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 DISCLAIMER NOTICE

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PRACTICABLE. THE-COPY FURNISHED
TO DTIC CONTAINED A SIGNIFICANT
NUMBER OF PAGES WHICH DO NOT
REPRODUCE LEGIBLY.

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THE AComUiATeN byDrS.D writenith

ON FOLOSIN TIEil'
t"-
.. . ....... io.Th p.A has. been a....v

bn
compmr..g.the.various.mehods.sofar.s.ggeste, of'...

oY td
convenentfrm
A eYEiR
Corth sourcatino a s seb reduRed Torkis
prblem. toR4mo hs '

given together wit sie exensions isr a t sfn

1. Inrodution.-This paper has been written with a view toL

t.comparing the various methods, so far suggested, of boundary layer
ofalysis for steady two-dimensional flow past an obstacle. Some. ."}
• !, of the methods, as given by their authors, can be reduced to more
convenient forms for the solution of ,n y given problem. This has
9 a"abeen done whereandifor and conclusions drawn as to the usefulness
of each method, o ie b s e et
It will be seen th the method due to ingienlenezod
Blasius and
should
at any be in whenever
used
point possible.
the boundary laver asThis method
a power gives
series in the
the velocity
distance
from the forward stagnation point, the coefficients being f ctions
of the distce measured normally from the obstacle. fThe coeffi-
ciens can be expressed in a convenient nion-di form.Td
suensional
tablated once and.for all. Unforttately, owing to the amount
of labour involved, only a limited nunber of these coeffcients have
- .' been calculated by the present writer ad, in general, the method
cannot be used with confidence as far as the point of separation Wi th
this limited number of coefficients. A step by step method, heoretic-
ally due to Goldstein] and adapted by the present writer or purposes
of calculation,
method has been
suffers from the drawback continuing
given forthat the steps this solution.
which This
can be ta' "
-1ii.
are methodIf isthe
rather small. notnumber
sufficient to give -thegivep
of coefficients in the
solution as solution
far as is"
". of Blasius's
required, an approximate method due to KBisrmton and Pomllhause.nTi
, is recommended either for a complete solution of "th~e prolblem or for
the continuation of Blasitis's solution. This 31ethod appears to
give the point of separation of the flow with as great an accuracy "--
,. " ~~as experiment, though the full velocity distribution is given with ...
ii..
, doubtful accuracy in the neighbourhood of th:,t point. Another .'
' method due io Bairstow and Green ' may also. be of value. This
method has been used in the case of flow past a circle only, and even
i -in this case, when the pressure distributiou seems to be particularly

~ This document l]xa- been approved

for public release and sal6; its
distribution is unlimited.
....
.'...
... ... .. .. •. " " . . " """" :.v. .. . . ..
._..-'- f
 .'.u --....
.... .::...
....
..:.... . .'.:.
*.*.*.
..*.*. I ......
'.*....'v
..... .::: ...
....:. .:.:. ... ...: ::: ..:: .." ..:..
: .:
...
.....
... ' "" " :':.:::" ..

simple, a fairly cumbersome step by step method of finding the

skin friction [iil~l
is necessary. It is anticipated that with more comn- ..........
plicated pressure distributions the work involved would be too great 'i-.'
for the method to be of use. Given thle skin friction the method""::::
*will give the velocity
with good accuracy, distribution in the middle of the boundary layer
and it is suggested that it may be of value to...
ii}}
use the skin friction given by the method of K .irm. and Pohl-. v
hasen and then obtain the velocity distribution using the method.........
of Bairstow and Green. i-i!. i
In certain circumstances, the method of Pohlhaisen breaks
down. Two alternative methods are suggested for use in these .''-:-{
circumstances. The first of these is a modification of the original ))i")(
method of Pohihausen due to Drydenv and is described below. ?'
The second is a nodification of Falkner and Skan's" method due to
the present writer............
The original method of F ewkner and Skan and the modification
are described below, but they both suffer from the drawback that
they break down in the neighbourhood of the point of separation"'
(see later). The nodification is, however, of value in the circum-
stances indicated above. ..........
TJhe remaining methods due to Von Miss and Luckert7 and ");:;
Thorn8 are described but seem to be of theoretical interest only. .'-'.i
The methods mentioned here and the original method of Falkner and
Skan ate not recommended for general use for one of two reasons. .'"r'
~~~Either the labour involved in solving any given problem is too great, ::::z
forthe method is not capable of y wider application, and is more.
cumbersome, than one of the methods .metioned previously.
Where possible the results of the various methods are
use.'-"t"ese
given first
to enable the reader to judge whether a particular method is suitable .......
~~~~in any givenof problem.
Several .'.
the methods have been compared on the problem of i!'
flow past a circle. olasius's
method, with the coefficients as given,
could be used to give the velocities to within 02 per cent. as far
as the point of separation in this particular case. The point of
separation is
would take, given as 8'20, with a possible error of 20. This method ..---
;.
the outside,
but four hours to obtan a complete idea
of the velocity distribution in the boundary layer as farOfas the point ..........
of separation. To obtain a geater i accuracy
oflasius's method should
be stopped, say, at 600 and the metod of continuation given in.
prrhe 5 used. Unfortunately, this continuation process has
to be done taking very small steps of about 1 each, if the greate
accuracy is to be retained, and four hours' work is required per step.
This example is, however, an extreme case, since the velocity dis-
tribution given by lasius's method is accurate enough as far as the -
point of separation for all practical purposes. Normally, this method
~~~of continuation, wviIl
be applied when Bflasius's method ceases to 1be ' i
of value. When this is so the maximum error permitted per ste>
will be greater and the length of the step correspondingly greater.st

... .... ".......... ................... ,

 .......... ............................ ...........................
.......... ............
..................
......
............................. . ..................
.............
....
.... ........ .....
................... . ...... . ........
.... . .. . . . . ......
........
....
...... ~~...............

3.....

ie Krmn's approximate method would carry the solution as far

I- as the point of separation in about six hours. Itis not easy to give
kt an estimate of possible error in this method.
It should be stressed that the examlfe chosen is very favourable
to Blasius's method, owing to the convenient expression for the
o velocity at the edge of the boundary layer. When this form is not
so convenient, it will be necessary, in using the method, to conti.tue ...'..
d the solution in order to obtain any idea of the point of separation
and the velocity distribution in its neighbourhood. This continua-
s tion is laborious, as will be seen from the figures given, and for this
e reason K'trrn.n's method is recomnended in general.
If we denote by y distance measured normally to the surface
considered, x distance measured along curves orthogonal to the
L normals (measured from the normal at the forward stagnation point),
l.and v the fluid velocity components in the directions x and y
increasing, P the pressure, p the density and v,the kinematic viscosity ..'."..f...
of the fluid, then the boundary layer equations are

-
. +.~ 0 1e.o axx + a)~ i . .. ............
-I
_ ap (12).:.:
-.... .... .

and The equation of continuity is

alt
-r -I a0
-'= 0 .. . . . . . (1.3)
ax - av
In virtue of equation (1.2) the pressure gradient is independent
of and so the term dp/dx can be replaced by the pressure gradient
at the edge of the boundary layer. This is supposed known either
from experiment or calculation. The latter method can, however,
be used only when the points of separation are very niear to the tail
of the obstacle, so that the flow outside the boundary layer and "'.
.....
wake is approximately the same as the perfect fluid flow round the "
obstacle, with the requisite circulation. For a synmmetrical stream-
line obstacle the circulation is zero ; for a iion-symmetrical stream- ..........
line obstacle with no sharp trailing edge the theoretical determination.........
of the circulation is a problem on which the present writer is engaged.
If we denote by U the velocity in the main stream at the edge
of the boundary layer, U and p are connected by BernouiUi's equation
STJ 2 =.const.....1.4

which gives
Ut ...........
I dp dli
0 dx d: -:.--
A2

.............. .. ...........
 ...
.. ...... :.
..................
..................
. :...... vv ............
:..
........
:" .... .......
.............
y..........
...... .........
i : i~i

::
:=.:
..... ..
.:. ..
:....." ...
.... ..
;.... ..:.:....... ......
... ..
.... ..
. ::..:::
....
.".
..: . :.I .....
.:::. ::..::::
.::
.
.... .. .:.
:.:: .:.

......... .............

Further, (1.1) and (1.5) show that if, as.3 tends to infinity, u tends .???
to a value independent of y and u/3y anrd a-u/ay2 tend to zero thean -: ~i
utends to U. ii!il
We proceed to a detailed discussion of each method. ............

2. Blasius's Mcihod.-Sunznary.-Two cases arise according as i))'"

the obstacle is symnmetrical about an axis in the direction of the flow [!:~
at infinity, or not. We shall speak of them as the syinmetrical and :i:i~
non-symmetrical cases respectively. ;.- '":
-In both cases it is necessary to express the velocity in the main,'-'I.;( "-
stream at the edge of the boundary ]ayer as a power series or poly- ::..:::
"nomial in x. In general, in order to obtain an accurate representation :--.:-...-
of this velocity, a power series will be required. Using this series, L:'".:
IBlasius's method will give the accurate solution of the problem ''i.'"
"considered, provided a sufficient amount of time and labour is spent iiii}
,,.
on it. Alternatively, ". ............. :
it is often possible to express the velocity at the 'i''';' ''
A'........"
edge of the boundary layer as a polynomial with a small number of Thb !
• . terms as far from the stagnation point as the so~ution is required.-..:---.
This considerably decreases the work attached and is advisable in all ""':
!!!{i
cases where it is possible.
The method ex'presses the velocity components at any point as m .!!:in
.!'
power series in x whose coefficients are functions of y. These ":'"
./ ~~coefficients can be put in convenient forms and reduce any problem ["!
"to simple arithmetic and the use of tables. Tables sufficient to So
determine the coeficients f the first three terms fully,
1: and in,]special
"7 ......... ......
::::::
cases the fourth,i in both the symnetrical and non-symmetrical cases, F..:"
...........

have been calculated by the present writer and are given below : '?
(pp. 51-54). Alr"i'
(i) Symmetrical Case.-The velocity distribuion at the edge of {' "'
the boundary layer can be expressed in the form..
+
= qx
u - Iu~x5 + . . . . . (2.1).:::'::"
non-sy m metrical" cases... ::.
resp...........
.:e....
......
e:,ly.- ..... . .. . . .. ........ . .. ..
S starting frrmthefradsanto point...:-::'::
, : Then, assuming
upowreries thatcoefficients
in x with the streamthat
function p can beofexpressed
are functions as a....:.,
y, the tlies T
of the velocity components u u/and v----- t- are given by

IS= uf 1'x +-4 3.Af'x3 +-6 (u~g5' +p u, ;'.g) "

', "+ + .2 k x+ 1015o

S(,,,,' +-j- ,,,, )

2
2[

,4 + q ,.+ 2u + -±
u., . ').x.-o,
9 ::-:..:(2.2
I""''":.'
We do.tl dssooe -.
2. Blasius's '::aear
t s..au.ti n e

at or ......
..
 ....
. ....

. ..... ...
. ..
2
.......
s:... ................
.. ...... ....................................
j ...
V
1,- *11..-*.;* I *.. *'''
..;.
.............- .~ q .
~~~~ ~ ...
.~~~ ...
....... ....... (23)..........

' ~ +
-~-........+..

2 (2.4 ) ......

1. ~~ The ponifsprto
~I i itnb ~
asIH ......
If ~ ~ f'f' " ~ g' ehh'
S in fun:tons o,-6-*
Table:.as
117,
ili )r z"ad 1e1, shown::*::.,
e... ..
.

(i)
. . . . .U
. .3 . U
. .6 7 . . . .

7 !'i!7 Itu-0 t.*::::::

in, r- U, 15

(t.....)

1+
+9-117m-.....
+. V x-,

. ... I
+ 5jol -q9

it _9_ 4)....
 10
+q............ ...........

= ~ux 3 +.. .. ...... (2.9)I. .

P.. ee in ...
r o.. .. b.
s.. e..o..
r..w..
e..
...ind.........
f. .......
...
.........
.. ......
.............. ....... ...
.

~ 25+
+... 5 u 5' ~ + . ..... ..
. .. 2. 10).....

(u[i g4~ + 4-m- 12 + - 6~ 30It. It2

4 +
+ s+ 5) . . 2.1 ......

it-t 'xL~j~fX+4 "A3'~x+ (u l +3

+ +4(4'
sQ4
I

~ ~ 2+ I~ .......
2
5' =.u 5

,,, + 2x~ +12

.- +.....(.12
3)x

it i

re+nn~
The~ coffcit
4g ar deie by differenilequtos.
of' ths
So2e gie belo inetos(.4)t (ure25)
[T...

!I21. I2
.......
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .....
, .. .. .

~............................... ..

.......
..... . .. . . . .... . . . . . . . .

.........
. ...
.... .. . .. ..

.) lcs.we. 3
sy m tic 6 =.... ................
=
4 ....
(ii)........

+ ....... (2.3)
It

6 +30-~q~x'+....j........(2..4

=I! "2~= f x +. ......... 4 = 0-h~x

2
sy meria cas whe it, It
1

±6~%q
6 x'+ ] .......... ... (2.15
(ii
I i,. =U4
Dezl.Ti etooiial det 3aiswseaoae
l)V ~ ~ it) ~hywie
~ 12 11ee2(3 ihtesm
ohcnend

U= + -2 q6x+ . . (2.13)

sremaomanotmite.2
This

~p=F~-f-Fa 3 +F~x+ ... 18 ..........

Thsg~+ F'x + P'~--. . . (2.15)

~ 5l~x ± 2
-j-F~x ............ 2.20
(1J) y mtia ae-h eoiya h deo onary
 ........ ...
.......... ........ ..

.. .. . .. . .. . .. . ...

... .... .....

.. .... .. ... .

..... F... ±vF " . . ...

...... (221

3 F3 3 ) F . . ....-
. .. ( ... ..... ........
.............. - )
.............. P"
.......... . . (. tr...
.I

* .. ... (2.25) ..

aSdbsoitutn reets
tahese haesdeing difftint1)ains wqaitg

4FT3 3FT - F,(Fz)v = 4 v,"

4 (.2

+ VP 1

=0111 7 0' (-)"F (g7 + I11 = 1 (JL7

+ 1'11)-1

F, fetc.) F f

A'2-A"=l+A'' .. .. (2.26 ......

