval of the FIDE
President, issue additional written regulations to inform the exact playing hours and take care of
other details not covered by these regulations.

APPEALS COMMITTEE & FIDE SUPERVISOR.

The FIDE President shall nominate, from within the Presidential Board on priority, three
members of the Appeals Committee one of whom shall be Chairman. All protests must be
submitted in writing to the Appeals Committee not more than two (2) hours after the finish of the
relevant playing session, or the particular infringement complained against.
The Appeals Committee may decide on the following matters:
a) an appeal against a decision by an arbiter,
b) a protest against a player's behavior,
c) a complaint alleging false interpretation of the regulations,
d) a request for the interpretation of specific regulations,
e) a protest or complaint against any participant, or
f) all other matters which the Appeals Committee considers important.
If possible, the Appeals Committee shall reach a decision not more than two (2) hours after the
submission of a protest. The appeals process shall include written representations and a written
decision. The Appeals Committee shall endeavor to find binding solutions that are within the
spirit of the FIDE motto, Gens Una Sumus. Each protest must be accompanied by a deposit fee
of €3000 (three thousand Euros) or the equivalent in local currency. This can also be done if the
player makes a written request that FIDE withholds the fee from his prize money. If the protest is
accepted, the fee shall be returned. If the protest is rejected, the fee may be forfeited to FIDE.
The written decision of the Appeals Committee arising from any dispute in respect of these
regulations shall be final.

FIDE SUPERVISOR
Where necessary, the FIDE President will appoint a FIDE Presidential Board member Mas FIDE
Supervisor who will be above the Organising Committee in all issues involving:
a) fairness concerning treatment of both players in respect of organisational issues,
b) equal playing conditions
c) anti-cheating measures
d) fair publicity of both players through the event's Press Office
The FIDE Supervisor can request from the organizer and at their expense, any additional security
arrangement he finds necessary, in logical terms, in order to secure a fair match and equal match
conditions for the players.
The Organizer has to implement the decisions of the FIDE Supervisor in all issues involving the
above aspects before and during the match. Any decision of the FIDE Supervisor can be
appealed by the players only to the Appeals Committee.
If the match is organised in a "neutral" country, the FIDE President will appoint the Supervisor
unless both parties agree to a certain member of the FIDE Presidential Board. If the match is
organised in the country of one of the players, the opponent may suggest which member of the
FIDE Presidential Board he prefers as FIDE Supervisor.
Where the appointment of a FIDE Supervisor is not necessary, his functions and responsibilities
shall be assumed by the Chairman of the Appeals Committee.

OTHER ARRANGEMENTS
FIDE shall ensure the playing hall and its environs meet at least the requirements of the FIDE
Regulations for the Organization of Top Level Tournaments (FIDE Handbook C.01).
The playing venue shall be decorated with the FIDE flag, IOC flag, the flags of the host nation
and the participating countries.
For security and administrative reasons, all participants with their teams, FIDE officials and
accompanying persons are expected to stay in the official hotel.
After FIDE agrees with the Organizer on the arrangements in respect of the tournament hall,
facilities, accommodation and meals, transportation, telecommunication, ceremonies, etc., no
objections from the participants shall be accepted.
During play, the Organizer shall provide, free of charge, snacks, coffee, tea and soft drinks for
the players and the FIDE Principals. It is advisable that the same offer shall apply for press
members.
(FIDE, 2016)

6. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

There are 9 skill one must master to play effective chess. They fit together like building blocks to
a puzzle. If one piece is missing the picture as a whole is left distorted. Strong player have at at
least some degree of mastery of all these skills. To often thou the novice player is left in the dark,
potentially excellent chess players give up on the game because they are never given the tools to
improve on these basic skills. I have read tons of chess books and for some time I did not
improve. I would ask strong players, "If I have all this knowledge from all there books, why
cann't I get better?" This is not a fair question to ask anyone. So after much evaluation of myself
as a chess player, I throw aside all the chess books and started at the basics of how the game is
played. Here is what I have come up with.
Chess play has two fundamental aspects to it. Analysis and Strategy. Analysis is actually a set of
four sub skill that work together to form concussions about a given chess position. These abilities
are the first important step to good chess play. They are:
  Visualization - The art of seeing the relationship between the pieces after a few moves
are made. If you can follow a game without the need for a board then you have good
visualization.
 Calculation - This is purely a logic function. The act of "If I move here the he goes
there." Calculation is the primary function need for assessing and creating tactics.
 Evaluation - This Has two sides to it. Static and Dynamic. Static is to assign a value to
the current position. This is based on such things as the material balance, Scope of Pieces,
Space, and strength of the pawn structure. Dynamic Evaluation is bit more complex,
seeing a position as fluid and looking with a far reaching eye is often the hardest thing
about chess. This side of evaluation is closely tied to the strategic side of chess. Both are
need to complete the Calculation task. Good evaluation skill allows us to assign a value
to the end of a calculated line.
 Pruning - Narrowing down of the potential moves to only those moves that need to be
investigated is a bit of an art. Mostly I find experience governs this process but there are
ways to help you. If you where to calculate all the possibilities you would quickly get lost
as the analysis tree grew. Novices have the impression that expert players are able to
calculate all these lines. In truth the expert calculates less then the novice because of a
good feel for the skill of pruning.
 Planning - To have a plan is better than no plan at all. Planning is sometime
misunderstood at the lower levels of chess. Yes having an overall Idea of what you want
is the goal here, but the rout to this goal is also made of several smaller plans. Planning is
also part of the pruning process. Whit out a plan there is no direction to our plan, and
therefore no easy way to pick candidate moves.
 Adaptation - Once you know what you want, and you have made a plan to get there, this
does not mean you will realize that plan. Your opponent will have plans of his own, and
for every good plan you make there could be a counter plan. The ability to adapt and
rethink your plan on fly is key. For the faster your plan reacts to change the better the
chance for success.
 Pattern Recognition - From the simple patters such as a fork or a skewer to more
complex patterns such as Anastasia's Mate. Knowing and recognising these patterns is
very important for several reasons. Knowing these patterns can set in motion a plan.
Recognizing the pitfalls that could put you in such a position can also set a plan in
motion. Patterns can help in the pruning process by eliminating inferior moves from you
mind and guiding you on a path to a winning Idea.
 Prophylaxis - Playing with Prophylaxis is to play from the opponents point of view and
find the move that is most damaging to there potential plan. Knowing when to use such
moves is a bit of an art. But the skill comes in to play constantly. After every move the
opponent makes we need to see what that move is telling us, to recognize the potential
threats that may come our way. I would say that Active play is of the up most
importance, this is only trumped by king safety.
 The last skill is an Eye for Error. Since you are human and you are playing against
other humans, blunders will happen. It is important to check your self before deciding on
a move, but also be aware of the opponents errors so when you have the chance you can
capitalize on them.
(AAlikhine, 2013)
BADMINTON
1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The game of badminton consists of two to four players (singles or Mdoubles). The aim of
badminton is to hit the shuttle with your racket so that it passes over the net and lands inside your
opponents half of the court.

2. HISTORY
Badminton was first called as Poona. It was developed from children’s game called battledore
and shuttlecock. The object of this game was to see how long a group could volley the
shuttlecock by hitting it with the battledore, or paddle.
This cooperative, non-competitive game was originally played without a net. It was in the 1860s,
when some British officers in India who were stationed at 'Kirkee' near the city of 'Poona' (now
known as Pune city) used to play a game which was very similar to badminton and the game was
known as the 'Poona' game at that time.
These soldiers played with Battledores (Paddles) which was used to hit the shuttlecock and had
also added a net in between the players. When these British soldiers returned back home at
Gloustershire County in the 1870s, they continued to play this 'Poona' badminton game.
In 1873, the Duke of Beaufort held a lawn party in his country place, called Badminton. A game
of Poona was played on that day and it became popular among the elite people of British society.
The new party sport became known as "the Badminton game" and started to grow popular.
The year 1877, is of historic significance for badminton, as the 'Bath Badminton Club', the first
badminton club ever, was formed and also the first official set of rules were developed.

(ELMER, 2017)
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
In Philippines, it was in the 1920 when British and American exptriates introduced badminton in
the country. As early as 1950's, the International Badminton Federation (IBF) recocognized the
Philippines as its 21st member country. Since then, Filipino's have been playing badminton in
international tournaments. In 1949 national rangkings produced Adriano Torres, first national
Men's single champion. In 1952, the Philippine Badminton Association (PBA) was created and
became the first national badminton group, organized by 28 badminton clubs. Johnny Yan and
Stephen Cheng were the countries first doubles champions at the Hong Kong Open heln on 1962.
In the 1966 Triagular Meet in Vietnam, the Philippine team achieved its first team championship
in the Men's division namely Amando Yanga, Conrado Co, Jaime Gapas, Renato Navarro, and
Danny So. In 1981, the Philippine badminton team participated in the Southeast Asian (SEA)
games. The country hosted the event. In 1984, the Philippines made its first appearance in the
Thomas Cup tournament. The eighties to the mid-nineties saw a new crop of luminaries in the
game - Renato Reyes, Jessie Alonzo, Salvador "Badong" Banquiles, Antonio "Jojo" Mance, Jr.
and Naresh Ramnani. And in 1992 Melvin Llanes became the first Philippine champion at the
Prince Asian Juniors Championship for the 16-under age group. It was in 1992 when the
Philippines first played in the Uber Cup games, resulting in a victory over Tanzania. It was
duplicated in 1998 when the Philippine ladie's team defeated Mauritius at the Uber Cup Asian
Zonal Championship.
(WIKIPILIPINAS, 2012)

3. EQUIPMENT/PLAYING AREA
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

RACQUET Racquet
– used to hit the bird, the racquet is shaped like
a tennis racquet and has strings, but weighs
much less. The frame of the racket, including
the handle, is not to exceed 680 mm (26.75
inches) in overall length, and 230 mm (9
inches) in overall width. The overall length of
the head is not to exceed 290 mm. Most
racquets are made from light man-made
materials such as aluminum or graphite, and
are strung with synthetic material such as
nylon.

