i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 8 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 4 3 5 6 e1 4 3 6 3

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he

Review

Evaluation of electrochemical hydrogen absorption

in welded pipe with steel API X52

J. Capelle a,*, I. Dmytrakh b, Z. Azari a, G. Pluvinage a

a
LaBPS, École Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Metz, 1 route d’Ars Laquenexy, CS 65820, 57078 Metz, France
b
Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Naukova Street, 79060 Lviv,
Ukraine

article info abstract

Article history: The assessment of ability to absorb hydrogen by welds components of API grade pipeline
Received 5 June 2013 steel X52 has been done. The factors of cathodic hydrogen charging, time of exposure on
Accepted 27 August 2013 hydrogen concentration in base metal, heat affected zone and metal of weld were taken
Available online 26 September 2013 into account. It has been shown that all components of weld demonstrate the sensitivity to
hydrogenating in deoxygenated, near-neutral pH NS4 solution under relatively “soft”
Keywords: cathodic polarisation, although the efficiency of hydrogen permeation in metal is relatively
Welded pipe low and depends on time of exposure. The ability to absorb hydrogen decreases in the
Hydrogen charging of metal following sequence: heat affected zone e base metal e weld. The sensitivity to hydroge-
Cathodic polarisation nation is higher for heat affected zone in comparison with base metal and weld.
Current density Copyright ª 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
Hydrogen concentration reserved.
Coefficient of efficiency of hydrogen
permeation

1. Introduction dissolution reaction [8,9]. Moreover, the hydrogen charging of

The possible use of existing pipeline networks for transport of
the mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen is a vital aspect of
hydrogen energy infrastructure, because it is effective, safe
and economical [1e3]. For safe operations, such pipelines
should not be subject to hydrogen embrittlement as the ef-
fects of transported hydrogen. Besides that the potential risk
of hydrogen embrittlement can be caused by the external
environmental conditions of specific long-term exploitation of
pipelines [4e7]. Process of free corrosion promotes the hy-
drogenating of steel, because hydrogen can evaluate on metal
surface as result of cathodic counterpart of the anodic
steel is also possible when a cathodic protection system of
pipeline works irregular [10].
Engineering practice of pipelines operation shows [11] that
the welds of pipelines are highly sensitive to the hydrogen
influences from the reasons of their microstructural hetero-
geneity and difference of chemical composition of weld
components (base metal, heat affected zone and metal of
weld).
A number of recent issues dedicated to different aspects of
hydrogenating and hydrogen entry into welded joints of
pipeline steels can be found in literature [12e16]. In work [12]
the API X70 pipeline steel has been investigated with respect

* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ33 387346667; fax: þ33 387344279.

E-mail addresses: capelle@enim.fr, j.capelle@hotmail.fr (J. Capelle).
0360-3199/$ e see front matter Copyright ª 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.118
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 8 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 4 3 5 6 e1 4 3 6 3 14357

to hydrogen diffusion and fracture mechanics properties.