6f~g ga'1 'g 5 ~f~g$

= 5 -+ 5f .. .... ... 2.2.
. 1 t-6 6ub f +11 "12- hr)+I
5 -S(' aA) .. (

I2
SF' 7' - fIt7 -f 7' 1-h 7 + (f1 g5 f1 g
- I 141,17 Sf~I~,
U1~k
14 7)

I . ~ . . .~. . . . .. .. .. _____.
.
 . . . . . . . . . . . ;: .
.......... ...... .....

'
................
.. ...........
. ..............
. . .. . . . ...... ..................................... .....

.. ............ . .............

9
s 0f1 'hq; - QJ
1 "h9 -Jfi" = 1 + h9 ' t
- (fg,'- 3fa - 7fg) ... .. (2.34).......
1Gfz'kpf - 9f Mk, -fi' 1 = + k9 ' - 18 (g, - gbg{) .. (2.35)
2) 16
loAj'Aj' - 9f. -fip" "' -5()f'17 - ' -.-
3) - 7f3'J;,) - 18 (2 g,' 6' -- gJ 6" - g6 "/5) . .. (2.66).
4) lOf/q 0 ' - 9f,'q9 -fq' = qO"' - -5(1O3'k 3f3k,".
-'-
"
7f:,"k,) - 18 (J - hfl)..
- .. .. .. (2.37)
where dashes now denote differentiation with regard to .
i) ' The boundary conditions satisfied are
ff = Oat f ' =--I at=o
f =h = 0 at 2 = 0 h.= +at 11 = Co

g 5 =g 6'=Oaty=O g= =atfq= Co
,. :
.4S
-...-.
.::!
'1

g 7 =g,'=Oatq=O g'----at q"-co

:-;g g ' at qs 0'

:0 g'rI t"= =at ...

1i.' h,' = h7 = h7' = it =17 = = 09 at k-..-

and] .:
i ,,. .... .......

I These equations are independent of the u's and can be solved

once and for all and the solutions used in any problem. Blasius
....'......

gave the transformations for reducing the equations for F, and F-v
to the forms given above. Hi-iemenz solved these reduced equations ....
and remarked that it seemed to be impossible to find a transforination
which would reduce, similarly, the remaining equations. That this
is not the case will be seen from the above.
(2) Non-symmelrical Case.-'his case is precisely oalaognis to ,ii¢:.':
the preceding one. We can write the velocity at the edge of the

..........

the differential equations for the F's are

- FF " = u2 + vF 1 ' ' . .. • "(
3F,-F , "- F,?2. t' = 3;.+ -vF 2" •. .. (2.39)

'
-,-, "
-% 2 -7
 2u 24uu
- +3 yE 2 ' (.0 . .. ........

+...
u3 ~u ~"'... ...........-
...
.. (2.41)
~
... ~ .....
....
.F .. F~ +..... ...... ~ ....
2F4....-F.6..........(n....+....)
.. 3...........(2.42 ...

boundary codtin ..
hh ndvsaisy.r

.........1 =......=......... = at 0
.........
F1........., 1 y....
..
Write... ...
... ................ ....... ................
'1~~~ )'......... n v)'
....~.t....
.....~ +.... ..... a!. ..
.. ..'l.
........
..
. .....
. ~.........
~ ~.zt 1 4 .g .z..u
($ ) + k 4].....
......... ...
. ... . ......

5F 4 - 2F ifi- I~+f1'.-I
1 g41 fx'
F .. "F +. 5Fa (2.43)...
= 1 12.....
3fjf3 211f2 - 112 (2.44 ..

2f 1
- . 3 ) .. .. 2..8 ........

6FI'5' 5F"Fr,-
3r3173- 3F3 FF5--
- 1--r,1

2F4~~~~~~~
24 u, or'F"F-.(JS+U
~ (.2 ~ ~ ~
 '11)~.. 5 ..... = I g3 .'............
. .. .. (2.50)

1f.-.7
.... ... -..... 8 'h
3 - g3Jz.." g3"h3).
- (2.53

4
-... )2f-k (2.54)
...J~
................... .... .. ... . .

AO)~ ~ 1 5f 'k
1 fk,
4j = fk4 g
k4 = 1135 5j%3
41) 4511=f M.
1479 S 4- A 51 +
5 5 h6 5

42) 6f=h6'1 5=j=j5 f'

f 1 'l~f'=.,g
3 =-~g 4

JZ6
=-41~
J
0
I=q=0t
at '4
(2.51)
where dashe-5f~5
denot difrntain
fls wit repc
(to 2.2
Th Nmeicl negaton o ke.Euaios-Te etodo

condition gi- atjq,

i- f195 an one' at = W2k h euainso

petcuar apl
the boundary conditions ar
Af93'93'tfl A A', 3on3t 42294'
at of0~ at
Th meho of soltio is5to asum a5vau ndfn

thje orresodingtparicflrntgan with Uesingt te sae eso

Any solution ofntegeqationmay bei wruittn s + )heeo ofi

t ane bitrdary conton Apiatin ofre onition.Th reatininy

gniits the requiedvaeoin
2 y h eedn aibei n

patclreapetebonaycniinIr
ft=f=0a 7=0 '=cnt t7
Themehodofsoltin sasmavauofft 7=0ndid
 .. . .
. .. . ..... ... ...... .... .... .

•.-
:::::-....::::.:::..........
..................
..
:.:....
... :...-
.............
.-. ..
... - ........
::-......... = ......
:.....:.:..*::..y .y....:::.:*
. : . ::
1. .*
..!i!
.~~~.
.
'---:5::2-~~~~~
--- :: :!.?.. .. .. ..:..:..
........
:---"..... .. ."...
2 :. 4: d = y-;;4 ; dd
................
. . .

...............
.............
12 .. .. :..

It has not been proved that all the equations have solutions"i?
satisfying thle boundary conditions given. Solutions were found to i-.{
exist, however, in all the cases which have been attempted. :::
The non-linear equation is more difficult to solve. In this case,
however, Blasius and Hiemenz had given approxiniate solutions, and
it was found that two integrations to infinity were sufficient to give -
the correct values. In general, a number of integrations to infinity
have to be made with different values off" at '2 = 0, and interpolation
used to find an approximately correct value forf'. Two integrations
in the neighbourhood of this value are generally sulticient to give
the correct integral.
Hiemenz has given tables of f,and f. in the symfietrical case,
A to four decimal places and f o to three. The integrations were not
carried out sufficiently far to enable hin to give the fourth figure
for A, correctly for the higher values of 7), and there appears tu be a
misprint. These integrations have been carried out afresh; and
g5 , h; and k7 for the symmetrical base, together with f, f,2, g, h"
and h. for the non-symmetrical case, have also been found by the
present writer. In the symmetrical case fA is given to four figures ;
f ,since it depends on A,to three figuires ; g5 and It to two figures ;
k,, since it depends on h., could only be found very roughly, but the
figures in Table I serve to give the order of magnitude of this term.
Similar remarks apply to the accuracy of the coefficients in Table 2.
The Range of Usefulness of the Mthod.-The range of usefulness
of the method depends, primarily, on the number of coefficients
tabulated. We consider this range when the coefficients are tabulated
as in Table 1 or 2 and take as an example the symmetrical case.
(a) If U is expressible in the form (utx) for a range of values of
x, 0 < x < a,, the problem is'entirely solvgd by using the tables of
f and the results given in (2.5).
(b) If U is expressible in the form U = ux + it3 x3 for a range
0 < x a 2 , the velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given
by equation (2.6) above, and the point of separation, if it exists in
this range, by equating the right-hand side of (2.8) with rj= 0,
to 0. The coefficients of x, x3, x5 and x 7 in these expressions are
determined by the tables given.
'Whether the velocity u is given sufficiently accurately within the
xx<< a. depends on how rapidly 'the series converges,
range 0
i.e., on the magnitudes of u3 /u, and a2 . A rough idea of the error
committed in using the first four terms only can be found by assuin-
j
ing, as seems very probable from the form of the equations, that
k 7', k7" are everywhere greater than or equal to q.' and q"".
respectively. .-
If the error, as given by this inequality, is sufficiently small then:
the method can be iised to give the velocity distribution as far as
X ...

K.
-
 ....... .......... ........ .....

...........
....
........
.... ........ - .... .
........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........
.......... . . .: ..
............... . ... .......-.-......

.........................
.. . . .............. . ......
........... ........ . . . ..... .....

13
Dns If not, the series wvillI only give the velocity as far as x # 2 where
to f2 is less than a 2 and is determined by at3/is1 and the accuracy
requir-ed.
se, Similar remarks apply to thef equation for the point of separation,
nd if it lies withiin this range.
!ve
,ty ~(c) If U is expressible in the form UJ = itix + itx3 +1 it.X6 for a
Onrange of 0 X a3 the velocity distribution in the boundary layer
. .

ins is given by

ye
ott
rt +t 18x+4u'jx
htf k 7') x, + . . (2.55)

id aMd the point of separation, if it exists in this range, is given by

+
((511 3
0=f"x + 4 x ±6
+ 6h

2.X 2.6
The coefficients of x, x3 and x~' in these expressions are determined by
.s 1~he tables given.IE
d As in (b), the error can be estimated by assuming that It', Its~"
are everywhere greater than 117', 117"rsetey(i 7 ,k 1 ar given
if in Table 1).
if (d) If, however, it is necessary to introduce terms in T7 or higher
powers to obtain an adequate representation of U in the range
0 X " 4, it is evident that the tables given wvill not be sufficient
10 determine the velocity distribution ,n the entire range.
.With the coefficients as given in Table I the most uiseful ,%a.y of
applying the method seemns to bc to express the velocity U in the
form (utx + it.xO) with it, less than -it,, for as large a range as pOSSilble,
and then proceed as in (b). Alternatively, if the riage covere-d by
this means is too satall it may possil be icased crsing
N Cy
-the velocity 11 in the form (iux + ut:xx + usx-1) withlii, less than u1
and it less than it., for as large a rwige as possible, and using (C)
above.
- Similar remarks apply to the non-symmetrical case. ..
....
If the range of the solution, as given by the above means, is not
sufficient, one munst either find some rnm.-ns of continuing this solution
or else determine mor- of tI,-( coefficients required b~y the present
- method. B3efore the latter alternative could be attempted it would
I)C~e~eS,-1'3tO~caltilte coeficienits given to greater accuracies.

......
 ''"''"":'"'-_!:2:=':
'""." ''""":"'" .. .. : " ".
..... .... ....... .
"..'........ '--......... .:.-.
...

14 . :..".-..
We proceed, in the next four paragraphs, to disc-,ss ethdds of
continuation. Paragraphs 3 and 4 may be used either to continueii.l
the solution of. the present paragraph or to solve the problem
independently. Paragraphs 5 and 6 are primarily mthods of i'.!
continuation since they are step by step processes.
The method of this par agraph
is used (see paragraph 10) to

determine the velocity distribution for the flow past a circle. Some
of the velocity profiles are shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
3. Kdrindin-Poh1hausen's 21lfeIod.-Snmmary.-The differential
equa tion given by Pohihausen may be put in the form
dZ f(A~)+ + z~(~)
d-;= .. .. .. .. (.3.1)
where dashes denote differentiation with respect to x, U is the velocity
in the main stream at the edge of the boundary layer, z is equal 'to
621), 6 is the thickness of the boundary layer and ). is the non-
dimensional quantity U'z. The functionsf(,) andg(A) are independent
of the particular problem under c,msideration and have been
tabulated by the present writer in Table 3*
In certain chcumstances this method breaks down owing to').
becoming-equal to 12. The corresponding value of dA/dx is infinite.
It is found that, hi general, ) then becomes imaginary for an interval
of values of x. A modification due to Dryden may be used in these
circumstances. A description of the modification is appended to '
this paragraph.
The method consists in solving equation (3.1). The particular
integral which is required is given by
U'z = 7.052 .. (3.2)
-it x = 0.
The point of separation is given by
U'z =-12 .. .. .. .. .. (3.3)
The velocity distribution in the boundary layer can then be expressed
in the form

= + AG . (3.4)

Again, F(y/6) and (;(y/6) are definite functions independent of any I

particular problem and are shown graphically in Figs. A and 13.
A neater mathematical expression can be found for equation
(3.1) by putting it entirely in terms of 2 and x, viz.
d,1 U' U"
f( ) + - U-7 h (A) .. (3.5)
* A quartic form for t is assumed, se pp. 17-19 below.

" 7 .
. . .. . .. .. .. .._ .... ..
...........ILI

. ... ..... .... ..... ....... :..

of The particular integral

.. .. required is given by
...-...--.. = 7052 at x = 0. :
mue (That the differential equation given by Pohihausen could be put '!"!
er in the fonn (3.1) or (3.5) was pointed out to me by Dr. Goldstein.) -
of to~~ Unfortunately,
......
-...
. ~ difficulty
-,}+ arises
a. . at@-+
.thea...................
point where
.. U'.= () (i.e. iiii
!.
2= 0) since this is a singular point of equation (3.5). An infinite iii
to "number
me of integldsof pass
forward application throughor this
a graphical point method
numerical and thus
of aintegtion..
straight-.-- :

is of littlethevalue,
choosing correctin value
this neighbourhood,
of d./dx at the owing the, difficulty
s..gulartco point. .--in -:'-
:

In some cases, for example for flow past a circle, this difficulty i.-.
can be overcome by expanding 2 as a power series in the neighbour- .:-2-
1) hood of the singular point. -
If we denote by x0 the singular point, then we find .. '.".......

a- where Z"

eh pat i-l25intg
- u2re

O08
+r00135

A+l0l
-- +i0.0021 x-0. K.a
. + 0"75 uA 1

and- 5"150~9
u. .. .. .. (3.6)"'."

Sa tedifferentiU
is given by Phaeclbp

U= --x,,)
u+u + (x
u:,(x --. %)".(3.7) i':-.
e is then chosen so that the integral in the neighbourhood of the
2 joins
) 2.point
singular 21 on 1--1-)
smoothly A,+0-5y1
to +the one found 0,0021
by theA,,.-":.
usual
~It
methods of integration starting from .- 7met ao o i0thtis

I seriesl for can then be used in the neighbourhood of the singulai

point and •" the usul
5.150-methods of integration
singular point has been passed.
y v. used again once (3.6),::"
the

'" ~The
value of this series for 2.depends entirely on the rapidity of
its convergence; if the derivatives of U are large then it appears
toto be of little vaue."
Details.-Integrating equation (1.1) for y between the limits"::
methods ofitgainsatn
ro 02 tx .Ti
0 and oo we have ii!::!
seie fo 4 hnb _3
sdi h eghorolo h ilI *A:.: ,a

pon ai t, usual:metod ofitgainuedaanoc

 si.. t oth...
[ ( . - .U)] vaihe ... to an bttotebudr

a. h....
......
..
.....
... ....
(iii)-n a u td:!:...... . ...
.......