SHUTTLECOCK Shuttle, Shuttlecock, Bird, Birdie - whatever it

is called, it is badminton's version of a tennis
ball. It has a small ball at the front to give it
speed, and feathers protruding from it to help it
float when it is hit high into the air. An official
shuttlecock must have 14-16 feathers and are
usually made from a goose or duck and from
the left wing of the bird only.
 Net
NET -plays an important role in badminton matches.
The Badminton World Federation’s Laws of
Badminton provide specific standards for net
height, width, and construction. An official
badminton net must measure 5 feet high in the
center, and 5 feet, 1 inch at the
sides. The net attaches to vertical posts on
either side of the court. The net should measure
30 inches from bottom to top, and must consist
of a uniform, dark colored mesh. The net
should have a white tape running along the top
to make the net’s full height visible to players
and officials.
WRIST BANDS Wrist bands are worn around wrists to prevent
sweat from wetting the players’ palm or the
racket. A wet grip might not be strong.

HEAD BAND Headbands are used to absorb sweat. They also

tie player’s hair away from their face. Any
tight cap made of absorbent material can also
be used instead of a head band.
SHOES Shoes – special court shoes are worn to allow
players to move quickly across the court, and
to give them Mtraction for quick movements
around

PLAYING AREA
Badminton Court - shall be a rectangle laid out with lines of 40mm wide, preferably in white or
yellow color. The Badminton Court Dimensions are of 13.4m in length and 6.1m in width.
4. RULES/HOW THE GAME IS PLAYED?
Scoring System

 Every time you win a rally, you get a point.

 The winner of a badminton match is the player(s) who win two games out of three.
 A game is won by being the first to reach 11, 15 or 21 points.
 Each game must be won by at least two points and a number of systems are available for
extending a game where a score of 10-10, 14-14 or 20-20 has been reached.
 The server is not allowed to serve until his opponent is ready. If the opponent attempts to
return service, he is deemed to have been ready.
 Both the server and the opponent receiving the serve are required to stand so that some
part of both feet remains in contact with the surface of the court while in a stationary
position until the service has been delivered.
 Every time there is a serve – there is a point scored.
 The side winning a rally adds a point to its score.
 At 20 all, the side which gains a 2 point lead first, wins that game.
 At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point, wins that game.
 When you’re saying the score, always say the server’s score first.
 The side winning a game serves first in the next game
 If players commit an error in the service court, the error is corrected when the mistake is
discovered.

Serving and Receiving

 Serving is how you start the rally

 Receiver is the person who hits the second shot in the rally. In doubles, the receiver’s
partner is not allowed to hit this shot.

How to serve
In badminton, the serve must be hit in an upwards direction, with an underarm hitting action.
You are not allowed to play a "tennis style" serve. The main rule here is that when you hit the
shuttle, it must be below your waist. To be exact, the rules define this to be a height level with
the lowest part of your ribcage. In other words, you can serve from a bit higher than the top of
your shorts, but not much.

Service courts

 The service courts are smaller box shapes inside the court.
 Two Service Courts your right service court, and your left service court.
 Doubles Service Courts. They are wider, because they use the outside side line
(remember: the doubles court is wider); and they are shorter, because they use the inside
back line.

How service courts are used

 The server must stand inside a service court.

  The receiver must stand inside the diagonally opposite service court.
 The serve must travel into the diagonally opposite service court.
 If the serve is going to land outside the service court, then the receiver should let it fall to
the floor. If the receiver hits the serve, then the rally continues even if the serve had been
going out.
 The server and receiver must stay inside their service boxes until the server contacts the
shuttle with his racket. After that, they can leave the boxes immediately and move
anywhere on court.

Deciding who gets to serve first

 In a major tournament, a coin toss is used to decide which side will serve first.
 In more casual club or league games, you usually just throw the shuttle up in the air, let it
land, and see which side it points towards: that side serves first.

Interval and Change of Ends

 When the leading score reaches 11 points, players have a 60 second interval.
 A 2 minute interval between each game is allowed.
 In the third game, players change ends when the leading score reaches 11 points.
(ELMER, 2017)

5. COMPETITION AND MANAGEMENT

Governing bodies
The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing body of the
sport. The BWF headquarters are currently located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Five regional confederations are associated with the IBF:

 Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)

 Africa: Africa Badminton Federation (ABF)
 Americas: Badminton Pan Am (North America and South America belong to the same
confederation; BPA)
 Europe: Badminton Europe (BE)
 Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