Table 1 e Chemical compositions of steel API X52 (wt %).
Here it has been found that base metal and weld metal have
marginal susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement and the C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo S Cu Ti Nb Al
heat affected zone is clearly embrittled by hydrogen. The 0.206 1.257 0.293 0.014 0.017 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.001 <0.03 0.034
opposite result is given in work [13] where the API 5L X70 and
X52 pipeline steel weld fracture toughness parameters (J0 in-
outer diameter D ¼ 610 mm and wall thickness t ¼ 11 mm, was
tegral) are measured in a hydrogen environment and
in service approximately 50 years till it was cut for testing.
compared to the ones in air. Here the large reduction of J0 was
The chemical composition of steel and its mechanical
observed for the base metal and small reduction for the heat
properties in air are given in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The
affected zone. It was also concluded that the hydrogen
structural specificity of the components of welded pipe can be
degradation effect is enhanced in banded ferriteepearlite
seen in Fig. 2. The base metal consists of grains of ferri-
formations. Another aspect of considered problem is pre-
teepearlite, typical in all carbon steels (Fig. 2a). The weld
sented in work [14] where the non-destructive low-frequency
metal showed the acicular ferrite columnar grains (Fig. 2b).
impedance has been developed to determine hydrogen con-
The HAZ is composed of refined grains of ferriteepearlite
tent in operating pipeline steel and weldment through a
(Fig. 2c), product of the transformation of base metal with the
structural coating. The problems of the quantifying the
heat provided by the welding process.
hydrogen embrittlement of pipeline steels for safety consid-
The hydrogenation of specimens was made by electro-
erations are pointed out in the papers [15,16].
chemical method. For this aim a special deoxygenated, near-
Therefore, above-mentioned problem is real and the
neutral pH NS4 solution [18] was chosen. At these conditions
knowledge about hydrogenating ability of the weld compo-
hydrogen atoms are generated on the steel surface by the
nents is required for reliable assessment of pipelines for
electrochemical reduction of water molecules according to
transportation of hydrogen and natural gas mixtures.
known reactions [9]. The chemical composition of the NS4
In presented paper the weldment of steel API X52 was
solution is given in Table 3.
studied, as it is the most used in existing European gas
Before testing, the specimens were coated by special di-
pipelines network [17]. The assessment of ability to absorb
electric insulation and after the circular “windows” (d ¼ 5 mm)
hydrogen by welds components of API grade pipeline steel
with open surface of metal were made (Fig. 3(a)). This open
X52 has been done. The factors of cathodic hydrogen
surface of metal served as work electrode for electrochemical
charging, time of exposure on hydrogen concentration in
charging of hydrogen. The location of the “windows” with open
basic metal, heat affected zone and metal of weld were taken
surface of metal depends on the subject of test: base metal,
into account. It has been shown that all components of weld
weld metal or heat affected zone (see Fig. 3(b)).
demonstrate the sensitivity to hydrogenating in deoxygen-
The electrolytic hydrogenation of specimens was made
ated, near-neutral pH NS4 solution under relatively “soft”
with application of the standard three-electrode electro-
cathodic polarisation, although the efficiency of hydrogen
chemical cell (Fig. 4) where the Potentiostat VMP [19] has been
permeation in metal is relatively low and depends on time of
used.
exposure.
For modelling the hydrogen entry conditions in real oper-
It should be noted that presented study reflects the hy-
ating pipelines, where there is the situation of freely corroding
drogenating conditions, which simulate of real operating
system, the following procedure has been applied [18]. The
pipelines and therefore received data are more realistic for
specimens were hydrogen charged at some constant potential
using under further development of hydrogen embrittlement
of polarisation Ep ¼ const, which is slightly more negative
criteria of such structures.
than the free corrosion potential for given steel. Taking into
account that for API X52 steel the free corrosion potential is
about Ecorr ¼ 800 mV(SCE) it has been chosen that
2. Experimental procedure Ecath ¼ 1000 mV(SCE).
The hydrogen charging process was controlled by regis-
The material used for the study is API X52 that is the most tration of the cathodic polarisation current Icath(s). The total
usable in existed gas pipelines. The specimens were cut from quantity of evolved hydrogen on metal surface can be
a buried in-service pipeline (Fig. 1). This pipeline with the assessed as (see Fig. 5(a)):

Zsexp
QHev ¼ Icath ðsÞds under Ecath ¼ const: (1)
0

Hydrogen concentration in metal has been determined on

the base of hydrogen discharging process under anodic

Table 2 e Mechanical properties of steels API X52 in air.

Steel grade sU, MPa sY, MPa Elongation, %

X52 528 410 30.2

Fig. 1 e Welded pipe and specimen geometry.
14358 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 8 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 4 3 5 6 e1 4 3 6 3

Fig. 2 e Structural specificity of the components of welded pipe (3200): a e base material; b e weld; c e heat affected zone.

Table 3 e Chemical composition of NS4 solution (g/L) [18].

NaHCO3 KCl CaCl2 MaCl2$H2O

0.483 0.120 0.137 0.131

polarisation with using of hydrogen electrochemical oxidation

method proposed in work [20]. Here the standard three-
electrode electrochemical cell has been used.
According to recommendation of work [20], the hydrogen
discharging of specimen was carried out in 0.2 M NaOH
(pH ¼ 12.4) solution under anodic polarisation
Eanodic ¼ þ168 mV(SCE) during some defined time sdis. The
total quantity of absorbed hydrogen by metal can be defined
as (see Fig. 5(b)):

Zsdis Fig. 4 e Schematic view of the electrochemical cell: 1 e

 
QHabs ¼ IH ðsÞ  Iref ðsÞ ds under Eanodic ¼ const:; (2) specimen; 2 e open surface of metal (working electrode), 3
0 e insulation coating, 4 e corrosion cell with NS4 solution; 5
e auxiliary (counter) electrode; 6 e reference calomel
where IH(s) is anodic polarisation current for hydrogen
electrode; 7 e salt bridge.
charged specimen and Iref(s) is anodic polarisation current for
specimen without hydrogen (reference curve).