Consierting equatvio n tg)andting byonditiond susi ttigo

aicuevo(u -to n ihsabohtpndotm

oflyreutos
the boundary hslast
theam Te tns Uaie in tidce
m tho sr ovrgneo h

maybetegrlTetef.oTen eqato.(.8
) becomes
j) CO-(~
au a. (311

',( - *U) dy - U(-.10)

f [22-5U n .6 - .. . (31)i

Wt=0we The oundry

or i arcnditons
.l al
 ...................
.......
....
~~ ......... ....

' ~ - ~u ),y ......

-u o , y = ,L........
' . ...........
for ssumption
e 2.-Assume .that
teare
...... the boundary
satisfied
s........i.in when y conditions
........ 6.. Hence which isiiiii .
.............
he
U zY -I . - o....... '..
[u...=.U, L...............,
.........
.9) Therefore
......equation (3.12) becomes

with the boundary

that the same boundary, conditions as in equation (3.10) except @.
conditions in (3.10) when y is infinite apply in
0) ¢ this case when 3' 6. .- -_
Assumption 3.- We can satisfy five of the boundary conditions

X.. .... ,
..equation
..( .. 4)be..cy.om...(3

,
0)y
,,= 0 ,v - = - u 'a

by assuming 'for u a quartic form in y, whose coefficients are

hmnctions of x, say,
,= (x)y + ( 2 + ()y - d(x)y .
th boundary
tle
.. .. (3.'.5)
conditions are just sufiient to determine a, b, c
r ;;;:5::

i::,: '
"":

and d. Then substituting this expressiori for u inl equation (3.13) .-.
." gives an ordhnary differential equation for 6. ..
andAsatisfying
better approximation nfightconditions
the five boundary he expected by making is a quintic
o (3.14) and an additional
apply.in
.:.""-"'

, . ~ ~~one= 0 at y = 0. A sextic wodild be made to satisfy the six i-~ii(

* last named conditions .,and an additional one 0 at y = and
} I ~~~~so
on. Of course, in general, the velocity dlistribtltionl in the bonn-,!# :!}.....
dary layer cannot be accurately expressed as a polynomial
to assumep any such form is necessarily an aproximation. dtohl- in v'; '.#:ii.
hasen has however, shon that a satisfactory approximation is...........
given for the flow past a straight wall by assuming a quartic orn are
for the velocity distribution, thus making the gradient and curvature
of the velocity profile correct at the top and the curvature correct
at the bottom of the boundary layer. Any further increase of
accuracy by assuming quintic or higher polynomial forms for u
does not seem
too, that for teto quartie
justify form
the added
a goodlabour.
agreementIt will be seen inlatter
is obtained
case of flow past a circle wlidricthe results are c)mp.red with those.
.
the...': h
......--:
. .....
given by a more accurate method. In the latter problem the point
of separation, as given by the present method, lies within the limits
to as. an such for isncsarl naprxmtin ol

.........
 ............
8.... .....

.
n~~ay....... ....
.. ... 31 )

0 t = . . __u
.:=$ .... (...17).....
....

c3, = d=
-U(4 U( -A)/25- A)6M,......3.19
We Asa therenon-diesionalt quati form more dashes dente.....
.diffreatsiit t repetnagoaprxmtn to thelct
o ain use ofthslvlesww.n

= ~(7a.+~a+~)........(3.21
TheSubsittig these vaue.i.e..in....gie
I~ ~ yI+ yI(3 1 45361j,2+ 6

24:=
Oat , = 6.(3.22)

Thesegv

ax U(1 +11A)6
-= ,7U'
b+J' UA2 52
* ...... (3.23)
whr
U'AndUth enietiis
o-ieoa dunifetial6/7eqatin forashe et
ifafieeniinit refpiterl tof thx euto.n he ydfiut
-rManing tofchose thlesoe
uise oine.

f+A) itdy =T2-) (8' (.20

)) . (321.
1260-. -. -. -- -- -- --
 . . . ... . ....
. .:'
......2........
..................
.....
".::'.
.......
..........
.................-.
''."....":"
,"........
...= ..........
.. .....
. .. ........ ... ......... ::::::'::' ::-: .:.:::.:;
:: . ::. . .. : ': :

19 .......

ig ~~At
the origin (tile forward stagnation point) the velocity U ":'.
ty vanishes and with it the denominator of equation (3.23). It can be."."
.,n ~shown that ,uwfless the numerator of the right-hand side of (3.23)"iii,
also vanmishes ,,o integral exists having a finite value at the origin. ..
:''i
:
Thus, when x = 0:"''
......+ -........ (. 4 .......
This defines z at the origin as thle root of a cubic equation. I 'is
interesting to note that this cubic form is not an artificiality intro-
duced by assurning a quartic form for the velocity distribution, butF
seems to appear if cubic, quintic or sextic forms are assumed for the
¢elocitv distrihu tio .
" ,:::
Now 2 =U'z and equation (.3.24) is a cubic in 2.
[ ~Thus, whlen x = 0, 2= 7"f52, 17.75 or -70.
\'e have, now, to decide which of these values to choose. Since
the particular integral reqluired is defined by a condition at the :::
forward stagnation 15oint, itis necessary to consider i.i({
(i) thle integral from the forward stagnation point over the '..."
(it) theupper
..surface
integral of the body
from ; 'stna.tion point over' the
forward . 3..
-..
'.."
L .. .. l o we r surf a ce o f t h e b o d y.
... . .. .
For both these cases the positive direction of the axis of x is ]]]'
chosen in the direction of flow in "the neighbourhood of the origin. }}}
Thus, U' is positive at the origin in both cases. This immediately "
. io° choose between the positive values is more difficult and.

inolesa consideration
stagnation point. of the
Separation -. pointwhen
occurs = - 12. as Ifwell
ofseparation as the
we denote I
/ 1by U0(2) the denominator of the right-hand side of (3.23), we see
• that 0(2,) -(2t- 12) (2 + 17.76).
ivioreover,
its value at thethe required
forward integral point
stagnation for 2 varies
and itscontinuously
value at the between
point of . .....
separation, as x aries from zero to its value at the point of separation...
If,
the nowv, 2 = 17.75 when x = 0, 0 (2) vanishes at some point between
)
forward stagnation point and the point of separation, Uand
the
corresponding value of ifiinto
ois ite value ofquationlie23).tc
an infinite naluefor the velocity v indicating the breakdown of the
approximate enmethod. Hence, if = 7.75 at x = 0, the method.
always breaks down before the point of separation is reached.
If, however, ,= 7-052 at x = 0, this difficulty is no longer
necessarily present as 0(2) (oes not vnmish f or any value of 2 between
7.052 and - 12, and this initial value for 2 must be the required one,
Hence the particular integral of (3.23) required isacnio the one defined
tt by
f Moevr
a t'z=a7io52
the atx = 0.
reurditga frAvre to:c.nsider
otiu ul ewe ..
his value was used by Pohlhausen (bo. cit.) without mention of the
lweother
s o t'elbo"'
owo.

s V i......

- t ...
a . . .. ... ... ... ... ... • ., --
 .........
............
.... . .....
.... .................
'* ....
20.........
Even~~....... whe... a tk
7...niily.. vle12drn .........
the.............
co...rse. (... th ine rto o ( ..3)....As.above, .ust.i be.taken.....
A... mo.icto
value~~~~
th..di.r..tod
...
ohlh.use.. , du......
..ethod.. .... rd
:4. n is
when...... of.o..us.br .k.dwn.
t.i ni oficto is give t.the.e...of.this....a........
su.....ary. ..
For... ofp.p.
calcul.tion (323 can.... be. write i.th.r
(3 .... ere. nd. a....g..ve. by....... .(..) .. -(. .. ........

the out of the aio qabiove timus Tbe

f (3.23).As 3e
aeus a meatod rhathifr fprom mthd
usuoe on
F odnycatue, '.,ofPol.huse in Tabeth3, thdues Drdn
Uo is~are....
dralw in the ordin
pae. nTh vlu of dz/d ate rapoinw ne of
Table3. Bod
this piictoi t ethe
on ollw theineso taagahe
Tordetrpines the valcueato (3.23 a xe 0rmte(i. we noic
(3.1 ) f)an(A) are giJe (b)y,
x-725u 6T-K133 -3U2A x37j.9221-+ (3-6

\Vedz213)12
find - 5 -76 -. 22 . 3.7

(dAIx) 1 ,is + ~66 .. . A..3.28 ....

The aletrnatefr(35anitdrwcsardsused
3.l in thel
The ltiono Distibt-romia
h equation (.19) wesee Thatl
,cneinl (fo the2. grphca solutio of t4 effeetaeuto
reuie a metho difretfrmtesaloe
2ahe
For ny
usevlue
inTabl
20,of 3,the urvs U' ar
drawn
in t x)(e
pln. Th( aueoyzxa nypitofoeo

Table. h oito A -_
olostelnso
3.Byn3.spit __
 .............---
....

keng This leads tco equation (3.4) where 2': i!

(yl6) =2 (y/51) - 2 (Yl6& + (y/a)4
A
~~~F
......
G (y] 6 )
-L
...........
(y/ 6 )
----
1 ....
.. .. ... ...
--
..
} (y/S) 2 + (y/6) (3.30)
- .
[....
--..ii
*.:
!.!!..!!
.I...... ... ....
..... ... . .
,rn and are shown graphically in Figs. A and B. ..-"
-, The quantity 6 which is determined by t~ithod is not l I
physically very significhint. The skin friction is, however, givenby

Ih'mce "the rrethod may be con~sidered as primarily concerned with

determing the skin-friction. I)r. Gohlstein suggests that should !
3 ~~it
be required to use this metltod to determine the skin-friction ': -'
r withiout starting from the forward stagnation point-for example, '.'''"
it may be desired to finish .. off quickly the solution given by the ........
mneth)od
theofpoint
the ]ast paragraph when
of separatio.-.he thai value
correct method
.e of 6istonot
.reach usesufficient to
for starting ' i';;'
:".
n the integration is given by maling the skin-friction correct at the
dsta|'ting point. Many more examples will have to be discussed " .}4
,,e

e
1~~efore it can be seen whether this method of procedure gives a
better result than that given by using the method of the present
paragraph throughout. On the face of it, it appears very probable
r '-:i'
a
that it should. ..y
"'/ ~Sunmmary of Drydent's .iModification.--This method may be used '''
: whe,, the ordinary method collapses owing to ;t becoming equal to 12. :)::??:
The method makes use of equation (3.13). A quhntic form -}},
u = a(x)y + b(. )y +c(x)yB+d(x)y 4 4 "c(.)yb
. (3.31) :i::ii
! ~~~is
assumed for u."-.':::,
~~~~This value of u is made to satisfy the boundary conditions (3.14), :':...i;}
)n a being
re'::

,)f treated as epartionthecorrct

of
oineachthe arbitrary.
the iiteratin
by Thus
akin b, c, vlue
isgive d and fe6toare uedetermined
theskinfricion
fo2statin
orret-atthe in...
terms dd::
of a, U and 2 by (3.14). )i
A formy'b" 2 staring
-' moe ohitexrnpes May wll hve o bediscsse

befreit
ee whthr anbe hismehodofproedre;ivs.
better ~~ ~ ~ ~sn ~h ~
ehdo ~ reul
h ~ ~
thn-ltgvnb
rsn ~ ~ ..

e where a and
paagap a11 are, numerical constants,
o thogot aeo
...
ist assumed
taper for ..a.eypoal
. (32)
(.
Separation ;e

* s foulnd to Occur when A= - = say.::="

a._

The solution for 2i 0, i.., U = constant, is known and a is

chosen to make the solution of the present method in good agreement
with she
known solution in this case. p.n-o..a.e
it m"'isi
I oh t gh t s s i
...................
......

... ... ............... . . . . . . . . . .

22
Leaving the value of a, undetermined. we find, proceedig exactly
as in the ordinary method,
dz P (x,~ 33

dz
where Pand Qinvolve a1 . To prevenit Zbecoing ininiite Q(A) must.
not vanish. As in the original method the equation
Q (2) = 0 . .. (3.341)

is quadra tic in A. It is found impossible to make the roots complex

by suitable choice of a,. Denoting by A, and ;.. the roots of (3.34)
where 1j 1~. > 11 2 1-, a, is chosen to make the ratio as large
as possib~le.
When this condition is applied weifind A, 48-52, A2 - '1 )
2$:=- 17l ISandA = 4365 when x=O0.

Thus, the modified method gives

U =(1.89±+o.1 [A) -Q)+-. 4 0 -4A)Q )

+(0
+ - 2 - 0 62A)) +f-(0 33+0 -7a~) (3.35)
and
dz J)(2.)
d- UT +z-q (2) U" . . . . (3.36)

where
0 8 H59051 -9 + 13783-3A - 53*3' ~
5 1~(~500-63 - 7-6337A +A2
and

p2)ad q (2) are tabulated in Table 4.

This iiiodificatiori gives a method which is applicable to a wider
range of problem., than the original. The modified method is niot
qieso accurate as the original, when the latter (does not break
down, but if seems to give a valuable approximation for many cases
inwihthe original collapses.

