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The 2 fundamental types of gallop are ventricular gallop and atrial gallop. Adequate
cardiac acceleration modifies these gallops and may produce a summation gallop, an aug-
mented ventricular gallop, or an augmented atrial gallop. The summation and augmented
gallops were examined and their relation to the 2 fundamental gallops was quantitated.
The cardiac rate at which summation and augmentation occur is unique. A graph and
2 corresponding equations were derived which relate the summation cardiac rate and
corresponding cycle length to familiar electrocardiographic and phonocardiographic
intervals.
G ALLOP rhythm has been defined as a been recorded with the electrokymogram,2
"mechanical hemodynamic event associ- slit roentgenkymogram,3 ballistocardiogram,4'5
ated with a relatively rapid rate of ven- and apex cardiogram.'
tricular filling and characterized by a Ventricular gallop appears indicative of
ventricular bulge and a low-frequency diastolic overload. It occurs with an abnormal
sound."' From this definition it follows that relation between the rate of rapid filling and
the cardiac gallop is a diastolic event. Of the ventricle's ability to accommodate its in-
the 5 divisions of diastole-protodiastole of creasing diastolic volume. The wave of rapid
Wiggers, isometric ventricular relaxation, left ventricular filling is increased in mitral
rapid ventricular filling, slow ventricular insufficiency, ill which left atrial volume is
filling, and atrial contraction-a relatively large, the atrial pressure is high, and mitral
rapid rate of ventricular filling occurs dur- stenosis is not of a decree to restrain the rate
ing 2 periods, the rapid-filling phase, which of flow from atrium to ventricle.
follows immediately upon opening of the In aortic insufficiency the regurgitamit
atrioventricular valve, and the atrial phase, blood stream augments left ventricular filling
which follows contractiomi of the upper cham- and the total rapid-filling wave exceeds that
l)er. Two corresponding types of gallop exist. normally present.
These are the rapid-filling (or ventricular) Left-to-right shunts at the ventricular
gallop and the atrial gallop, respectively. level or between the great vessels result in
Both types of gallop are ventricular phe- increased left ventricular diastolic filling and
nomena and each may be generated in either stroke volume. Examples are interventricular
ventricle. Therefore, it is desirable to specify septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and
whether a gallop originates from the right aortic-pulmonary window.
or left side of the heart. Interatrial septal defect increases diastolic
Gallop may occur at any heart rate. Asso- filling of the right ventricle and rapid-filling
ciated mechanical aspects of the gallop have gallop of the right ventricle may occur.
More common than ventricular gallop due
From the Departments of Medicine, Duke Univer- to an increased filling wave is ventricular
sity School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., and New gallop due to altered accommodation during
York University College of Medicine, New York, the volume changes of diastole. The most fre-
N.Y.
This investigation was supported in part by Re- quent cause is heart failure, in which the
search Fellowship 8557 from the National Heart In- ventricle is dilated and myocardial tone is
stitute, U. S. Public Health Service. poor.
1053 Circulation, Volume XX, December 1959
second heart sound and remain in early dias- Comment. Atrial gallop of the left heart, which
tole. If an augmented atrial gallop is present, is associated with systolic overload of the left
the sound will retain its relation to the P ventricle, was caused in this patient by essential
hypertension. The electrocardiogram was normal.
wave and remain presystolic. Rapid-filling gallop, which accompanies diastolic
METHOD AND MATERIALS overload, in this ease was the result of heart
f ailure.