Competitions
A men's doubles match
The BWF organizes several international competitions, including the Thomas Cup, the premier
men's event, and the Uber Cup, the women's equivalent. The competitions take place once every
two years. More than 50 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within continental
confederations for a place in the finals. The final tournament involves 12 teams, following an
increase from eight teams in 2004.
The Sudirman Cup, a mixed team event held once every two years, began in 1989. It is divided
into seven groups based on the performance of each country. To win the tournament, a country
must perform well across all five disciplines (men's doubles and singles, women's doubles and
singles, and mixed doubles). Like soccer, it features a promotion and relegation system in every
group.
Individual competition in badminton was a demonstration event in the 1972 Summer Olympics
and 1988 Summer Olympics. It became a Summer Olympic Games sport at the Barclona
Olympics in 1992. The 32 highest ranked badminton players in the world participate in the
competition, and each country submitting three players to take part. In the BWF World
Championships, only the highest ranked 64 players in the world, and a maximum of three from
each country, can participate in any category.
All these tournaments, along with the BWF World Junior Championships, are level one
tournaments.
At the start of 2007, the BWF also introduce a new tournament structure: the BWF Super Series.
This level two tournament will stage twelve open tournaments around the world with 32 players
(half the previous limit). The players collect points that determine whether they can play in Super
Series Final held at the year end.
Level three tournaments will consist of Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. Top players can collect
the world ranking points and enable them to play in the BWF Super Series open tournaments.
These include the regional competitions in Asia (Badminton Asia Championships) and Europe
(European Badminton Championships), which produce the world's best players as well as the
Pan America Badminton Championships.
The level four tournaments, known as International Challenge, International Series and Future
Series, encourages participation by junior players.
(WIKIPILIPINAS, 2012)

6. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

The basics that are highly recommended in badminton are;
Basic Gripping Technique
Learn how to hold your racket using the forehand and backhand grip. If you are not holding the
racquet properly, you won’t be able to execute strong shots especially to your opponent’s
baseline.

Basic Footwork
Good footwork allows good movement around the court. Learn the basics of covering the court
to return your opponents’ shots!

Basic Badminton Strokes

Strokes are simply your swing action to hit the shuttle. If you don’t perform your strokes
correctly, you won’t be able to execute quality badminton shots.

Badminton Serve
A badminton rally starts with the serve. Learn the correct techniques to deliver good serves.
Good serves definitely give you an edge over your opponent right from the start of the rally.

Basic Stance
A good stance sets you up to defend and attack effectively during a game! Learn the offensive
stance, defensive stance, and the net stance. You’ll find yourself at the top of your game when
you use them correctly.
Once you get your basics right, learning those advanced or fancy badminton shots are just a
matter of time!

Basic Badminton Shots

When you are familiar with the badminton basics, you can start learning some basic badminton
shots.
These shots are sufficient for you to win rallies in a beginner’s game.

Defensive High Clear/lob

Lobbing is mainly used as a defensive shot. When you’re out of position, hit the high clear/lob to
‘buy’ yourself time to recover. Learn the techniques to execute a badminton clear/lob.

Drop Shots
Make sure you have a variation of shots in your games. Drop shots are perfect to variate the pace
of the rally.

Smashing
Rallies are often put away with the smash. It is the most powerful shot in badminton — learn the
correct smashing technique… and executing a smash with power will be easy.

Net Play
Dominate the front area of the court by having good net playing skills. Learn techniques such as
the tumbling net shot, net kill, and net lift.
(masterbadminton, 2016)
DARTS
1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Darts is a form of throwing sport in which small missiles are thrown at a circular dartboard fixed
to a wall. Though various boards and rules have been used in the past, the term "darts" usually
now refers to a standardized game involving a specific board design and set of rules.

2. HISTORY
Much is speculated but if rumor holds true, the game of darts had its origin during the reign of
King Henry VIII of England. It is believed that he told his archers to practice their arching skills
all year round so they would be sharp and ready for battle at any time.
While practicing outside some archers, instead of shooting, started throwing their arrows as a
means of fun. Maybe the thinking was, "anyone can shoot accurately lets see who can throw
accurately".
Needless to say, everyone knows England’s unfavorable weather, and it wasn’t long before this
outdoor past-time or game was taken indoors to the comfort of the local pub. To handle the
arrows better and make the game easier to play while indoors, the arrows were shortened.
The bottom of an overturned wine or ale (beer) barrel was used as a “target”. An interesting fact
about the word "target". The bottom of a wine / beer barrel was called a “butt”, which originated
via archery from the French word “butte”, meaning “target”.