----
------
 as...ordina.y
the..in method, .. ..... r

.... (..)....0 ...... . . (3 4 .

is.......
............. .
.i.in. is foun im o.be...k te ros o pe ..
by. suit.blc.ic of Denoti. by nd thosof(.34
. ....
......
....
r. ....... ..... chose to m k .h.
.. is...... ato / a a
pos...
a...... le. ... ..... .......
hen..
.. t .i condition is...
aplid.y....... 85 , ~ -
..
...... ........... 3....h....... ...........
mod.fie
Thu,. the. method........
gives....
............. ...
......

iid P~ ((.3,

:1.- wherean inova.Tpeet-bciigifjie(nus.

no an sh Asi rgnlmehdteeuto

p()adQ (2) ar0auae nTbe4

j~ i qua diciIt is an imtodsih is
mappliae otsompwiex
byquitasoachorate ofas.
theoing whe1nd the
atros ot br.3k
inwhich the orriatioipss
;I >42a scoe t aea ag
17-1
hnx=0 nA=4-35 v1.
~4- - 84A).
 . ...
....
.............. .............

i ...... ... ... .:

23.'
tly An alternative method, which can be compared with this .............
when the ordinary method
.modification
breaks down, is indicated in-
33)
paragraph 8. This com:parison has been made by the present wr iter
i.a particular problem and the agreement found to be good. It is
hop'ed to publish the results of this comparison in a later paper. ".
?.
4, Bairsto .v and Green's Mcthwd.-The principle of the methoc'was "i
ust suggested by ]3airstow and elaborated by Green (toc. cit.). "'''''A'
. ~Summary.-The ntethod is to expand %ithe stream function, as a ;j-
•4 power series in y whose coefficients are functionsf 1 of x. Successive !-."
4) values off 1 are found by recurrence formulae, involving differentiation i-
of the preceding values, except in the cases of f0 and fx ; ./'
is deter-.':r.'
ex mined ~by the pressure gradient. The difficulty in this iehd isin"n
:4) lfinding f0 , which is rela'ted to the skin-friction, and its evaluation ....
ge seems to involve much hard labour. In any case, the determination Jii
of 'the coefficients a fterf 1 involves numerical differentiation, a process• -"
which at best is not very accurate. :~i
9, The method is closely related to that of the preceding paragraph. ..
Moreover, having determined the skin-friction by the method of the ."'
i
last paragraph, the method of the present paragraph could probably ::':':
be applied to give a closer approximation to the velocity in the
middle of the boundary layer. ::ii.'''
Again, this method gives a. possible me.as of. continuing the .'......
solution of paragraph 2; the skin-friction which is required for
starting the solution of the present paragraph being immediately
obtainable from the solution of paragraph 2.n a
As presented by Green, the drawback to the method is the trial
lsd
whicherror step-by-step
occur method of findingfo
in the neighbourhood ad the
of t e point of special difficulties
separation. It is
anticipated that in a case when the method of paragraph 2 ceases
to be of value owing to the magnitude of the derivatives of U then
i ~ ~~ts step-by-step method wvill become too cumbersome to be of value. -:
...
ex The pressure distribution used by Green is nearly the same as
that given by iemenz for about 5Ia0 from the forward stagnation -.7.7
point. This latter distribution was used by the present pro writer
(sec paragraph 10) for the calculations of the velocity distributions
for various other methods. Hence, as far as 50 from the forward
stagnation point, Green's results have been included with paragraph.
the others ....
11 in Pigs. 2, 3 and 4. Unfortunately, the two pressure distributions are["-t
snot
in good agreement in the neighbourhood of the point of separationga:::prb:
and hence Green's solution cannot be compared, immediately, with
the others in this important region. Owing to the labour iivolved, it.
was not deemed necessary or to
thatgive by carr
aout 0'out
-Beienz iomGreen's calculations using
te fowardstagatio
t.
I-Iiemenz's experimental results. fi m-sa'ie..
te
(seepargrah clcuatios 1) fr o th veociy dstrbutons.......

U - VU' and"
p Details.-Put x = dx', y = dy', u = Vii', v
ocur', where d is a representative length id Vv',
V a representative
- -)):
velocity of the system considered. ........
and hec Green's.:
souinn~b oprd meitlwt
_

the thes
_ _wt

rgio.inthi imortat
Owng o th laourinivlve, i
T ,- -pr
Wa not deme neesr ocryotGee' aciai sn
 ..........
. ....
....... ....... 24.... ... ....
. ................... ....
........... qu....i...s (11 and (1 .) '. becom e.........................................
then....
~ ~ ~ ...
..~............ at d.' 1..
.... (4.1)
........
... dx.. R....'
.. ........

(2.2

Edasiequations (1.1) and (4.2) cannnobbecftofmwthu

We tr (ootinasluin.1(.))nIhef

Ru = 0 f+...... . . (4.4)

where dRhe
= eot diiretatos ih epttox

Subedstitutin fr 44 n (4.)
to in (4.)cano belfofwihu

RV R2+ Z7yflJ . . (4.6)

Thereore' euncoefficienx of oeslfy.efn ~hm

ThIn
2.11
whr dahe deot wihrsec ox jifrntain
 4.2)1 1.. ~o ..
..... ( .)
....

25.

Inprticu'lar a ob ondb pligtebonaycniin

ul a te edg ll of
rt the boundary
ob fudb apyn
layeron

itl U= 0.
0'y

Assumning, as in paragraph .3,a finite thickness for the boundary

3,) la ver, i.e. that the two last named conditions are satisfied for a.
finite value 53of y, we have

RU~fo5+fX7 ~f 2 ~i
4) '

0 =fO +A95+f2 ,2! J (412)

5) 1 Elimnination of 53between these equations gives a condition for

findingfo.
For purposes of calculation a finite number of terms only, of these
series, can be used. Consider the case when n terms of the series for t;
are used. TIlis corresponds to satisfying the boundary conditions for
u,-.......
2 at y 0 in virtueof equations (4.8), (4.9) and
(1.10) and equations (4.12) correspond to satisfying the conditions
) all
v=U and -0 at (1,

To determine f0 at the origin for flow Past a circle, Green uses

the series with three terr.-s only, viz.

*Thus, since f2 is zero, three terms of each of the series are used.
*This corresponds to satisfying three conditions at y =0 and twvo
c:onditions at j, 5 as compared with Pohlhaiusen's two conditions
aty =O0and three at y=
* ElDiminatinig 53between equations (4.13) gives
2 (4.14 )
f0 =-2fl ]Rj . . .
 ..........
... .... ......
2... .*....
. ...... .
...
................ ........
......
1.....
.....
The ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~skn.ito.i.h.egburodo
h rii ie~b
~~~~.....
the~ ~ ~~~~.....ehd
~ of. ~paagahs2.3an..myno.b.o. aeb
consider...
...................... .g.. .
m.. ....... ....... ....... ...... .. ... ....
....
..
....... .............................
+ 0................... ............. . . ....

fnTion Tknfitio the origin anenfyo....d.

the vtheso tegbhe o ofa

anl
method of paragraph
aueof agiebythe a 2. Th
oecmater b
meonsdrisneomedd

cor ren extoae valuesae123 at2ach s-1eion, veso alcueo

thtb
of U at ivnb 2ith
thecionbasd of shorldragre tfcusIhe correctle
of . Sm eal r epanblw
the renthiatho cons)ivste dnrcetednbyes of 0 ro
ar td
thdirfcultfnerc Wifetiatsuppose for examdple: that ad ulate ........
areunona aTpinth 40lue fo the forar staorginan peont
thajet ongy to the difficulties of numerical differentiation the vthe
oA 9 'ioykonapproximatio
n(.3.Oorey tisterequire tio corretlhi
bepiprovae by ueUsingr this prin41)ate valin the sie.....

vaueo ft)s 4 gie by he method o a p2. T. (atte)

mthd iorrepodindalesf. ,~ad t40cn eotind

Ftomtiheseroalus valu near .th t 45rwar etermain pot tnde
rcrretn ncrexatiolated vau atddeach setos0.a
j aclto
N... ...

t~hece tile valeo onsist in isoeein ye. o 5ron

..........

masuppse
thecrcunfeence
l~ or xampe tllt(,,f' adf4
 27....... .... ................. ...
.
by ..... ....
.. .. ....
... ..:
.. ...
..... ..
.....
~....
coresonin value ofLT.cn.h..b.dtemiedb
Th..........
Since...[.. is.
intgraio. know, he..coresonin va.eo ...
.eter.ind. when.t.e.v.lue.of.........thus.fo.nd.and
..............
.e can .alue
.su fi ..
..... ~
e ....... of is correct
(4.15) vau f(t'ro
o...us. ...his.... the.one.originally fo.n
r h a ...
.... ...... 2......
a........l..................
.... . ..
rre. Th re de i.re.e th or.ina pa e for. furthe.o d.til of ......
.~~ ~ ...
~ t i ep...y....p. .neth.hod.eth for.. e sp....
e ia .........
od...
re.,11u i.......
e in. the...
.
t.....e.g..o....... of'.',I*..
po...nt of separation
t....e. ..

ot satifi. by s...g.ui
a
... n Ii.....
.. er of term.. of..(4--..
. Thi is..
12)..

ofThe curvespbyoyeindg hsi rbbysffcetyacrto

pbctcy purosl.Moe acurtf y an sltion of dtereuinsb
10 could proablbe oumnd. onThe assunpton valid nea the)Jocofc
edg
andwe th vh
onaylaer (fuI,
tha andi fun are heeal, na y foiusmll
ionm (415
anurenssoin oine
vaup wit this oe.esae
vlue

ste-brste Sntep-by-Std for thd.spcial

5.i methdrqie nthd
neighakes use of the pss f epraion.

prbal
(went nnaruet oftany fucioffiuot expecienedit isGoretaeni
Tec akaisfo tepveociypass ca oohlytons. no h oretvaea
tt iequaythn (51)eloticlle the rbenhimselt inmpoatcedi
pem
coffte uvs stagtfady odwsing trotabl sicciel inutr odue

byctanumrally Miofreticatig a abutdn fnthe etienas

f- giuen asotablabed foundton ofeyup tion ad neuin the pdeon
and ~ [li boa.Anaprximat
y valuedfor areanearlyequal, an ve fsumal
byd eenrapolution ontedcorreshondi nalesf~n fudb

of of hemb-es-us
xpresio
5.Te Frstethd.-Smmay.-Te
tepby-Sep mtho
in,.
fo V"(0)] 11P
-u ------ FC 1
 ........... I................ .......

....
......
.. ................
......................
... .. . ..

..........
..... ...... .. .. . ...

(. +
...
........... (.. ... (5 2)..i

integr thextaotdvat
(5.1)yabhve weho
T otan qationisotiorec then...-.'.
ofato (1.1),men mfaktig unero e tm fucion, becoamesh itgr**---

aeato avY /',/,a? 2 atw

aP~
V) ' (ax a) ' Y () / I ) (5.2) ......

a Va)\ a~' (5.5) a.

I lenp
Thence 0 hey=S
Equationiff (55)ca.e.rite.
1 dp
a ay /ay alf
aY- -C 1(7]) .tv

ax
( a_
2yf (5.5
a2
y~&J the

Eqweaobtnin5equatin (51) abe, since Hei

Vr yP
a" (3) (0)]p

axu ayuP

Ingabigy lprt, inu- Kre

reduc ao re ifeeta r:tid
werobtiequation (5.1) abose since ansad~ua osS Heai
notat
a thepoit
he wll ofsepratin).
cxc't
 ........ ....... .................. .29...
Values If the const::::::,.,.i.*nt tenii (0)had not been introduced
:::::v"the result of :::::: -.6........
.......
d...... ga.n.b..rs wo ld h ve be ...
the....... n an. te ra.hih.i er e
....
at.... and.....
const...nt0.......
overome f.cin whc...n.nt hee
t..is. difficulty. nr du ig ti
(5.2)~~~~~~~ bin.iv.upt ~~~~~ ........ .ndicldngapon x= a
e.r.oato .. ....... will..gi. ap rxm t vau fo
th..... by.*.erio.*ecoreso*.ng
.... vales *f.'.,~ and.
................
c
..nb.f.d.he.t o c n it i o r ctn h
-- ~.~t....
.. pp o im t. value f firs
....... w.e
. 0..then. when.........
................

values- Ifthe vauofitt ter (0) hasnto be cntodueced tferst ofal

Difficulty arise atntisnpocwsint thee. ethodhich canib
adVbice
~~~~dfeetae(5.2) twy ithn repe to andlda put 0, =wex f..nd.

that [tv"in(0)e r t o i' e co (0)

r s o .. d n values + , n ........

approximwe requestofdetemin fro th, dte givena

(0when
y =- Al 2othe initiadeots ol sal
step.Q) efud fcusfo
Theo lu of 2 (0)gap a to difreta ionoft dfferl.
reperreted
Diffniclteqatioes for thes pois, gs, ec(th ismpres invholvesic n los
alie is amttereofangeb butnths mo is not applicable tore
anyW
Aiffeito (51whic ihpplicabl to ny setand be obtaie in

foloin (0 manner
the . 6sea. 2) giesa
i', p0/V. .etodo
Hence
contur etrinuindistribagitiona
any6givet velcit
xI sate thotthe oniti ste O the absee
n for l of ure inrth
nd
S tied solution areah2b eetddfeetaino h ifr

or anyuralyesofce the ethinod of aregrthir2ngivehe eivya-

aivs saower ersn of a voebL but this of
re functaica any .......
Aoefiientso wihsaplcanbl~rsed ao pone seris in be
fotsunedcien

5li savles ofa t, cndion

by r tereg senofeersing sries forthe
cnined sobtind asreovrsre nywh~ecefcet r
.................................................

.~a~
(5,Iaj
6).

-- 7 E.
 . . ................
r. . -.

in by.detail....
the...present.. .writer. ,: . .-

.e
. .. .
..0
.'
. )' +...
.her
............ ..... ... .. O..).
.....
..... nd.....
. ............. ...........
.... ... ...
...... ....... ...
.e.,..........
t ... ........... ....
......
............- ......

forlue oabs(0en e of lce diglrtecTimas lesthn lgbricll veife

in etai ablhpee ofrvaesrf."tissre etrieh
THecusi nd (5.11)ndeteineo the correcve of inguaritie (0.en
cnexrt, e orec value
he of 'A ~.Frm(.)w

( .0 - (0())
Xc~

+I
Y- I" (5.10)

6 (0))

at
*~~~~~PP
5hoeialtersl
sdi

obtained dt"'
V LO
 - . ... ...
1*........ ... . .

......... ....

M..........

..... ....I. ......

?dltjofl~... ineg.
..
.......
ca. be evlae by
1. ...
thrpzu
. ......
......... .. ...........
13.
........................
uesne A i ..
..
..
....
..
..

Idition (Af isgral ediaebe euter d r the extmRulaed vaue os

(5.10wie f (y {v,,+(0)] L [3 ~

0I 0

(5 Wditis siienit to useie extrapolated value of+A (0

d rmn
ndeemiig tf
II)~~~~~
s5,th )~~A Inue o h ntilse () ' - a()

weThus JPPyisdtermintebtglasined andmw)it in valuesmof

thnerl

ai+sA fcientI thue iextrapolated value of vptct+A

Inrcurect (afo hc the rsepo in vlu
coria of ondb
th ale (0)ere
ineg 0to), found ovear mehod
byyr abuton
the
anoud satisfyndb etaolto fo ieevaus

j~ ~ ~ h-s itergh-
kydy and of (t1)
isotdetermsnd
side r e svnitie tof

atfl
L f e
proe is reaetroantereted va at 2aL
esV
the'
wer c....ecth oanly diferceaingfo eorsonigvalua of b
theun

~~t~ i ~ itati the value of"tA)adv(rf)for by th 2ab,. v (thod

have~~~~ax~
lAa aled
oretd

woul satsfy .......

