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BIOCHEMISTRY NATIONAL BOARD EXAM REVIEW

36. Two enzymes that have been postulated to


play very important roles in calcification are
A. enolase and phosphorylase.
B. alkaline phosphatase and catalase.
C. pyrophosphatase and carbonic anhydrase.
D. pyrophosphatase and alkaline
phosphatase.
E. carbonic anhydrase and alkaline
phosphatase.

44. The major protein produced by the


odontoblast and contained in the organic matrix
of dentin is
A. chitin.
B. keratin.
C. elastin.
D. collagen.
E. cellulose.

161. Vitamin A functions to 162. A deficiency of vitamin A in a developing


A. prevent pellagra. tooth most likely affects the
B. promote absorption of calcium. A. pulp.
C. promote differentiation of epithelial B. enamel.
cells. C. dentin.
D. maintain the integrity of connective D. cementum.
tissues.

163. The effect of a vitamin C deficiency on the


developing tooth is primarily on the
calcification of dentin and cementum. This
can best be explained by which of the
following statements?
A. This does happen, but the reason is
obscure.
B. Dentin is the most sensitive tissue in the
body to a vitamin C deficiency.
C. Vitamin C influences the formation of
collagen, the organic matrix found in
dentin and cementum.
D. Vitamin C has metabolic interrelations with
other vitamins that have a greater
influence on dentin and cementum than on
enamel.
E. The vascular system is more important to
these tissues than to enamel and, in an
avitaminosis C, the vascular system is
subject to hemorrhage.

169. Osteoblasts form the organic matrix of


bone prior to calcification of the tissue.
This process requires vitamins
A. A and B12.
B. A and C.
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C. A and D.
D. C and E.
E. D and E.

182. A diet deficient in calcium will result in


A. stimulation of the thyroid gland.
B. increased ability to cross-link fibrin.
C. production of calcitonin and a low blood
calcium level.
D. production of parathyroid hormone and
bone resorption.

201. Aldosterone is normally associated with


partial regulation of which of the following
processes?
A. Sodium balance
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Lipid digestion
D. Protein degradation
E. Carbohydrate metabolism

203. The parathyroid hormone acts in the body 204. Each of the following is an effect of
by parathyroid hormone EXCEPT one. Which
A. decreasing absorption of calcium in the one is this EXCEPTION?
intestinal tract. A. Stimulation of 1-alpha-hydroxylase in
B. accelerating the removal of calcium and kidney
phosphate from the skeleton but not B. Stimulation of osteoclastic activity in bone
from the teeth. C. Stimulation of calcium reabsorption by
C. stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver. kidney
D. decreasing the excretion of sodium and D. Inhibition of phosphate reabsorption by
chloride. kidney
E. All of the above E. Inhibition of intestinal absorption of
calcium

205. Hyperparathyroidism is marked by 206. The low serum phosphate level in


A. chronic tetany. hyperparathyroidism is caused by
B. a high blood calcium level. A. increased renal loss of phosphate.
C. retention of phosphates by the kidneys. B. decreased absorption of phosphate.
D. storage of excess minerals in the bones. C. increased deposition of calcium phosphate
E. increased irritability of excitable tissues. in bone.
D. increased reabsorption of calcium
phosphate from bone.

207. A parathyroidectomized animal will exhibit 208. Which of the following are the immediate
which levels of calcium and phosphate ion effects of calcitonin on serum levels of
concentration in the plasma? calcium and phosphate?
Calcium Phosphate ion Serum calcium Serum phosphate
concentration A. Increased Increased
B. Increased Decreased
A. Low High C. Decreased Decreased
B. Normal Low D. No change Increased
C. High Low E. Decreased No change
D. Normal Normal
E. Low Low

212. The physiologically active form of vitamin

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D produced in the kidney is
A. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
B. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
C. 7-dehydrocholesterol.
D. cholecalciferol.
E. ergosterol.