When these barrels became in short supply some innovative darter decided to use a cross-cut of a
log (slice of a tree trunk) as the target. The age rings of the tree served as markers or areas where
to throw. Later the wood started to crack, which further divided the target into different parts
which evolved into the dartboard of today.
What probably just started as a means of fun quickly became a game of skill, and it wasn’t long
before the soldiers started exhibiting their skills at the drinking establishments. Many started to
make their own shortened arrows, which they would bring with them to the pub, to challenge
their friends and to display the great skill they had developed.
News travelled fast, and it wasn’t long before the news reached the upper class, who also became
interested and wanted to show-off their dart throwing skills.
Even the King, Henry the VIII, was impressed with this new game. Reports state that Henry VIII
enjoyed the game so much in 1530 that Anne Boleyn, his wife to be, gave him a set of richly
ornamented darts to win his favor.
The game didn’t just stay in England. It wasn’t long before people in other countries started to
enjoy the game. Reports suggest that the Pilgrims who left England in 1620 aboard the
Mayflower, played darts for fun and entertainment on their voyage across the sea to America.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Although many pinoys have heard about the sports called Darts only a handful knew that it has
been here since the 70's. The earliest recorded by Darts Council of the Philippines (DCP) in their
unmaintained website was on 1978 which was won by Bumbi Veloso. Personally, I've come to
know darts when I was in sixth grade(1989) when dart boards are everywhere in my Honetown
in Cagayan de Oro City. Two prominent dart personalities from our place once dominated
Philippines darts scene - Estoy "The Maestro" Densing and Ricky Villanueva. They were so
prominent that darters nowadays still utter their names. Ricky has now stopped playing darts (as
my source told me) but who would have thought that he will be ranked in the US and was even a
member of America's National Darts Hall of Fame. Try googling his name and you'll be
surprised to know the many dart high profile stints he had in the US. "The Maestro",on the other
hand, is now coming back after resting for several years because of an accident. I had the rare
opportunity to play with him back home and boy, he still got it! Maybe not as good as he was in
his prime but his DART still speaks English!

3. EQUIPMENT/PLAYING AREA
EQUIPMENT
 Dartboard.
 Dartboard Illumination.
 Darts

DARTBOARD
Before the First World War, pubs in the United
Kingdom had dartboards.
Dartboards were made from solid blocks of wood
usually elm.
It had to be soaked overnight to heal the holes
made by the darts.
Nowadays quality dartboards are made of sisal
fibers; less expensive boards are sometimes made
of cork or coiled paper.
A regulation board is 17 3⁄4 inches (451 mm) in
diameter and is divided into 20 radial sections.
Each section is separated with metal wire or a
thin band of sheet metal.
The best dartboards have the thinnest wire, so that the darts have less chance of hitting a wire
and bouncing out.
DARTS
It was made of one piece from wood; wrapped with a
strip of lead for weight.
Modern darts have four parts: The points, the barrels,
the shafts and the fletching. The steel points come in 2
common lengths, 32mm and 41mm and are sometimes
knurled or coated to improve grip.