 .................................................................
............................. ......... ...... ............................................................................
............................
.........................
. ......... ... ... ... . ...... I.............
............ .... ........
........................................................
.............. ......................... t..........................

32
Using the assumed v~alue of Vp" (nAPl) the value of I is required. I
The easiest mnethod of evaluation is to write any Se'
Unfort
(y v+ Ji~p (y) dy .. (5.16) d-a b

The first of these integrals is supposed known and the second call are ra:
be obtained from tile Tirapeziumn Rule. Alternatively, greater ~ T
accuracy is obtained by writing give
,(n-2
LPPoint
S(y) dy + d J~*)Al(y)(5.17) . * for
- . reqi
and using Simpson's Rule to evaluate the second integral, i.e., from

(5.18)
This latter method can be used conveniently to (determine V' from 1
ivThe easiest and most accurate method of obtaining Pvfrom ip" will
-. and ip' seems to be by means of the Euler-Maclauri Formula; this Step
can be written
...
- I Al - Af) + .(519

5, The Length of the Step.-The magnitude of the step Ana, at an~y c

section, is determined by the accuracy required and the maximum .....
From equation (5.2) above the error in the value of ~vatPV.
x=a+ Anu i

0 La)2 (ax) 1 b
and tile corresponding error in it is

a is determined fromn the relation4

Thevaueof < (5.20). .

2
Tbealu ofa~tp at thle initial step is, of course, dcterminled from
the solution in paragraph 2. At any other section, foi. a p~articullar
*value of ysay, fl, ?2i/ax2 can be obtained nunicrically (rouighly)
from a table of values of it for- y =fand thus a rouigh idea of thle
maximumn value of azuj/aX2iat any setion can be found.

-. T
 ""....'
:-'' .°- .V. : :.... ............... -I .. :-V.;; VV L: :::.. --. ...-...
:......................"... , . .''.:,:.'.:''::.''..'%''.o.
."..'.".........:,
:::---.-:- .::.::
? :. :---:--.: ::.. -.
:: :.............-.................... ............ ...°........° .: : ,, ., .................
....... .. :;°.

. .. . . t.............
............................
. .......... .... °i .. . . ........... 6.. .o..
.... .... . . .;:
.....

................ .:.:

33
Srequired.* It will be seen from (5.20) above that the length of the step, at ...-:r'"'
any section, varies as the square root of the error permitted. ".)..
(5.16) ... Unlortunately,
-a the errors committed at each step may be cumlative
drawback inherent -!
in all step-by-step
.... methods. The principal
drawback to the method is that the steps Aa which can be taken ''.
':ccnd can are rather small. i
', greater .example Tihe case
of theofuse
flowof past a circle since
this method doesthe
notmethod
provideof an at~eqnate2
paragraph --.
.
:gives the velocity distribution to within 0.2 per cent. as far as the L:i
(5.17) point of separation. This accuracy is as great as would be required ::
for practical purposes. Should, however, greater accuracy be "--
., required the solution of paragraph 2 could be stopped, say, at 600
rom the foard stagnation point, where the velocity is given to ....
-~~;within 0-05 per cent., and the method of continuation used. To be "}i
--);"I A of value the error permitted per step would have to be less than or .)i!
(5.... equal to 0.05 per cent. and this would involve proceeding by steps of..."..'.
required. Ithis, however, is not a case when the method of the present
Sfrom paragraph is recommended. Gnerally an accay of per cent.
from ip" will be sfficient; in the example just mentioned this would allow
this steps of 4i.5h to be taken, starting from 60° .
dwac;
In the case of flow past a thin elliptic cylider of eccentricity
gr ~f,)0-9S60
rthe platced
method of at 30 incidencewas
paragrapl2 to ofa steady stream,
no value at all,itsince
wvas found that
the step it !i-

gave was 2 is
S - . (5.19) : andless
0(10)'ibex than
fhence the 1/20th of the
step given chord.
by the In of
method thiscontinuation
region ?au/Ox
is also . ..

gieem poity that, btn the thin elliptic inea r and the
at any circular cylinder, an elliptic cylinder will exist such that the method
'rimtue of paragraph 2 is insufficient to carry
of separation and such that the stepsthegivensolution as far asthe point
by the method of the

! ',at present
wt paragraph
For the case of make the point
annerofoil, also,of the
separation
method attainable.
of paragraph
usill To:'e
2 -Y
l not be of value far from the forward stagnation point owing to the
qrapidity with which u/dx,taox i......chnge in that neigh-
, 6. Von Mises's Mehod.-Summary.--This method gives a means
bourhood,.i)'

-from ?P"of continuing a solution of the boundary layer uations. It is an

a thowever,
[, alternativethetostep
the which can given
method be taken by this
in the last method is no longer
para graph. Since,
than that of the preceding method, and the work invoh ed per step
is greater than that required in the preceding method, it is not
::5.2O0). recommended.::,""
The method involves solving the differentil equationi
For t, caeofa::eooialo:.emthdofprgrp.2wl
f rom "-G+( a+:7"; Z "_
g:hvly) les t dwas Aa F:
each
03e
,at step, where
not~~~~~~~~
ofvlefrfo be z h --bU
owr u - and
santo is the onstream
wn function.
ot
= 0 is a singular point of each integral. '..a-emh
.(2S340) ...
:::
Kimilin*
o f--- _ _s.....
 . .. . . .. .
....... ..... . .... .
........................ .
.... .
.......
. .
. . .
........
. . . . . ........
............
......................... ...
. .....
....... .:--- .'.. . . .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ....... .............
.... .... .... ...... ..

. ...
.... ........... .... . ........
. ......... ............

34 -

Dehais.-The method of paragraph 2 gives Vuand u as tabulatedAs

functions of y up to a point x = a. We may, therefore, suppose U tabutlat ..**........
given as a function of V as far as this point. To obtain istabulated . itcan
at equal intervals of y), however, requires interpolation. We find, (( S) c
if we denote by the suffix I differential. coefficients when %and y are
independent variables, and bjy the suffix 2 differential coefficients iZa :*::
when xand pare independent variablesadh

* .. .(6.2)

By (61) and (6.2) -2(63Lce

'\aX/ I U k)
Equation (1.1) then takes the formsnc
a a xe
OU dU +

it . . .. . (6.4)hs
ax (IX a z

Fuer we notceZha
ia_- an an .

V1. VVa (6.7)

The boundary condition§s are

(i) z=OwhenV o.
I(i\ Z L72 wben w = 0.
(i)z =z. (ip)when x = 0.(6
B y u se of (6.6), the ap pro x imate eq
uatio n
......
0 i) ~~~''(,57QL . .. . (6.8)

!r nly he replaced by____ za.(

Z+ (v z. (iji) a a -\U .. (6.9) f
where zaa and z. denote tile values of z at x a + n'a and

x=a respectively.

IjI b
 . . .
. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ......
.
...... .. . . . .
~~. . .
.
. . . . . .
.. ......... .........
....
.
.
.
~~~~~.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.

.
. . . . . .. .. . ............................
.
.
. .

.
.

. .
..

.
'.*7*.....

.
.. .......... ... .... . .....
..............
.................... ..
. . .
. ......... . . . . . ........ ... _.....
..........................
. . . . .... . . .................. !!.......... . . . . . . . . . . ..-
. . . . . .
...................

......
3...........5......I.....
bulated..... ..
As...... m ria..feetaio .tsad.(.)ivovsduben
.fa
taulatd
)poseu funtionto otainany sep fom.te.preiousone.Henc

bulateditcnobeud
finotbdse ie repeatedly for numerical calculation. Alternatively1
d y are(6.8) could be replaced by
ficients ~ . Z+a(P a(' a(6.10)

and then as in (6.9) we could write __ _

(6.1)

(6.3) (6.11) is a nionliear second order differential equationfoK

Luckert (loc: cit. page 2.53) takes an easier form by writing

zaLa(p ~(') v~IV~~ 2 . (6.12)

(6.12) is a linear second order differential equation for z,+6;
sinice z,, is a known function of V'. The error in (6.12) would not be.
expected to be any greater than the errors in (6.10) and (6.11). .

(6.4) Thie boundary conditions are .....

(i)za = 0when ip = o.

.6.5)Thus, when 1P = 0 the equation has a singular point. This difficulty,-

Itis to be overcome by using the series mentoe inprgap
VIZ.

6.6) L~a~l+L~a(0) P p
+L Y' + 0 (Y:. (61

(0)+ (y4.
Y2 ++L0( (6.14)
).7) *2 _ _ _ _ _

~~P (aAaO Y±O(Y) (...5) ...

where dashes denote differentiations -with respect to y,ad

J)
C ___( U (the term siny 4 1 .........
(.1),(6.14) and (6.15) respectively, vanish). Then lpti~ (0) can be
found from the table of values of ip,, as in the last paragraph......
8) using (5.11) and then (5,8), i.e., V (0) = V"'a((0
+ 4,*a-v-tp a (O)/Wa (0), gives (~~0). Thus, (6.13), (G.14) and
(G.15) give the initfial values of Vy.z (=U- - n2) and ez/a 1' =
- for starting the integration of the equation. Choosing the initial valies
in this wvay, from series whose asymptotic expressions satisfy the
boundary conditions at infinity, causes the conditions at infinity to
be satisfied automatically.
I ID2 (23~
 ":. :. :.: .. .. .... "......
.............. ....
................ . . . . . °. - ..... . ........
.. ". .......... :: . .. -
...... . .:. .....
....-- . : . ....L.: : :.... . . . . . . D . . .. . . . . .....
.....
..........................

".....
"" .'.'"'."".
"" .... "" -""" "::
.'" .-::::..;'-...'-...
" ": :-::..:-... :.:-::..:'::. "..::
..: :.. . ::TL-:*":**.",,*'!!
...
. **-
.. ...
. ....
..
-. .- .'I:'-
.' ... .:...:
:... .................
".

36 --. .
This will give z, and therefore u, as functions of oat x - a + A. 8
In order to express the results in the usual way, u should be expressed (loc. C :.":
as a function of y. Since n ---9 Wt/a, and u~and y vanish together, bound':';
= f,, conta '

and so this step involves anm

ordinary integration to find y, ''''i
Hence, at each step a numerical integration of a seCond order :!.::i
differential equation ....
and a numerical evaluation of an integral are
required. Moreover, the steps which c be taken by means of this..
method are no longer than those in the method of the preceding i--"-'
paragraph, and the work involved here at each ste]) is greater. Hence -:':-
the method of the preceding paragraph seems definitely preferable.".'i

the 7.boundary
Thorn's First Methodl.-Thoru has given a mehod of solving cod~
layer equation to any accuracy required, but from a basi.
prctical point of view the method is extremely labeious--too esd....
laborious for repeated application. la..:7'
He considers a rectangle ABOD within the boundary layer, havingeqiiii:
its sides AD, BC of length 2x parallel to the wvall, wvhiilst A13 and 'et:'
CD are of length f thi rectagl and uthid va".". taethe
fis the centre ol[thei
velocity components and pressure gradient there respectively,
finds on using the boundary layer equations that, approximately fun

-k.ve(u +Muoreo-
se Ut + tak"n:by
. . (7.1) . to .eans
'f"ti
where k = yn/ex,
o k = ty/S e t-yOdth/dx)o2 and threeIn

pr'U, = uUA+UJJ+4 uc+ ,using aan obvious notation. e eq ' !!

The method the is to divide the boundary layer into a rectangular

.net
nmd assFme values of the velocity u at the corners of he rectangles.
The velocity at the centre of each rect ang can then be calculated
by means of (7.1) above. The vethlues o the velocities at the centres e
bothe rcctangles bis taken as new corner velocities the values
of the velocities at the centres of these rectangles can be foundhavin.
from
(7.1). BCt the centres of these rectangles coincide with the vertices t
of the original rectangles, and the velocities as found should agree
with those originally assumed. "..-.'
sit The process has to be repeated until agreement is obtained to the
required degree of accuracy.
usn -novosntto.t -':
.;:.'.!
Thorn (o. cit.page 6) uses the method on the flow past a circle
for
d~~~h an angular distance of 20 from the forvard stagntion point.
velocity____ at_____
the centre of each rectanle ___then__ecalculate
He makes the emark that many cycles had to be calculated to obtain ........

the result. 2"1kd":a ......

by f eas 7.) boe.Th vlus o h eoiisa h ete

. .f 1 :"
 ::i: " ' ':
.8....d.. .................
.......
.......... ..............
: ...
-:V -?....
.. .. ;:......
. .............

(. ag 4) ivacmee ah .. tclsuonfh
...........

sse (l vpr
t. ..............
g..e pl t ma h.aia.slu
....... i...th'....
.........

"ee, boundary8aer ea iokns wethe~ veloityodati th de ofuther .'.'

boundary layer is expressible in the form UI = kxwa. This solution '.i

contains, as special cases, three solutions which had been given .'.'..".."....
previously. .........
(i) When m = 1, the flow in the neighbourhood of a stagnation r!-:
id order point is given. The solution of this problem has been '''''
ral.are given in paragraph 2 of the present paper..
of this (ii) When ..m = 0, the flow past a straight wal is given. ".-".'
eceding (iii) When = - 1, the flow between two converging wlls is . -"
Hence given. :-_"
frable. Thle first of these is Ihe one of interest in the problem under
solving consideration, but the range in which a relation U =kx holds is !~i
from a generally very small. Them solution when U = kxma is used as a ::::-:
as-too basis
fucton for two approximations for
ofrder larger values of x. ii:-'
If we write 4 - .x U-.v - and = yx. U+ v the boundary
."......
+having layer equation (1.1) can be expressed as a partial differential
B and equation with as depenent
s variable and ant x as hdepend-
ent variables. In 'the case when = kxm,
U where m is constant,
this partial differential equation simplifies and isb given as
re the the dependent variable of an ordinary differential equation whose
ly, he independent variable is . The coefficients in this equationbeen are

LfrThe first approximation is given by assuming that the solution

/" (7.1) , forany
to particular
the value value ofcorresponding
of (U'x/U), x can be obtained
t tohisbyvalue of x, n.inequal
putting the "-

ordinary differential equation just mentioned. This corresponds to "-....,

the omission of some terms from the original partial differential
equation. In "effect, this approximation is equivflent to replacing
,guflar the original partial differential equation by an ordinary differential'
equation in t and 4 whose coefficients are functions of (U'xU), '
from to functions
e of n r hsn omk h egetdtrsi
i.e. of x. e a.."-:-r-ic n n .-
tlei Anp attempt is made to obtain a better approximationthe
'ntres secondl-by altering the coefficients in the ordinary e-t'whs
differential
aYles equation of the first approximation. Te coefficients are assumedat'o::r

trices terms
the originalin the partial
first
approximation.
differential equation smnaller than the neglected , .
From the conditions inmosed on these functions two methods
: the of attack may be developed. The first of these is the one given
by Falkdier and Skan and the second isolue to thi present writer.
It will be shown, however, that in general one of tle coditions
eircne
imposed
ie vilarof X.. ceases to be valid in the neighbourhood of the point ng
tsparationoing and the re the mehlds should ot be used in thatdif
neighbourhood. This involves a serious lmnitation to the value of
..... s se-od-b alern the coficet in th orinr differential

the methods. i::.)

wl"s"
""
Aim.t.
 .. .. .... . .......................