216. The mechanism of systemic fluoride action 217. Fluoroapatite can form during hard tissue
in reducing dental decay is most likely the formation by a (an)
result of A. substitution of OH ions by F ions.
A. an increase in hardness of the tooth. B. reaction between CaF2 and CaHPO4.
B. an inhibition of proteolytic enzymes. C. reaction of F ions with hydroxylysine
C. deposition of CaF2 in areas of enamel residues.
susceptible to bacterial penetration. D. absorption of F ions onto hydroxyapatite
D. an increase in carbohydrate metabolism in crystal surfaces.
the oral cavity as a result of enzyme
inhibition.
E. a reduction in rate of solubilization of
enamel as fluoride content of the tissue
increases.

219. The anticaries effect of fluoride is LEAST


related to which of the following?
A. Ion exchange
B. Decreased solubility
C. Facilitation of remineralization
D. Its presence during enamel formation
E. Activation of plaque polysaccharide
hydrolysis

228. The organic matrix of bone is composed 229. Which of the following represent(s) the
largely of collagen and matrix proteins of enamel?
A. lipids. A. Carboxylglutamic acid containing proteins
B. citrate. B. Type I collagen
C. dextrans. C. Amelogenins
D. glycosaminoglycans. D. Proteoglycans
E. Elastin

230. Which of the following explains why 231. Which of following is the major protein
enamel is harder than bone? component of cementum?
A. Enamel crystals are larger and more A. Elastin
firmly packed. B. Keratin
B. Enamel contains amelogenins in its C. Collagen
organic matrix. D. Amelogenin
C. Enamel contains more magnesium and E. Osteonectin
carbonate.
D. Enamel crystals have more surface area.
E. Enamel contains more collagen.

232. Which of the following noncollagenous 233. Which of the following has a high affinity
protein components BEST characterizes for binding calcium and collagen in the
dentin matrix? calcifying matrix?
A. Laminin A. Calcitonin
B. Vimentin B. Osteogenin
C. Phosphoprotein DPP C. Osteonectin
D. Osteonectin D. Amelogenin

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E. Fibronectin E. Fibronectin

234. Protein content of enamel from mature 235. Which of the following functions of bone
teeth is approximately what per cent of could be considered the most prominent?
enamel weight? A. Buffering
A. 0.1-1% B. Phosphate source
B. 5-10% C. Sodium reservoir
C. 15-20% D. Fluoride reservoir
D. 25-30% E. Calcium reservoir
E. 50-55%

236. Which of the following BEST characterizes 237. The lack of which of the following
hydroxyapatite? substances during tooth formation most
A. Has an amphiphilic surface likely induces enamel hypoplasia?
B. Contains 12 ions per unit cell A. Vitamins A and D
C. As found in bone and enamel contains no B. Vitamins C and D
ion substitutions C. Vitamins C and K
D. Has a higher solubility product D. Phosphorus and iron
constant than fluoroapatite E. Calcium and fluoride

238. Which of the following vitamins is the 239. Which of the following is NOT a theory of
LEAST likely to be involved in tooth the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone?
development and calcification? A. The hormone influences the rate of bone
A. A resorption.
B. B1 B. The hormone causes a decrease in new
C. C bone formation.
D. D C. The action on bone is related to its action
on phosphate excretion.
D. The effect of parathyroid extract is to
influence osteoclastic activity.

240. The primary effect of calcitonin is to


A. increase bone resorption.
B. inhibit bone resorption.
C. increase calcium absorption from the
intestine.
D. decrease calcium absorption from the
intestine.

A8. Which of the following vitamins is essential A9. Which of the following statements BEST
for the normal elaboration and maintenance describes hydroxyapatite in enamel?
of bone matrix, cartilage, and dentin?
A. Has a nonpolar surface
A. Niacin B. Has 10 ions in each unit cell
B. Vitamin E C. Contains no ion substitutions
C. Ascorbic acid D. Has a higher solubility than fluorapatite
D. Pantothenic acid E. Has a solubility that decreases as the pH
decreases

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