DARTBOARD SETUP

4. RULES/HOW THE GAME WAS PLAYED?

GENERAL PLAYING RULES
1.00 Players shall provide their own darts, which shall not exceed an overall maximum length of
30.5cms. (12 ins.), nor weigh more than 50 grms. Each dart shall consist of a needle shaped
point, which shall be fixed to a barrel. At the rear of the barrel shall be an attached flighted stem,
which may consist of up to five separate pieces. (IE: a flight, a flight securing device(s), a flight
protector, and a stem.)
2.00 The BDO reserves the right to seed players, in certain events, when it is deemed necessary.
3.00 All players, and teams, shall play within the BDO Playing Rules, and where necessary, any
supplementary Rules laid down in an entry form, or programmed.
4.00 All players, and teams, shall play under the supervision and direction of BDO appointed
Organizers, and Officials, in all darts events organized under the jurisdiction of the BDO.
5.00 All trophies awarded to a player shall be retained, unless they are of a challenge, or
perpetual type, which shall be returned to the BDO on request.
6.00 Any player failing to comply with any of the BDO Playing Rules during an event shall be
liable to disqualification from that event.
7.00 The interpretation of the BDO Playing Rules in relation to a darts event shall be determined
by the BDO appointed Organizers, whose decision shall be final and binding.
8.00 Information concerning such interpretations shall be forwarded to the BDO Board of
Directors for consideration and possible inclusion in a revised version of the BDO Playing Rules.
9.00 Any matter not expressly covered by the BDO Playing Rules shall be determined by the
Board of Directors, whose decision shall be final and binding.
10.00 THROW
10.01 A player shall throw darts from a standing position, excepting only in those
circumstances when a physical disability, or physical injury requires a player to adopt a
non-standing position.
(IE: a wheelchair, or a similar form of support.)
10.02 All darts must be deliberately thrown, one at a time, by, and from, the player’s
hand. All darts must be thrown with the needlepoint aimed towards the face of the
dartboard. If a dart is not thrown in this manner then the ‘throw’ will be declared a ‘foul
throw’ and will not count in that respective leg, set, or match.
10.03 A throw must consist of a maximum of ‘three darts’, unless a leg, set, or match is
completed in less than ‘three darts’.
10.04 If a player ‘touches’ any dart, which is in the dartboard, during a throw, then that
throw shall be deemed to have been completed.
10.05 Any dart bouncing off, or falling out of, the dartboard, does not count, and shall not
be re-thrown.
10.06 A player deliberately abusing the dartboard when retrieving darts at the end of a
throw will be given a verbal warning by the match referee. Another warning will be given
to the player if a second incident occurs in the same match. If a third incident occurs in
the same match then the player in question will forfeit that respective leg, and possibly
the match in question.”
11.00 STARTING AND FINISHING
11.01 In all darts events each leg shall be played with a straight start, and the finish must
be on a ‘double’, unless stated otherwise in the playing format of a particular event.
11.02 The ‘Bull’ shall count as ‘50′, and if ‘50′ is required to complete a leg, set, or
match, then the ‘Bull’ shall count as ‘Double 25′.
 11.03 The ‘Bust’ rule shall apply, IE: if a player scores more than the number required
then that score shall not count, and the player’s score shall revert back to the score the
player required prior to the opponent’s last throw.
11.04 A ‘Game Shot’ called by a referee is valid, only if the darts thrown achieve the
required finish, and remain in the dartboard until retrieved by the player at the time that
‘Game Shot’ is called.
11.05 If a ‘Game Shot’ called by a referee is declared invalid, then the player shall have
the right to continue the throw, which is in progress, in an attempt to achieve the required
finish.
11.06 If as a result of the error declared in Clause 11.05 the player has retrieved a dart, or
darts, then the referee shall replace the dart, or darts, in as near as practicable the same
position, or positions, and then invite the player to complete that throw.
11.07 The BDO does not recognise the principle of ‘equal darts’, a player who finishes
by obtaining the points required in accordance with the BDO Playing Rules wins that leg,
set, or match, whichever is applicable. The only exception to this Clause is in those
events when an equal number of darts are allocated to players in a specific playing
format.
11.08 Any darts mistakenly thrown by a player after scoring the required ‘double’ shall
not be counted, as the respective leg, set, or match is concluded by the dart scoring the
required ‘double’.
12.00 SCORING
12.01 A dart shall only score if the point remains in, or touches the face of the dartboard,
within the outer double wire, and having been ‘called’, shall be retrieved from the
dartboard by the player.
12.02 The score is counted from the side of the segment wire in which the point of the
dart enters and remains in, or touching, the face of the dartboard.
12.03 Darts shall be retrieved from the dartboard by the thrower but only after the score
has been ‘called’ by the referee, and recorded by the marker.
12.04 A protest about the score attained, or called, after the retrieval of the dart, or darts,
may not be upheld.
12.05 All scores and subtractions made, should be checked by the referee, the marker,
and the players after each throw, and where practicable, before the next player’s throw
commences.
12.06 All requests by a player to check scores recorded, or subtractions made, must be
made before that player’s next throw.
12.07 The actual score required by a player, must be shown on the score sheet, clearly
visible, at eye level, in front of the players and the referee.
 12.08 No indication of the required ‘double’ shall be given by the marker, or the referee.
(IE: ‘32′ required and NOT ‘Double 16′.)
12.09 The first player to reduce the score required to exactly zero, by obtaining the
required ‘double’, is the winner of that leg, set, or match, whichever is applicable.
12.10 The referee shall act as an umpire in all matters pertaining to the BDO Playing
Rules when conducting a darts match, and shall, if it is necessary, consult with scorers,
and other officials, before announcing any decisions during the course of match play.
13.00 DARTBOARDS
13.01 All dartboards used in BDO tournaments shall be manufactured by WINMAU
to the following specification;
(a) be of the ‘bristle’ type.
(b) be of the ‘1 – 20’ clock pattern.
(c) have an inner centre ring, ‘Bull’, that shall score ’50’ points.
(d) have an outer centre ring that shall score ’25’ points.
(e) have an inner narrow band, ‘Treble Ring’, which shall score treble the segment
number.
(f) have an outer narrow band, ‘Double Ring’, which shall score double the segment
number.
(g) have segmental material comprising;
Wire types can be round, triangular or diamond-shaped in section
– maximum 1.85mm or 1.27mm minimum. (+/-.2mm)
– Inner and outer bull rings, if not made of wire, to have a wall thickness not greater than
1.6mm {+/- 0.2 mm} and to have sharpened edges.
– Strip materials should not be greater than 1.85 mm in wall thickness and have a
sharpened edge to form an apex.
– All segmental materials shall either be affixed to the face of the board in such a manner
that they lie flat on the face of the dartboard or alternatively strip materials be embedded
into the surface of the board.
(h) have the following dimensions;
Double and Treble dimensions to be;
– for conventional wire boards, measured inside to inside = 8.0mm +/- 0.2mm
 – for boards manufactured with strip material measured apex to apex = 9.6mm +/- 0.2mm

‘Bull’ inside diameter = 12.7 mm. +/- 0.2 mm.