~~~~~. ...................... ... ........

... '.... . .. . ..... .......... ....

33.8
Details.-Equation (1.3) implies the existence of a stream
function defined by it B p~l- v ip-
Wx.eqti
l
Transforming equation (1.1) by using variables x, and, instead within
of x, V and y, where ~xI 'U- v- I
y yx- Ut v- I we find qat
LXI (~)
(11
X
-a- () I a~
Gel
lastp
over,
p0 (a 3 (-18.I1)C at the
I fors
%-eeI= T~[.4 the ft

TIe bonry fCwd efn

Theounaryconditions are
(i) 4 V=0a =0
(i) tU at y= xor (8.
4) can:
(iii) u = U = O at x = 0 whien ot> 0 Qhe
In terms of the new variables these become (i

(ii)~ at CO (8.5
(iii) Daa=1 at co~
Owing to the. transformation used (ii) and (iii). are evidently the
same ;hence the reason for using this transformation.
I SPecial Case.-In particular when U = kxm, I = m and is
constant. oiir nwih~aIJ~IA f~u~,~b

I In this case asltoinwch

obtained.
isa fucino olcnb
(Indeed a dimensional argument, similar to one gi
by B3lasius (14c. cit. page 1), can be used to prove that Ci~s a fu~tion
of only.)
i
I
If is a function of -' only, equation (8.1) becomes4
( In +~ I .d ' PP
2~ -- -m=In .. (8.6)

wvith the boundary conditions

~=at=0
0 .

14
 -- ......
':....... ................
....
...........
':'....................... ...
......
.........
.......... ::
............
..
............ ........:........
...
. ................... . . ........
... . .. .

..... I.. ....

............................. .

. ..... . .. .............
...... ...... . ..... .......

.... . ....
............................. . . .-- 11,.... ... ...

I:':
trearn 3. :.
The authors"show that, for a certain range of values of rn, this '!
stead equation has a solution satisfying the boundary conditions. Hence, .'...."

find withiin this range of values of rn this solution is the solution of !!((
equation (8.1).""i '
General Case.-For tihe special case U = kxm, discussed in the :-:.
last paragraph, we found that .was a.function of only. .ore-..
over, for small values of x we can suppose the velocity distribution .:'"
(8,1,) at the edge of the boundary layer to be of the form U = ],x. Hence F::':'

for small
the valuesof of
first part equation vanishesis for
problem,
x in any,(8.1) a function
small values of x. Thus,
of only. this !-.

- The first approximation is given by assuming that the first part

(8.2) ofequation (8.1) may be neglected, evenbohen I is no longer constant.
Equation (8.1) then reduces to

Genral 2 the speciacas U= dih.e(8.7)

where lis a known function of x. Thus,

SFor solvedparticular
be any value thus
numerically, (8.7) reduces
of x, giving to the form
the velocity (8.6) and
distribution at
the point x considered. io rn t :we
.......
(8.3)
By putting 4 = a'2 €'- +.a'3 s +- . . .. .. in (8.1) iil

2 ±+a,, + seen in (8.7)

uaoand 4-=a"_
at s 4 be
it -to
can ....
that ..

Ga' 3 =- i!:
is 6a"3 =-l :"
beThus this apprximation is equivalent to making the value of
en correct at = for all values of x, i.e., to making the curvature
(8.6

on ihe velocity profile correct at the solid boundary and to making ::

!1: yu 'ay .... vanish at the edge of the boundary layer. :::

ation
Tcis approxlv
nmr ay be conmpared "" the m..tod a
6,) " paragraph gives
paragraph 3. In effect, the method of the present variable ...
{
an ordinary differential equation whose indeendent contains
y compared with the ordinary differential equation in x obtained
as

....
by Fohhausen.

isi at infinity.
same
better results than this Thus
The boundary
-a
a"
conditios satisfied by
=
two methods ar the same at the solid boundary and roughly the
The reason why the method of paragraph 3 gives
~ ~~ ~ is clue
first~ approxunation
,~~~~~~~
seuvaeti
to the neglected
aigtevleo
thspciail
-
in the
I.:
-.....
.
the alpproxirnat.:
used byinPolhausen
terms being less thanof intheheboundary
torms layer equations
present method. !:::

-lie
 . .............
........................ ...........................
4.......
T.eonse ap ro i ato is given. by asum. that equatio.........................................
(8.1).
be may.ritten.......
in..the...orm.......
...
.. . ....... .......... ...h.. s
....
...
..2 ..
.. ...3 . ...... ..
.
... ....C a~
..--
... 1 ..x =
I.[.......... (8.8

... . 0. Once..
.........
........ an hav bee deemie (8.8) re u e to a
ordinary~~~~~~:; oray atcua vle.
e...eut.nin.ad. ...........
of~.a...rofn.rcl.ausfo
x. 7o ,adF 2 h ariua

Toe deeomneapproximake;n sgvnbasuinfirsttapproxi....on..th

thet g
the v) ay eofite iv en byr (81ann88 emdhae

4~~~~ti . . . +.....
(.9 ......

4=a%~2 a"~3 , (8... .......

Ga 3 F0()-. _ _ =
Thu,th codto ' a ilsF x =Iimdaey

icotiborecwinh the bpoxidatrslui.Ticondition is verynse

F. hareee
difiul O hnlnltclysnce a', add deterined
2 t aei
bydue

(8.9)arndi(8.0)eren ot dequate fo thi

n pufrose. tcua vle
Ihwvr(.9istesolution
stsyn of (8.8) budrco
the iters nbegetaied. so--

T balis done bydialkter anr] So anwher they say nlaginarysolution

rsabeen

-IS
 ....
....
...
.... .. .. ..•....).-.?i
quation For the condition to determine F2 (x), Falkner and Skan choose the :.)
condition .that the coefficient of th'e lowest power of , i.e. 2, in ."::
this error should vanish,.'.'i
(8.8) 1 This gives ::i
,n1.) () 1±+ x da'2 ...

- "~
If we consider the neighbourhood
z of the point. of separation
.... we..
.....
........
• " eefrom graphs given b~y Falkner and Skan relating F1 , F2 and a'2
to an in the solution of (8.8), that the value of F2 corresponding to a value
value of F1 ---/ usually associated with separation and to small values of /.,-
titular a'2 is finite and roughly about 5. Equation (8.12) therefore implies
ainerd. that da',,/dx and a'2 vanish together. It can be seen from the exact
ibited solution of paragraph 2 for the flow past a circle that this condition
,, the iiis not even approximlately satisfied. Therefore, in the neighbourhood
,tieof thle point of separation the condition (8.12) should not be used. =:
o i~e.,i "Further insight to the meaning of (8.12) can be obtained by :i

sane.
Isubstituting from (8.9) in (8.8) and from (8.10) in (8.11).
that the condition that
We find .--:
"ii
a' _a'._ a" a .. .. .. . (..3) .

(8.9) 2x....
2 .. .. ..a"......

3.10) Thus,
where ifa%
a'..-- a..
is the then (8.12)
correct value implies
of --¢that a'. ..
..