Phonocardiogramiis were recorded simultaneous
with the electrocardiogram and apex cardiogram Case 14
on a Sanborn Twin-beam at a paper speed of
75 mmll. per second with vertical time lines at W.O.H. was a 24-year-old white man who had
0.04 second. The patients were in the supine experienced recurrent episodes of acute hemnor-
position. rhagic glomierulonephritis since childhood. In 1954
The method for recording. local precordial move- hypertension and impaired renal function were
muents has been described previously.' An upward present. In 1958 he was hospitalized for severe
deflection on the apex cardiogram represented a heart failure and terminal renal failure. At this
forward movement in the region of maximum time the blood pressure was 180/110. There was
cardiac pulsation. grade-III hypertensive vascular retinopathy. Rales
were heard over both lung fields. The heart was en-
Observations on 5 patients with gallop sounds larged to the anterior axillary line. No murmurs
and the pertinent clinical details are presented. were audible. The cardiac pulsations were undu-
Quadruple rhythm due to the presence in each lating in character and suggested myocardial dis-
cardiac cycle of both the rapid-left-ventricular- ease. A relatively distinct forward movement
filling gallop and the left atrial gallop was recorded could, however, be consistently discerned in early
in 2 patients. The various time intervals associated diastole and was more distinct than the svstolic
with these gallops have been included among pre- impulse. Coincident with this early diastolic bulge
vious observations.' An augmented gallop or a was a low-pitched sound, loudest near the apical
true summation gallop was recorded in 3 patients.
region. A faint presystolic sound of low pitch
CASE REPORTS was also heard at the apex, but was loudest in the
Case 13 left fourth interspace. The neck veins were dis-
E.C. was a 52-year-old Negro with a history tended, the liver was tender and enlarged, and
of progressive exertional dyspnea for 2 years and there was 4-plus pitting edema of the legs and
recent orthopnea. On physical examination the ankles.
blood pressure was 180/110, there was grade-II The hematocrit value was 22 per cent and the
hypertensive retinopathy, and rales were present blood urea nitrogen was 228 mg. per 100 ml. The
at both lung bases. The heart was moderately en- electrocardiogram was within normal limits. A
larged, and no murmurs were audible. Excursions phonocardiogranm recorded both diastolic sounds
at the point of maximum cardiac pulsation were with fundamental frequencies of 35 and 50 e.p.s.,
complex: a prominent early diastolic bulge was respectively. The early diastolic sound was loudest
present as well as a presystolic bulge, the latter near the apex (fig. 2B) and the presystolic sound
giving the impression of a double systolic impulse. was loudest in the left fourth interspace (fig. 2A).
Upon auscultation the normal first and second The apex cardiogram (fig. 2C) illustrated the un-
heart sounds were* easily identified. Two low- dulating cardiac movement felt through the chest
pitched sounds were present in diastole. The first wall. However, a prominent early diastolic bulge
occurred soon after the second heart sound and appeared consistently, simultaneous with the
corresponded in timing to the early diastolie, left early diastolie sound, and indicated the presence
ventricular bulge. The second low-pitched sound of a rapid-filling gallop. A frank presystolic bulge
occurred with the presystolic bulge. simultaneous with the atrial presystolic gallop
A phonocardiogram (fig. 1) showed the low sound was not demonstrable. Presumably, the
frequency (fundamental 25 c.p.s.) early diastolic presystolic undulating wave occurring with the
sound occurring 0.16 second after the second heart sound was in part due to the gallop bulge.
sound. The presystolic sound was also of low fre- Contient. The atrial presystolic gallop in this
quency (fundamental 25 c.p.s.) and followed the case reflected hypertensive heart disease resulting
P wave by 0.12 second. Both diastolic sounds oc- from hypertension of 4 years' duration, secondary
curred simultaneously with a prominent ventricu- to renal disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy was
lar bulge on the apex cardiogram, indicating the confirmed at postmortem examination, although
presence of rapid-filling gallop and atrial gallop. electrocardiographic evidence of hypertrophy was
respectively. not present. The rapid-filling gallop reflected the
superimposed to produce the true summation Tanto le galopo ventricular (,onio etiamn le
gallop. galopo atrial pote esser presente in un cyclo
When a ventricular or ail atrial gallop cardiac individual, con le resultante produc-
alone is present the summation phenomenon tion de un rhythmo quadruple. Quanido le
will augment the intensity of the existing acceleration cardiac es sufficieiitciiiemete iii-
gallop. It is then called augmented ventricu- tense pro producer le l)lieilomelio de sumin-
lar gallop or augmented atrial gallop, re- mation, le duo galopos es superinlpollite ie
spectively. un al altere con le resultante production del
A single, loud gallop present during tachy- ver galopo de summation.