’25’ ring inside diameter = 31.8mm +/- 0.3 mm
Outside edge of ‘Double’ wire to Centre Bull = 170.0 mm. +/- 0.2 mm.
Outside edge of ‘Treble’ wire to Centre Bull = 107.0 mm. +/- 0.2 mm.
Outside edge of ‘Double’ wire to outside edge = 340.0 mm. +/- 0.5 mm.
Of ‘Double’ wire
Overall dartboard diameter {+/- 3.0 mm.} = 451.0 mm. +/- 3.0 mm.
(i) All dartboards to be manufactured from African Sisal
(j) All dartboards to bear approved BDO and WINMAU logos
13.02 The dartboard shall be fixed such that the ’20’ segment is the darker of the two
segment colours and is at the top centre of the dartboard.
13.03 The dartboard shall be fixed in such a manner that the vertical height from the
floor, at the same level as the Oche, to a horizontal line through the centre of the ‘Bull’
shall measure 1.73 metres.
13.04 A player or team Official shall have the right to request that the dartboard be
changed or moved before or during the course of a match, always providing that the
opposing player or team Official concurs with the request. Such change or move shall
only be made before a match, or between Legs of a match and shall only be made by a
BDO appointed Official.
14.00 LIGHTING
14.01 In tournament play all ‘floor’ dartboards shall be adequately lit by a suitably
positioned light fitting at each dartboard. (IE: 100 Watt minimum intensity)
14.02 Dartboards used in ‘stage finals’ shall be adequately lit by suitably positioned light
fittings. (IE: Two 100 Watt minimum intensity fittings)
14.03 All light fittings must be fitted with screens to divert all light away from the
player’s eyes when standing at the Oche.
14.04 In ‘stage finals’ the general level of illumination can be augmented by the use of
‘floods’ and ‘spotlights’, but extreme care is needed to prevent the introduction of
unwanted ‘shadows’ on the dartboard during matchplay.
15.00 OCHES
15.01 A raised Oche, 38mm. high and 610mm long, (1.5ins high and 24ins long) must be
placed in position at the minimum throwing distance and shall measure from the back of
the raised Oche 2.37 metres, (7ft 9.25 ins) , along the floor to a plumb line at the face of
the dartboard.
15.02 The diagonal distance from the Centre Bull to the back of the raised Oche at the
floor level shall measure 2.93 metres. (9ft 7.5ins)
15.03 In those circumstances where the Oche is set down on a raised Playing Area, then
the raised Playing Area must be constructed such that it is centrally placed in relation to
the dartboard, the minimum width at the Oche shall not be less than 1525mm (5ft 0ins),
and the minimum depth of the standing area to the rear of the Oche shall not be less than
1220mm. (4ft 0ins)
15.04 During matchplay no player shall tread on any part of the raised Oche, nor shall the
player deliver any dart with his feet in any other position other than behind the toe edge
of the raised Oche.
15.05 A player wishing to throw a dart, or darts, from a point on either side of the raised
Oche must keep his feet behind an imaginary straight line extending on either side of the
raised Oche.
15.06 Any player in breach of Clause 15.04, or 15.05, shall first be warned by the referee
in the presence of the Player’s Captain, or Team Manager. Any dart subsequently
delivered in breach of these Clauses shall not score, and shall be declared invalid by the
referee.
15.07 A player, or team captain, shall have the right to request that the Oche dimensions
be checked, and adjusted if necessary, always providing that the opposing player, or team
captain, concurs with the request. Such request must be made before the start of, or after
the completion of a leg. The match official shall, at his discretion, convey the request to
the Stage Manager, or Floor Controller, so that a check, and adjustment if necessary, can
be affected. Such check, and any adjustment, shall only be made before the start of, or
after the completion of a leg.
15.08 Adjustments to, and the checking of, Oche dimensions shall only be carried out by
a BDO appointed match official.
5. COMPETITION AND MANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
Of the two professional organizations, the British Darts Organisation (BDO), founded 1973, is
the older. Its tournaments are often shown on the BBC in the UK, and on SBS6 in the
Netherlands. The BDO is a member of the World Darts Federation (WDF) (founded 1976), along
with organizations in some 60 other countries worldwide. The BDO originally organized a
number of the more prestigious British based tournaments with a few notable exceptions such as
the News of the World Championship and the national events run under the auspices of the
National Darts Association of Great Britain. However many sponsors were lost and British TV
coverage became much reduced by the early nineties.
In 1992 a breakaway organization was formed, initially known as the World Darts Council
(WDC) but shortly after known as the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). The PDC
tournaments have a considerable following, although due to their coverage on subscription-based
Sky television, the PDC World Championship has lower TV viewing figures that of the BDO.
The PDC tournaments often have higher prize money and feature the leading player in the
history of the game, 13-time World Champion Phil Taylor. The highly successful BDO player
Raymond van Barneveld switched to the PDC and won the World Championship at his first
attempt in 2007.
Professional competitions
The BDO and PDC both organize a World Professional Championship. They are held annually
over the Christmas/New Year period, with the PDC championship finishing slightly earlier than
the BDO tournament. The BDO World Championship has been running since 1978; the PDC
World Championship started in 1994.
Both organizations hold other professional tournaments. The BDO organize the World Masters
and many Open tournaments. They also organize county darts for their 64 county members in the
UK including individual and team events.
The PDC's major tournaments are the Premier League, UK Open, Las Vegas Desert Classic,
World Matchplay and the World Grand Prix. All of these are broadcast live on Sky Sports
television in the UK. They also hold PDC Pro Tour events and smaller category events around
the UK. As of 2007 the PDC have introduced two new televised major tournaments - the US
Open (to be broadcast on Challenge TV) and the Grand Slam of Darts (to be screened on ITV).
There are two Dutch independently organised major tournaments the International Darts League,
and the World Darts Trophy which as from 2007 feature a mix of BDO and PDC players. Both
organizations allocate rankings to the tournaments.
The WDF World Cup for national teams and a singles tournament has been played biennially
since 1977. The WDF also organize the Europe Cup.
(WIKIPILIPINAS, 2012)
6. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES
Although Darts may seem like a simple ordinary game, professional players will tell you that the
only way to improve your game is by mastering the basic darts techniques. It is a must before
starting the game. The outcome of your game depends a lot on how much your practice the game
with the right and important darts techniques. You have to discover your own unique grip, stance
and style of throw for the best outcome.