/ ~~This
remark is true whichever two solutions of (8.1) and (8.8) are i:.
chosen. Let us suppose, for a moment, that the correct value of
a'"2 is known and that the corresponding value of F2 (x) is obtained iiii
fr'om (8.14). The derivation of (8.1"4) gives us no reason for supposing ""..;
that when this vale of F 2 (x) is used in (8.8) the value of a'2 corres- !/:
:in- ~ ~~ponding to the particular solution satisfying the condition = 1 ..:-I':::
.ry at infinity is even approximately correct. .........
Lhe Thus, logically, the applicatio,, of the condition (8.12) seems to !!!.
without2.2 foundation. It appears
.be to be a matter for trial whether.. .....
the application of the condition (8.12) gives a better a proximation
thann thae first. ct
~~~~Theoretically, this difficulty could be overcome by using the ''.i
condition that the mean square errr should a22
vanish. For, in the
solution of (8.8) can be expressed as a function of F2 , the cortes
o an ponding value of a' and . the integral equation "-"".-.",

tu- [F.
n (x) -- a0ut 5.. (8.15) :.:r:i

I the 3

rl>

At

R
 .. .. . . . . ... . . . ... .... . .. . . . . .. . .

. ... . . . . . . .......

.......... . . . . . . . ...
....... ............. ....

.
................... . ......... ...........

.. .........
. . . ............ .......... ... ... ...... . .

gives a relation between F 2 and a'. for making the error a minimum. . t
Unfortunately, this expression seems to be too complicated to be of Is" :"
foli-
use. f ---
exp.-
We proceed now to the discussion of the method when the con- om'
dition (8.12) is used. The application of this condition suggested by
the present writer is immediate. The solutions of (8.8) satisfying
the condition at infinity express F 2 as a function of F1 and a'2 ,
i.e., as a function of x and a'. The graphs given by Falkner and
Skan show the exact nature of this relationship. Thus, (8.12) is an
ordin.r " differential equation in x for a'2 and can be solved by the
usu l methods. This gives the skin-friction immediately and
velocity profiles can be obtained from the cOITesponding values of Fa
F11 and ",and graphs given by Falkner and Skan.
The method can be used, either to continue another solution, or to ('C
give a complete solution. In the latter case, the initial value for
starting the integration is given by the accurate solution when X
S= 1, as a' 2 = 0.616. In the former case, the initial value for
starting the integration may be supposed known.
Summary of Procedure.-(i)Tabulate I = U'x/U for a series of
values of.x, say, x., x2,.
(ii) From the value of F, = I at x = x,and any value of a' 2 obtain:
S
1
F2 from graphs published by Falkner and Skan.
(iii) From this value of F., and equation (8.12) obtain the corres-
ponding value of da'4jdx. Thus, da'.,/dx can be obtained for any pair
I........

of values of a' 2 and x, and the solution completed in the customary

graphical way for a first order linear differential equation. ...
The method has been used by the present writer as an alternative 4
method for comparison with Dryden's modification of Pohlhausen's
method, when the ordinary method due to Pohlhausen breaks down t
(see paragraph 3). The method of the present paragraph was started
from a value of a'..given by the ordinary Pohlihausen method, some
distance before the breakdown occurred. It was used to continue
the solution through the. region where the difficulty occurred. Since
the method of the present paragraph should not be used in the
neighbourhood of the point of sep-tration, i.e., for negative values -
of U', the ordinary Pohlhausen solution was joined on as soon as
the region of difficulty was passed. (This region of difficulty is '
essentially confined to positive values of U'.)
Falkner
assume and Skan apply the condition (8.12) differently. They
-in expansion .,

Wi , .Z
and the condition (8.12) gives ..I
2xda' dl -1::
a2xd c.4-- C 2 x-j--. + ... )(8.17)
2717 c

":I":
 ... ... ....
......
..
....
.............
................. ..... 43...... t

Sfyin... 2.C.. d

omrn
o aoiain not mvenfroethte utownit erppr

bsof isnvostatin th tifedo \detem.iigtecsfo 81) f

- f Falkner and Skan are in effe

oflo min um determi*in
t, ec thetat L
paicon froanthenirs apprxismati on.rdwt tepeiu oew id
-eary omthus, the value ofx 2 determines inxthwasatifete

soiso of paagap 2
the ifU= ... c, a'. hr : 7 n 2 ar$0
n
ties of ( 2515..
Inie asedo casthe pOximae methodcgies

Theact sovlun frmteives ouio f(S )a

e. for ,'l 2 /~
17
kvhen her
X--
).-0 nd
Howe- r e nr
m ericvale constant IIs.d hi gve

no nfomaton bou iA
. .... daA
........
_ !__
_ ofI-ttn-7t
_ _ _ _ _ a. d' hr a2i eadda
 .........................
. ...
:"":-..:'..
........ '-...
... :........ .........." :::- :::" ':''. i V~i : :4U i u.......-
. .....-' .--...... --.. :-:.........:'.."..:'

44
The way to use the original method
...-is clear. The quantities
adl a ::"
l,.x ."" re given in any problem as functions of x; c K 2 etc. r :
numerical constants given by Failkner and Skan and thus the .---
functions F1 and F2 can be tabulated as fu~nctions of x. The graphs £i"''

published by Falkner and Skan then determine a'2, anid the ratio , i::ll
u/U for 0-25, 0-50, 0"75 and 1-.00, thus giving the skin-friction ,-..--
and points on the velocity profile. i })
Using the approxinate values of thae c's it is evident, in ihe case ii}!
of symmetrical flow, that c.= . . . = 0 and therefore
.... *. - '.*.*......

(..21)

This value of F2 (x) dletermined from ihe condition (8.12) should " i::'
become infinite at the point of separation. The fact that it does
not become infinite for any value of x means that the approximate
values for the c's are not sufficiently accurate to satisfy the condition
(8.12) as far as the point of separation. Indeed it will be seen that
the coefficient c does not vanish, that similarly c,... d also do
not vanish, and, therefore, that the value of F(x) given by (8.21) is.
quite wrong for the larger value of x owing to the neglect of these I
term s. ....
In the case of the circle, for which diagrams (see figs. 2-6) have :'""
been given, using the original method and the expression (8.21) re. for
/i F2 (x), it will be seen that the skin-friction is given in good agreement
" ~~~with
This the
mustexact
be solution
taken asofcoincidence
paragraph 2since
as far(8.21)
asthe ispoint
not ofanseparation.
adequate , k- --.
representation of the condition from which it is derived, as far as
the point of separation. Th fa.-'-'-'i.-oe
The quantity ae has been calculated sing he method suggested
by the present writer. It is shown in fig. 7 compared with the exact
solution
an(1 of paragraph
Ska's 2, the solution
first approximation. of paragraph
It will 3, an~d
be seen that theFalkner,-'..''-
second
the exact solution
approximation, as far as
c,-lculated in xthis
= 6,way,
i.e., isforin positive
c',: agreement
good values ofwith
U'. [
For negative values of U' and the correspondingly
FX givensmall
b values of
a'2 the
of the agreement is poor. The
present paragraph for breakdownm oi the
small values of approximate ofmcthod"
a' was anticipated
t 4: '";7'i
earlier from a consideration of the condition (8.12). 26h.ave
More evidence, in the shape of comparisons with other (8.2 methesi
for varius velocity d eistributions,
is desirable, but it seems probable
that the approximation considered will give reliable results so long
as U' remains positive. The method should not be used for negative
values of U'.se"rat""
ythe present writer can find no theoretical grounds for using (8.21)
as distinct from (8.12). The good approximation it gives for the case
of the circle seems to be the soe justification for using (8.21).

thatthe cnsidredwillgiverelibleesulssolon
pproimaton
F.
e

for_ _ _ v. d
 I ...... _ _ _

..... ..
_ __.._

4.:.5
. ...
_

.)..........
_

. .....
.. ......
I_
..
__.._ _ _

.. .......
_

.....
_

............ .....................................
t t.........................
............... ....... ...........

h .a
....... + ...............

+..
......
.........

catis The u'aeonstns acnl thef.Sarfunc.tions of onyaTe

ho is nfr
tht/U is a function of y only.
roide that rgap w btie

s theie the feoitistap imtion h onlay whyern the veocitmi

ouldi linereyh cocte ith a the edisae froboodr
the ard stgin
doses itsacnant.s
pof/ vais su h r e arfntion
al,
ee ofyol only
oill .
shoedeforasmlrage
fncio rvddta

that~~~~it termby mea ofntequistapl. iainadwud eepce

)dOe bers
toe
tniexninhod only whenhaio
the velocity
evae arfo h
ieseliThorny ap]ietd th mthoditahece o the cirrce tntioas
ou pill. Ineseenler tuha relaind will arey velfr small rane
aves of
thveale is favual toteueoxhsmehd.reslt

ion. The eonilb en gv

approximation
od assit
far asiatn
5h90gece

thas tagtrioy n oint he fis aperyxsmallon andthe v l elocty poietis

ob nsiebly ifeen t ro e ealoityar f ninot d itancea from the
tdo
acte Ap
eapplied-irs
ho mto to the cae o f crl . I. (9.1)as
itrwer e se nctio
late of only.u an mal hec

iahccuation (giv)en nyteleithed teparm p in figvs.23 d4

ion.

;ae .n itefrwr thistgives

stgation ro hefrwr
asstgaipit where =s [ve(ryU small and the veoct (rofle3)
led
ae Dti-FisoV lof = i
(9.1)
yoinit-3f+rt .

1)r weq exrese y asafncinonlyygiigaseis.

sa(un.ti)
111d
.1uto
it 11nnelcigtetr ie
U1 _ L .Y _ _ _ __ T__
_ _ _ _
 .....
.
......
....
..
........ ,*,,*.....**-*.,,,,,. .................... ......... t4.........
..........
Ap o.........t f.
Second no. loge retic. t be .. .
fun.ti.n
of o..ly, but..
pemte to.. inov x....
.. alo a.. cls ..proI-...
obtained...by u i g ( .).........................
can be............
mation..............
.......... to.-estmat the.... va of t . ......................
....
....._.. .._ .... ... . ...
ter v in the equation of motion, and. the term U of:,:.":..*.:::
neglected..
.. .. .... .... x.. (.

0u M
...
...+ F(
....... ~ (9.6)

.............

Tendeqatpoaion (1.1) becomes

S rstice t b

obtine
maio ca beF- oeshaeth au o (9.8)(93
h

nerais
wh give by(. )
ax'3~U\r

:1 -'\/dxdJ

au_ df

Owing toeq seiuntueo h tapoiation the1seconds

aproiraio cnotbeexete t iv godrsutsules h
j~ ~asup
I
-,
or Fo(f)l made isrUgltre
U I+U 7 f 98

-U.11-
Ff IT ~
In eg atn gives_______ _______ _____ ______

3v~\ dU.'f
 aj.~~~~~~~~
4, 5 a cicl of raiu 4.87 afud f .oai
ne
.n
.. ....

U
............ ... u..x.. ........
. . - . . .. . . (.1

be~ ax
,roxi-
f~ ~
10 .
ha e consgaid
s orrepeonds-o p ar readistrbto i, show8nd in
The
first,
lly thefo
accoracyasith w ich e the
aarp 2,tgthe o withi Tabe ,giest the veci dis.to 2,-
x~rmn-lvler
si od f L
4,andhe poccl sepaiuio
of estmain
4by eron as flid of paregraph
xvisco2ste velocity drbtion isvec y equatfini (f12.5). /

wheerr 7 is8 0-04497

h'a a 50.030
< for
or<

T0 s for a8rane ofvle ~x.

fx corresponding ss otrsuedsrbto
an

the possible ter rn t ale1the

isi0trierucent
velocity
ie
and)the point of separation isgnby e qu iatin (c). Deot byrarap
2(x The reiht-hadside ~of tisgie yequation 0(2.).sm o h

+ korxx"t <a0g06 for1

/2
Thetefre Rn <0 +s tem s7al in coprio wit 075
Thence foe epane of cales fta0nx<7lcorspndn
belsata to -2 o

)thereforsbe (elociti =0-s

ero h 0(-2 prcnt
).7) ~The ois of65
liseteen 0s aivn 0-5 sqin (25) Denote2.
O()thus ri7.05)aliesidtweno 0-0s eatidn 0-.He(x)
by hangesfsign
tesintevand 6-85 and 7-05 R )therrmann e, xns as a root
beteeof prg 8 and 7-0w, iee., athe pormin of sepmain les twen-1
fo x the. 0I7-Oix3 betnee an fro th f-rar

9)Terfr of a slw< covrg 0 se- s as terms l ofal

i hermpaionwrthn the15
fifth n we ere gect d Icetillt be sst ththi attacN wat
so 0 e(te,9 s0nce we
unut= id (7ave shwnt0tII2.e
Trel or e 8oi) o6 th & of
poito0eaato
-od goo to(

d . ~ iwithein to degees
a wn hereforu
5 e , get(x) 0t i= as amort
-bytee goo ftuean
5 7-5atheics nhto sleparatn
wa o s wee n-

ohe csoreconver.in seis saltrso ihrpwrta h

9) fit nxwr e'citd twl ese ha hsatccw1,t

 .....
........
.. " .". - . . . ...... .
...........
° .
......°°°'..'""*°"°':' . ... ......
.o
.. ':°; °q ° . :. .......
";?'° .................... ¢ . . ... . . ..... ......... -
°°...'............. :
.....-.........

@
:.:.;....:. ;v: ..:.....;.
.:. ::..i...........
.... ... .................. . ... ... .. 4 . .................. :i. ....... ... :
.. ............
:o;. ... ...........
° :..jW....2..% oo:oo°o...::::o°::o:::
° .
'
2L : o°.:U ,.:'-o:o.:o'°" ....
... ...... .. ......
... . ....
.... . ..
.....
o. ....
-. :Z~ I:.... . .°.
. ...... ... ..oo....-
: . .
°°.
&......
* ..".-
..
. ..."
-- oO °-.o
..o
.....''.°°
..'
.°
....-°
.:':'L.
.:
...... ~
-°'.'..':;'...":;.°-':'°-=
: .... ... .. .. ... . .. ...
. -...
..... .. .y. ..
z..

48 ?
It should be pointed out again that this example of flow past a
circle is rather a special case inasmuch as, when the velocity at the
edge of the boundary layer is expressed in the form (nhx +-tux-.
+ uix5) for a representation holding right from the forward stagnation
point to the point of separation, the ratios u/u, and u5/u1 are very
small.
The application of the remaining methods to this problem needs
no further remark, except it should be pointed out again, that owing
to the amount of work involved the method of Bairstow and Green
was not applied to the pressure distribution given by Hiemenz.
The velocity distributions for this method were found by cross-
plotting from the velocity distributions given by Green (loc. cit.).
The pressure distribution used by Green for the calculation of his
results and that corresponding to equation (10.1) above are compared
in Fig. 1, and it will be seen that the two pressure distributions are
considerably different in the neighbourhood of tht point of sep)a ration.
Green's results are not, therefore, included beyond 500 from the
forward stagniation point.
It will be seen from the figures and the foregoing discussion that r ....
if the method of paragraph 2 (together with Table I or 2) is sufficient ,
to give the solution as far as is required. it is certainly the best
method to use. If the solution cannot be carried sufficiently far by
this means the method of paragraph 3 is recommended, though many
more comparisons between this method and that of paragraph 2 are
required before the former can be used with great confidence owing
to the difficulty in estimating the error.
I am indebted to Mr. Falkner for pointing out to me that the
analysis given in the preceding pages covers the case of a round-nosed
obstacle only, and that the case oi a cylinder, whose section has a
mentioned.
The ilteoretical solution for this case seems to be possible only
when the forward stagnation point coincides with the sharp point.
In this case the velocity distribution in the main stream in the
neighbourhood of the forward stagnaLmon point can be written in
the form U = kx", where m - 1. Mr. Falkner remarks, further,
that tIe oily method, so far published, which specificallv inchftles this
case is due to Miss Skan and himself. It is, indeed, evident from the
description of this mc.i-od given in paragraph 8 that its application
is quite independent of the choice of the value 1 for in in the neigh-
bourhood of the origin.
4 The method of paragraph 3 can, however, immediately be
extended to the case considered. The only difference lies in the
choice of the initial value for starting the integration of equation:
(3.1). For small values of x, U has the form kx- and equation (3.5)
can then be written
do/ mf(At) (A - 1)h (2) (.
"..:..::.:.
"7"

_______ _...... --.

 .fA. )..(. ...... ... .0atx
)....= .
..(10.3)
.
very.... ti.T..o....
......
is. .. .......
n....
e....t...s......... to...ve..
e........
s...
.... be..n noie n h i t pa e b
.....
.he ei (.c ... he......
lry .. c......ied. t....series..of....................between.
.o hi U n k'. lrca hod i for
r of.
al. itv.u.
..................
...........
.o.,h .he. souto s cas... a.d th.....
....... . o. .x. n.t.i.
cas
.r.e
....... the equ
.i..l.
...............
...
..
tio (1........2
..............
......
e intgr te ..i . e itl and............
e .......... ..
..... h. so..io obt...ined..fr....m the intil..le.iv..y.103) ......... ..... ...

......th inr general*."

.......... ca.. co sdee tI initi.l .aue.fr..n
................

areae nrarp (3.1) use o the citegrion.ta h hckeso h

aion *qaio 1.) I (Abi in 2. fot an patcua vau.fm

te Thiserefore theems th psblen
e votlued
for the it vae ofy
ieeds~ i ~ I odses veryhpod, hat, moiniainofa
asn ae the =1 icssei
Wing sluivong eorthercagwhnr s lols for allutions hic n.cessl
,bestea ca
on befor
e the poeqouejaation
(02 ibeinterahed dtat the
r byz rhemann au
oband-fh
solution
ie teiiil vaoesgvn byesal bre.3k
dIn beore thenpoiat cfasepansratio iseretal vahis hasbeean
fn vrihae to te peemnwe for the.3ases(1.2=r0sade2.tive ade
gextendin o t3.e pod iinteg ration.
EquatIiso acknoledg mycuit
indebtednessy patcur. vlein forn
thestgeeting thise aetre posid l valsofor tayheinitul uggeofs he

the

bes

ahe
Oig

'LS40 cl

_ ;..,
lilyJ
 ....................................

1.u sfl a s hlr M t . ...

..... .P..... ....7.
. ......

2. ~ ~ il ~ c. ~ V
o.o ..r.......I......... 1. no e. ....
.....

. ... (1. ) 261-......65.

.o..........M .. ...
6... 314 .........

76.. ....
..
.......

/. ..
..... .. ..

... .... ...

... ...
.. ..
....
....
..
..

.....
..-- ---
...... - . A
 ......................................................... .............

.... ~ ~..................................
..... ..... .... ................................... .

.!!.
r: ...........
. ...

TABLE ..
,°..

: g%,
f fg
t f:'4 fI f' ' i
.3.
'0-0 0-0881 0"0144 018436 0.040 0-210 (P0.3,54~ i
0
0-O"5 0.0.1
0-1330 0-622
O"94 0.93:
0.758-
32 0-*24
0"071 28
.-
0.048 138
0.25.4-

0-2 0.0233 0.266 0675 0.096 0-269 0.2

, 0-4 0-081 0.4144 0.5251 0-.54 0.230 0.354

,10 O.-433 0.7778 0.7580 0.01 0.243 0.029
1-0" O-5187 0-5149 0-6751 0-24(4 0"214 +0-213
,1-0" 0.210 0-84.17 0-297 0- 27 0-313 -0-017
1-40" 0-79266 0-(898 0-521 O-14 0"307 O"04
M= .. 0"-83
0"-5 -60 0.84.57
0-9161 0-0914
0-4576 0-47
0"71 0-283
0-3(12 --0-048
0"063
14 .".".
:
1-60 0-499 0"7728 01473i9 0-400 0-298 -0-051 :"
1-1 1-1688 0.-9.69 0.-041 0-48 0-218 -0013 !i
2-0 2-52 0-00979.00 -03264 0-050 0:200 0-24
2"6 0-87 0-928 -0"02 0-.4 0-2 9 --- 005.'.
2-0
2.. 0.7081
1....7 0-9732
0.947 0-0658
0-11 0-515
0 6 0-278
0.2 453
-- 00 ..
--
i.4 1-.96 0.-992 0-05298 1.4(0 .54
3-027 .--00
2-2 1-5577 0-9841 0-0420 0-570 0-32 -- 0086 ":
)1 - 453 0-998 3280-00 08 54 0253 -00
-2 "25522 0-92 0-002 0-0 0-251 -- 007
0-3
2-
1-33 2-0651
2-0533168
0.7081 0-399
0-9590
0"9999 0-0023
0-01°/19
0-204,8 0-5.
0"708
0.509 021
0-25
0.251 -0-045
--
--- 0017 ":
2--4 0-7521
2-129 0-99
0-99 6 0-00
0.0081 0-08
0-7267 0-253
0-256 -- 00138
--
.031
00.4 i
"
1.4
0-5 0.7966
2-853 0.9896
0-997 0.209
0-004 0.340
0-04 0.207
0-250 --0.0
----. 0 4 .r"
.6
3-0 -1957
2-3525 0-5996
0-9732 0-010
0'058 --92
0-777 0-25
0"258 -- 002
.-0"0451::
3"
.6 2"9798 0- 9932 0473 "09290 0-298I -- 0"002 1 -.-
-77
1-1
3" 2-051
3-458
1381 0-9969
01-00
O"99.57 0-09
0-,"01
0028 0-14
0-041
0O'9 0-257
0-254
O.293 --0-01
--- 0()000"
0502 :.
0-8
3-8 3-3152
1-1588 0-999
0.99.99 0-05)
0"00.1 0-76
0.979 0-250
0.258 --
--. 001
051 ."i
o-9
)- 3-25
265108 00-999 0-0083 104514 0-250
O.2831 -063 l048
-0. "'
4-.9 03-3525
1" 999
0000 0014
0-00 0.27 0-251 -- 001
42"0
42 1.361
2-52 I 10070
0-984H 0.0602
0-003 0-029
02 0.278
0-25 --0-045
-0-000

9-
4 1-75512 09050 0-02601 0-629 0-263 -0.028
2.5
-35 1-3.
0-858 6998
-00
01907 0.020200
0-00014 -614
0-04 0.259
0-250 -0-000-
-0-00

6 1-957 -015
0-946
2. 0-66 0-58 -. 02
2-7 2::30.90 0.1.'071 0: 5 -- 1
2- -59 097 -09 -2 -5 -- 1
2-- ! 1.63-- ------- 0-0332 0-57 0.26- --- 0.-0
2- 2-5" .97 -06 .71 025 -(.i
~ ~ -03
3-0~~~~~~~ ~ ~ 077
2-55 098 0-23 --

3- -53 8
0-. 0/06 082 0 5 0-M
 . . . . .. . . ... . . ............... . . ........ .. ...
.......................................................
..