Fig. 3 e Specimens without and with coating (a) and schematic view of the location of the “windows” with open surface of
metal (b).
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 8 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 4 3 5 6 e1 4 3 6 3 14359

τ = τ exp Eanodic = const .

0 Time of Exposure

Polarisation Current
I H (τ )

Polarisation Current
τ dis

∫ [I (τ ) − I (τ )]⋅ dτ
τ exp abs
QH =
QHev = ∫ I (τ )⋅ dτ
H ref
cath 0
0

I cath (τ )
I ref (τ ) τ = τ dis
Ecath = const .
Time of Exposure

Fig. 5 e Schematic view of the electrolytic hydrogenation of specimen under cathodic polarisation (a) and the hydrogen
discharging process under anodic polarisation (b).

Calculation of hydrogen concentration was done according

to formula [18]: 3. Results and discussion

QHabs With using the proposed experimental procedure the values of

CH ¼ ; (3)
zFv hydrogen concentration CH in the weld components of steels
where z is the number of electrons takes in reaction; F is the API X52 were determined depending on exposure time (Table
Faraday constant; v is the effective volume of specimen. For 4). Table 4 contains also the values of parameters, which
our case: n ¼ (pd2/4)$h ¼ 0.0785 cm3. characterise the specificity of studying process: averaged

Table 4 e Basic data for evaluation of electrochemical hydrogen absorption by weld components of API X52 steel.
s, hours QHev ; mA$s ic, mA/cm2 QHabs ; mA$s CH, mol/cm3 k ¼ QHabs =QHev

Base metal (BM)

1 69.594 9.85E-02 13.721 1.81E-06 0.1972
2 120.301 8.51E-02 77.687 1.03E-05 0.6458
3 166.746 7.86E-02 53.148 7.01E-06 0.3187
4 208.717 7.38E-02 20.802 2.74E-06 0.0997
15 626.433 5.91E-02 13.162 1.74E-06 0.0210
47.7 2548.82 7.56E-02 2.211 2.92E-07 0.0009
87.8 2461.53 3.96E-02 1.604 2.11E-07 0.0006
Weld metal (WM)
0.42 38.2674 1.30E-01 2.339 3.097E-07 0.0611
1 107.995 1.53E-01 26.838 3.54E-06 0.2485
2 135.475 9.58E-02 30.281 4.25E-06 0.2235
3 154.803 7.30E-02 30.560 4.29E-06 0.1974
4 494.272 1.75E-01 36.352 5.05E-06 0.0735
5 461.045 1.30E-01 87.168 1.15E-05 0.1891
17.8 1592.28 1.27E-01 31.308 4.13E-06 0.0197
23.5 930.137 5.60E-02 8.172 1.08E-06 0.0088
26.3 1776.10 7.02E-02 4.202 5.54E-07 0.0024
29 1439.14 7.02E-02 1.841 2.43E-07 0.0013
47 2700.43 8.13E-02 1.276 1.68E-07 0.0005
Heat affected zone (HAZ)
0.5 55.4797 1.57E-01 0.201 2.65E-08 0.0036
1 53.529 7.57E-02 3.930 5.18E-07 0.0734
2 123.094 1.51E-01 51.542 6.80E-06 0.4187
3 321.224 3.79E-02 103.208 1.36E-05 0.3213
4 223.041 7.89E-02 70.198 9.26E-06 0.3147
5 1.63E-05 0.1734
18 862.745 6.78E-02 2.885 3.81E-07 0.0033
18 874.633 6.87E-02 3.145 4.15E-07 0.0036
69 1831.69 3.75E-02 16.865 2.22E-06 0.0092
76 6655.54 1.24E-01 16.176 2.13E-06 0.0024
14360 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 8 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 4 3 5 6 e1 4 3 6 3

1,00E-04
Table 5 e Value of parameters in formulas (4) and (5).
BM
Weld Component of CH(max), sCHðmaxÞ ; hours n m
1,00E-05 HAZ weld mol/cm3

Base metal (BM) 1.03$105 2 2.897 0.825

Weld metal (WM) 1.15$105 5 1.184 1.564
1,00E-06
Heat affected zone 1.36$105 3 2.448 0.802
(HAZ)