The Grip:
Pay attention on your aim, be relaxed. Retain the end of the dart pointing or facing up in each
throwing stage. The grip should be stable and firm. The muscles of your fingers should not feel
any tension.
Use at least three fingers as more fingers provide more control in gathering speed and more feel.
Finger coordination is very important for release in your grip. It is an important dart technique.
Whether your grips will be suitable or functional will depend a lot on the shape of barrel. Use
more fingers for longer barrels short barrels do not require much fingers. Discover the barrel
that’s right for you as well.
Your fingers that are not included in your grip should spread causes the other four fingers strain.
An open hand that is necessary for an effective release. Remember that Dart is a not a game of
force, but rather touch.

The stance
The darts players set the eye, the dart and the target in a line when aiming. The position of a
player, i.e.; “Right foot forward” stance, while aiming is another basic darts technique. The
player must try to place the three control routine of his arm in a plain of two dimensions while
making a throw to reduce the error.

The throw
How you distribute your weight, lean, and balance is one of the most important darts techniques.
While throwing, your forward foot should remain cemented on the ground. Your posture should
be very secure and firm.
If you lean your body forward, you will be the closer to the board. But it will be more demanding
physically on you. Your throw can get unbalanced. Practice to find a comfortable and better
position for throwing darts.
Another basic darts technique to follow is to avoid lifting your balance leg when throwing. Your
balance foot should be on the floor always and your body should be kept still.
Being a game of skill, darts require constant practice on your part. One has to discover one’s
own individual grip, stance and style of throw. Never imitate the style of play of other dart
players. Follow the basic darts techniques explained above to become a good darts player.
(winsdartboards, 2017)
Bibliography

AAlikhine. (2013, MARCH 25). chess.com. Retrieved OCTOBER 24, 2017, from
https://www.chess.com/blog/AAlikhine: https://www.chess.com/blog/AAlikhine/the-nine-skills-
of-an-effective-chess-player

Ellison-Brown, J. (2015, September 22). The Nature And Meaning Of Sport. Retrieved from jamaica-
gleaner.com: http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20150922/nature-and-meaning-sport

ELMER. (2017). BADMINTON. phpapp01.

FIDE. (2016). fide.com. Retrieved OCTOBER 24, 2017, from https://www.fide.com/:

https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/regulations_match_2016.pdf

INTERNATIONAL TABLE TENNIS FEDERATION. (2017, october 13). ITTF Handbook 2017. ITTF Handbook
2017, pp. 38-40.

masterbadminton. (2016). masterbadminton.com. Retrieved october 24, 2017, from badminton-basics.:

https://www.masterbadminton.com/badminton-basics.html

PREPARED.FO LIFE. (2011). MERIT BADGE SERIES CHESS. CHESS.

slideshare. (2017, OCTOBER 13). table-tennis. Retrieved from www.slideshare.net:

https://www.slideshare.net/lheyo/table-tennis-48896717

TALKTABLETENNIS.CO.UK. (2017, SEPTEMBER MONDAY). Table Tennis Equipment. Retrieved from

talktabletennis.co.uk: http://www.talktabletennis.co.uk/guides/table_tennis_equipment.html

THOUGHTCO. (2017, SEPTEMBER MONDAY). A Brief History of Table Tennis/Ping-Pong. Retrieved from
THOUGHTCO.: https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-table-tennis-ping-pong-3173595

UNIVERSITY OF PHILIPPINES, C. O. (2017, SEPTEMBER MONDAY). The Resurgence of Philippine The

Resurgence of Philippine. Retrieved from http://ncsp2012.weebly.com:
http://ncsp2012.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/9/4/12946994/ncsp2012__the_resurgence_of_philip
pine_liha_table_tennis_dr._mike_babuin.pdf

WIKIPEDIA. (2017, OCTOBER 13). World_Table_Tennis_Championships. Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Table_Tennis_Championships

WIKIPILIPINAS. (2012, OCTOBER 19). en.wikipilipinas.org. Retrieved OCTOBER 24, 2017, from
wikipilipinas: http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Badminton

winsdartboards. (2017). complete-guide-basic-darts-techniques. Retrieved october 24, 2017, from

www.winsdartboards.com: http://www.winsdartboards.com/complete-guide-basic-darts-
techniques.html