~~~. .
..................... .
............. ..... .........
.....
. . .
.... .. .. .

..............................

TABLE 1-continued j:.-"

... .... ... ......... .

g. g': . .t. ... 1 , . - - .'- *** -

0.0 (f-O0 0.00 0-637 0.00 0.00 0.12 00000.0012 :!!.!i

o-1 (1-00 o0-6 0.54 G 00 0-01 0.07 0o00 0-00 0-.
0"2
0.3 0"03
3 0- I I
0-15 0"44
35 0"00 0"01 +-0"3
0..2 -.41. 0.00 0.
... 0"0020-:::'-'"
0-02
.0-00
... .
0"4 0.04 0-18 0-27 0.01 0.01 --0.4 I-00- 0-02".E
0-5 0-O(3 0"20 0"20 0'O1 0-01 -4).(7 00 00 0-03".'i
0-6 0-08' 0"22 0- 14 O'O3 +0"00 -- 0"08 0-0010 :-l:::(
(1.7 (0.10 0.23 0.09 0.Ol --0.01 -0-08 (.1-00 04)' (1-11-
o. o.3 0 .24 0 .05
. .0( . - -.o2 -. o..........0..-.0...
0.9 0.15 0.24 +0.02 (1.00 -0.03 -)-08 00.05 ;".-'0-(;
3.0 0.17 0.24 -- 01 +0-001 -- 00 --(.07 00 02 0.05 ; - .i;
1.1 0.20 024 --0-0:1 --. 01 -- (1.4 -- 0 0 -0 0 0-05-'..-"
•1-2 (1.22 0.24 --. 04 -- 0. -- 05 -- 0 0 -0:3 0.0.4ijjj'
. ........ :. .
1.3 0-25
. 4 .02
0.27
... 0.23 -0-.05
0'2 ... 06 --
-.-...... .-. 0(2
02 --
--. 055 ---
-.-4).0300003
1. -0:70"0"
0.29 0 .5- -..22 06 -0-03 .--. (.5 .521 .
-.... 0. ":.:
L
1.6 0.31 0-23' --. 07 --. 13 ---0-05 0-00 (0-01 :'(i5'0-0
-70-34 -1-06--40-1 +0Il00 005 -0
1-8 ,-3-21 1--0(6 -0t-04 -0-05 0-O. 003 -0 +0.01 ."
1-9 0-33. 0-10 -- 06 --- 00 -- 040 01-12 0-04O0-05.1""::
20 (-349 0- I :--0-06 .05 -- 014 003 0... 0- 5 011(1
0. 1
2-. 0"19
0.41 .-. -.-05 ---0-05 .-.-.
0. 0113 1.-
2-2 0-43 0.18 -- 04 -05 -0.03 '-03 050---1-.02
2.:3 (3.45 0-18 --0-04 --- 05 .--0.0" (1-112 060---.03
2",4 0"46 o-"18 -- 0"03 -- 4).05 -- 03 (1-02 00 0-14--"04
2-5 (3.48 0"18 --0"03 --41.05 .-0-02 (1"02 00 0-03--04 f. :::::
.2.6 0.,,9 o-18 -- 0-.02 -0 .05 --0.0 -02 . 0 -09 0 - -0.-63 '-:4'JJ
2"7 0"51 0"-18 -- "(l -- 05 -- 0(11 0-.Il -900 -- 02 ,.::;.
/2-S 0-53 0-17 -- 03o -- 05o. (3-00 o.(,0(9 -( -- 01!::j:'"
2-9 0-54 0- 17 0-0) .-0-05 0(00 0.110 j091-01-4).0:-O:.:.'.
3-0 0-96 0- 17 0-00 --.- 05 0-00 (00-09 0-00:::
0-00
10-58 0-1 0-(o-00 -0o -(10
0 -00,( 000

• I1

"....
 ... ... ... ... ... .. ...... .
.~.

.. . . . . .... . ...
. .. ......... .. ...... ...................... ........
.............. .. . . . .
. . . .
.......... . ..........................
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ..........
:%.........

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ... ........
........ . .....

....... .. ........... ............ 111.1 :::::.:....

..
3...................... 11 1-.'. ... ... .........
....
.......
..... .... ....
... .....
...
.. ....... ....
... ......
2.. .-.
TABL ...............
...................
....... . ....... . .. . ..

- .-
._
........
..
..
........
...........
................
721..
__
......
_
............
......
. . . . .._............... - .
...
...
_
..
.J
_
I........
....
_
....................
_......................._
r _ .......
_ ......................
........
_ _....
_.....
.........

)00-0 (1-0000) 0-01)0 1-23264 0-000 0.001) 0-7982

S10-1 0-0060 0.1383 1-1328 0-004 0-075 0 -699
)202 0-0233 0-22636 1 -0345 0-015 0O4 0 - (02
32 0-3 0-0530 0 -325 2 0-938(3 0-032 0-195 0-509
12 0-4 0-0883 0-4-144 0- 8-163 0-054 0 -242 0-423
33 0(-5 0 - 1331; 0-494(6 0-7583 0-080 (0-280) 0-3-4
P10.6 0-1867 0 -56132 0-6751 0-109 0-31] 0-273
15 -0.7 0-24(66 0 -6 2D8 0-5973 0-1412 0 -336 (0-210 EXh
1.5 z0.8 0-3124 0 -6859 0-5251 0-175 0 -3511 o - 153
05-9 0(V3W35 (0-7350 0-4.580 0-212 0-367 0-1019
15 3-0 0-4592 (1-7778 0 -3980 0-2419 (0-375 60(
)5 1 -1 0 -5389 0-8149 0-3431 0 -2 87 0-381 0-037
34-1.2 0-6220 0-84167 0 -29317 0.325 0-3841 +0-012
13.~I
3 0-70)81 (0-8739 0 -2498 0-3163 0-384 --0-0017
3214 0-7966 01-898 03-2109 0-4-02 0-382 --- 02
Y2 -5 0-8873 0-9161 0-1769 0-440 0-380 -0-032
1-6 0-9798 0 -9,124 0-1473 0-477 0-377 --- 039
331-7 1-073A 03-9457 (0-2318 0-515 0-373 -0042
1.8- 1- lss 0 -9569 0 -0999 0-552 (0-368 --0-043
1.39 1-265(3 0-96W9 (0-0914 0 -58b 0 -364 --0-043
W( 12-0 1 - 36 19 0 - 9732 -0658 (1-625 0 -.161 -0-041
2.11- 1 -146 0-9792 0-0528 0-661 0-3.57 -40-038
- 22-2 1-5577 0-9841 (0-0420 0 -696 0-353 -0034
132-3 1 -653 0-9876 0(0332 0-731 0-350 -060330
N42-4 1-7552 0 -9905 (0-0260 0-766 0-3-16 -- 2
N4 2-
2. 1-8-543 0-9928 0-01202 0-801 0J-344 -0 -022
2-6 1-9537 0 -9946 0-0156 0 -8345 032 --
2-7 2 -0533 0-946o -19 -7 0-3420 -0-016
32
H3 2-8 2-1529 0-9971 0-0091 0 -q)4 0 -338 --0-014
2-9 2-2528 0-.997N 0 -0068 0-938 (J337 -- 3
33)3.0 2 -3525 0-9985 0-0051 0-972 0-336 -(1-0019
()3-1 22- . I2:1 0- s8 -036 1 -0OW 0-335 -01-007
3-2 2-5.522 0-9992 0-0027 1-(140 1)-335 -4)-0036
3- -53 09994 0-00323 3 -073 0-335 --- )00-65
f3 -4 2-7521 0-.9996 0- 0019 1.-106 0- 34 -0 -03
2-5( 0-
09997 0-00143 1-139 0 -.33-1 -0-033
3-6 2-95-1(o 0 -9998 0-0010 L.-172 0-33-1 -- 0 - o02
3- 3-0519 0- 9999 0-0008 1 -2(05 q.:1. o-3
33-8 3151ISI 0.9999 0-00011 6236 - ~3
3:1 --
:3-9 3 -25 18 0 -9999 0-0603' 1-271 0-333 -- 0
4-0 13-3538 1-0000 0-0002 1-304 01-333 -0 -00 1
-~-4-1 3-4518 1 -(0000 0-00031 1 -3:17 1-3311 0-n
4-2 3-553 1 -00(1 0-00101 1-370 0)-333; 003
4~ -3 3-6518 1-00003 0-0000 1-403 0-333 0 -00N
 ...... . . .........

I.I
54
TABLE 2-rninued

7
3 9 h, hf h' h __
h14 _

0-0 0-000 0-000 0-725 0-00 0-00 0-00 -- 0-019 it0-00 -.

0-1 0-004 0-068 0-625 0-00 0-01 0.12 0-00 0-00 -0-02 -.
0-2 0-013 0-125- 0-529 0-01) (i 07 0.00 0-00 -0.02
0-3 0-0f)"8 0-174 0-438 0.01 003 +0-03 (-00 -0-01 -0.01
0-4 0-04,, 0-213 0-354 0-01 0-03 -. 4)l 0-00 ---001 -01
0-5 0-071 0-245 0-278 0-01 0-03 04 0-0) --. 01 0.))
0-6 0-096 0-269 0-211 0-01 0-02 -0-05 0-00 -0-01 01-00
0-7 0-124 0-27 0-153 0-02 02 -0-07
.- 0-01 0-00 +0.(.l
0-8 0-154 0-3(X) 0-104 0-02 +0-01 7 -- 0-01 0-00 0-02
0-9 0- 1-4 0-308 0-063 0-02 0[0 -0-07 -0-01 0-00 0-0,3
1-0 0-215 0-313 0-029 0-02 -0-01 -0-07 -0-01 0.00 0 . , '
1-1 0-246 0-314 +0-003 0-02 -0-01 -0-06 --0:01 0-01 0':.
1-2 0-277 0-313 -0"017 0-01 -0-02 -4)-5 -0-01 +0-01 0-04
1-3 0-309- 0-311 -0-031 0-01 -0-02 -0-04 0-00 0-01 0-04 -"

1-4 0-340 0. 307 --4).041 0-01 03 -0-03 0-0) 0.01 0-04

.-
1-5 0-370 0-302 -0-048 +0-01 -0-03 -0-02 0-00 0-02 0-03 "-
1-6 0-400 0-298 -0-051 0-01 -0-03 0-00 0-00 0-02 o-03 -
1-7 0-429 0-293 -0-052 0-00 0-00 0-00 0-02 0-02
'8
1.9
0"458
0.481
02,8 -- 0"051
0.283 -- 048 --- 1-) 0 002
+0)
0-01
003 001
0.03 +0.01 .,:::"" ::
2-0 0-515 0-278 -0-045 -0-01 -30-03 0-03 0-01 0-03 0-00
2-1 0-543 0-973 -0-040 -0-01 -0-02 0-03 0-02 0-03 -. )-ol
2-2 0-570 0-269 -- 0-036 -- 0- -0-02 0--0 0-02 0-03 -0
. -"'
2-3 0-597 0-266 -A-032 -0-01 -0-02 0-03 0-02 0-02 - 0. 0 2
-/ 2-4 0-623 0-263 -0-028 -0-01 --- 02 0-94 0-02 0-02 -0-02
2-5 0-649 0-259 -0 -0-02 -4-01 0-01 0-03 0-02 -- 03
2-6 0-676 0-258 ---0-020 -0-02 -- ] 0-03 0-03 0-02 -- 03 .'
2-7 0-701 0-257 -0-017 -- 01 0-0 2-0-020-03 0-02 -. 0-03 .
2-8 0-726 0-256 --- 013 -0-02 -0-01 0-02 0-03 0-01 -- )..02
2-9 0-751 0-254 -0o1 -.0-02 0-O 0-0o 03 0-01 -4.-.02
.-
3-0 0-77 0-253 -0-010 -0-02 0-00 0-02 0-03 0-00 --. 01
8- 1 0-802 0-252 -0-008 -0-02 0-00 0-02 0-03 0-00 0-00
3-2 0 -823 0 -25)1 -0-007 -0 -02 0-00 0-01 0 -0. 0-00 0-00
3-3 0-85:1 0-251 -0-005 -0-02 0-) 0-01 0-03 0-00 0-0
3-4 0-879 0-251 -0-004 -0--02 (-00 0-00 0-03 0-00 0-00
3-5 0-904 0-250 -0-003 -0-02 0-00 0-00 0-03 0-00 0-00
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