cardia may be either an augmented gallop Quando un galopo ventricular sol o un
or a true summation gallop. The distinction galopo atrial sol es presente, le phenomena
can be made only when the heart rate is de summation augmenta le intensitate del
slowed, at which time the true summation galopo existente. Alora illo es appellate uim
gallop will change to a quadruple rhythm augmentate galopo ventricular o, respective-
while the augmented gallop remains a single miente, un augmentate galopo atrial.
sound of reduced intensity. Un sol e forte galopo que es presetite diir-
Examples of quadruple rhythm, summation ante tachycardia pote esser (1) uii galopo
gallop, and augmented gallop are shown. augmentate o (2) un ver galopo de summa-
Two equations were derived that express tion. Le distinction inter le duo pote esser
the summation cycle length or the summation facite solmente post retardar le frequentia
rate, respectively, as a function of the P-R cardiac, quando le ver galopo de summation
interval. A graphic representation of this se transforma in un rhythmo quadruple,
relation was also constructed. Of the critical durante que le galopo augmentate remanaie 1m
time intervals the P-R interval is the only sol sono de intensitate reducite.
random variable affecting the summation Es presentate exemplos de rlhytliiiio quad-
rate, and its range is the largest. ruple, de galopo de summation, () (de galopo
The equation for the summation cycle augmentate.
length is also valid when the summation is Esseva derivate duo equatioiies que ex-
produced by a premature atrial contraction. prime, respectivemente, le longor de cyclo de
The cycle in which summation occurs is the summation e le frequentia de summation
shortened cycle, prematurely ended. The omo funetiones del intervallo P-R. Un re-
duration of such a summation cycle is a func- p)resentation graphic de iste relation esseva
tion of the P-R interval of the premature etiam construite. Inter le critic intervallos
atrial contraction, as expressed by the equa- de tempore, le intervallo P-R es le sol varia-
tion derived for the more usual case of sum- bile de hasardo que affice le frequentia de
mation resulting from cardiac acceleration. summation, e su gamma de valores possibile
es le plus extense.
SUMMARIO IN INTERLINGUA Le equation pro le longor de cyclo de sum-
Adequate acceleration cardiac imupone le mation remane valide quando le summation
phase de contraction atrial super le periodo es producite per un premnatur contraction
de rapide replenation ventricular. Le super- atrial. Le cyclo in que le summation occurre
imposition de iste duo periodos es appellate es le cyclo abbreviate con termination pre-
le phenomeno de summation. Lie frequentia matur. Le duration de un tal cyclo de summa-
cardiac al qual un summation precise occurre tion es un function del intervallo P-R del
e le correspondente longor de cyclo es de- contraction atrial prematur, exprimite per le
signate, respectivemente, como le frequentia equation que es derivate pro le easo plus
de summation e le longor de evelo de sum- usual de summation resultante ab acceleration
mation. cardiac.
9l
Thou, wondrous Harvey, whose Immortal Fame,
By thee instructed, grateful Schools proclaim,
Thou, Albion's Pride, didst first the winding Way,
And circling Life's dark Labyrinth display.
Attentive from the Heart thou didst pursue
The starting Flood, and keep it still in view,
Till thou with Rapture saw'st the Channels bring
The Purple Currents back, and from the Vital Ring
SIR RICHARD BLACKMORE, Creation. A Philosophical Poem Demonstrating the Existence
and Providence of a God. In Seven Books. Svo. London, 1712. [Blackmore, who went
from schoolmaster to physician in ordinary to William III ("His pupils grew blockheads
and his patients died.") was violently attacked by Pope, Dryden and Swift, but nothing
gagged his muse, and the equally intemperate praise lavished on the "Creation" by Dr.
Johnson, Addison and Dennis seemed to justify him.]
Circulation. 1959;20:1053-1062
doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.20.6.1053
Circulation is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX
75231
Copyright © 1959 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539
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located on the World Wide Web at:
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