Related Literature

Climate change is one of the major problem being faced by all countries especially in
countries near the sea. Here stated some studies conducted by different groups and
individuals as to how typhoon, storm surge and high tide cannot destroy the residential
houses or even the commercial building near the sea.

Sea Wall
Is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal
processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast. The purpose of a sea wall is
to protect areas of human habitation, conservation and leisure activities from the action
of tides, waves, or tsunamis. As a seawall is a static feature it will conflict with the
dynamic nature of the coast and impede the exchange of sediment between land and
sea.
During year of 2014 local government unit (LGU), implemented the construction of
seawall project in Barangay Butol, Santiago, Ilocos sur. Santiago is a fourth class
municipality composed of twenty four barangay. being situated along the coast, it has six
barangay along the shore. Several years ago, flood control structure were already
constructed in some portion of the shore. however due to frequent strong typhoons that
visited the place the constructed sea walls were destroyed. due to this condition the life
and properties of those residing along the shore remains to be in danger. the goal of
LGU is to protect life and properties in the coastal low lying areas from floods or even
storm surges.
Breakwaters
are structures constructed on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect an
anchorage from the effects of both weather and longshore drift. Breakwaters reduce the
intensity of wave action in inshore waters and thereby reduce coastal erosion or provide
safe harbourage. Breakwaters may also be small structures designed to protect a gently
sloping beach and placed one to three hundred feet offshore in relatively shallow water.
Legazpi City, Aug. 10 (PNA) — Heavy engineering equipment have been put to action
working on the construction of the new roadway along the northern coastline of the city
that will serve as a sea wall and an extension of the now-famous Legazpi Boulevard. It is
another tourism development project of the city and national governments designed to
serve as an alternate route that would decongest the traffic between the city’s
commercial center and the regional government center in Barangay Rawis and offer a
convenient roadway to the first district of Albay passing through the scenic coastline of
Albay Gulf. The engineering works involve the laying of core rocks, backfill, grouted rip-
rap, foundation and retaining wall; construction of two-lane all-weather concrete road,
sidewalk, concrete fence, bike lanes and bridge approach and railings; installation of
solar street lights; landscaping; and establishment of greens and buffer zones.
Riprap Revetment
A flexible channel or bank lining or facing consisting of a well graded mixture of rock,
broken concrete, or other material, usually dumped or hand-placed, which provides
protection from erosion.
Longshore drift
is a geological process that consists of the transportation of sediments (clay, silt, sand
and shingle) along a coast parallel to the shoreline, which is dependent on oblique
incoming wind direction. Oblique incoming wind squeezes water along the coast, and so
generates a water current which moves parallel to the coast. Longshore drift is simply
the sediment moved by the longshore current. This current and sediment movement
occurs within the surf zone.