1,00E-07
stages of studying processes may be considered (Fig. 7),
namely: the stage of increasing CH ðs  sCHðmaxÞ Þ and the stage of
1,00E-08 its decreasing ðs  sCHðmaxÞ Þ.
0,1 1 10 100 Taking into account some scattering of received experi-
Time of exposure τ, hours mental data (Fig. 6) we have described these stages (Fig. 7) by
power functions:
Fig. 6 e Hydrogen concentration in components of weld
versus time of exposure. 1,00E-04
Base metal (BM) Test

Hydrogen concentration C , mol/cm

Formula (4)
Formula (5)
1,00E-05
meaning of cathodic current density ic; total quantity of
evolved Qev and absorbed Qabs hydrogen and coefficient of ef-
1,00E-06
ficiency of hydrogen permeation in metal k ¼ Qabs/Qev.
The most general observations, which can be made from
these results, are the followings. All components of weld 1,00E-07
demonstrate the sensitivity to hydrogenating in deoxygen-
ated, near-neutral pH NS4 solution under soft cathodic τCH(max)
1,00E-08
polarisation and processes of hydrogen evolution and ab-
0,1 1 10 100 1000
sorption have own specificity for each component. Here
Time of exposure τ, hours
should be also pointed on some scatter of received data, which
reflects the dynamics of variable processes at environ- 1,00E-04
Weld metal (WM) Test
mentesurface interface.
Formula (4)
The non-monotonic dependencies of hydrogen concentra- Formula (5)
1,00E-05
tion CH on exposure time s have been found for all components of
weld (Fig. 6). After achieving of maximum, the hydrogen con-
centration decreases in time with some fluctuations to some
1,00E-06
steady-state value CH(stab). As can be seen the time of exposure
sCHðmaxÞ , which corresponds of maximal value of CH(max), is
different for base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone. 1,00E-07
This fact can be used for the analysis of received results.
When we chose s ¼ sCHðmaxÞ as some specific point then two τCH(max)
1,00E-08
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Time of exposure t, hours

CH(max )
Hydrogen concentration C H

1,00E-04
Heat affected zone (HAZ) Test
3
Hydrogen concentration C H, mol/cm

Formula (4)
1,00E-05 Formula (5)
Formula (4) Formula (5)

1,00E-06

CH(stab )
1,00E-07

τCH(max ) τCH(stab ) τCH(max)

1,00E-08
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Time of exposure, τ Time of exposure τ, hours

Fig. 7 e Schematic view of an analysis of experimental data Fig. 8 e Comparison of the calculated and experimental
on the hydrogen concentration in weld components of API data on the hydrogen concentration in components of weld
X52 steel. versus time of exposure.
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 8 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 4 3 5 6 e1 4 3 6 3 14361

HAZ1 HAZ2
Table 6 e Maximal and steady-state valuesa of hydrogen
concentration CH in components of weld.
Component CH(max), CH(stab), CH(stab)/
mol/cm3 mol/cm3 CH(max)
y x
Base metal (BM) 1.03$105 3.96$107 0.038
0
Weld metal (WM) 1.15$105 1.06$107 0.009
Heat affected zone (HAZ) 1.36$105 8.17$107 0.061

a under s ¼ 100 h.

BM1 WM BM2
!n
Fig. 11 e Scheme of the microhardness measurement
s
CH ¼ CHðmaxÞ $ under s  sCHðmaxÞ : (4) along the welded zone.
sCHðmaxÞ

, !m
s
CH ¼ CHðmaxÞ under s  sCHðmaxÞ : (5) The values of CH(max), sCHðmaxÞ and the exponents n and m in
sCHðmaxÞ
the relations (4) and (5) are given in Table 5.
Based on such scheme of the results analysis the diagrams
CH ¼ f(s) for each component of weld were calculated and
compared with primary experimental data (Fig. 8).
1,00E-04
During exposure time, a maximum of hydrogen concentra-
CH(max)
CH(stab)
tion achieves in sequence: base metal e heat affected zone e
weld metal (Table 6). The highest value of CH(max) was recorded
1,00E-05 for the heat affected zone and lowest for base metal. The steady-
state value CH(stab) under t ¼ 100 h remains the highest for heat
CH, mol/cm3

affected zone and consequently this component of weld is the

1,00E-06 most sensitive to hydrogenating. Comparison of maximal and
steady-state values of hydrogen concentration in components of
weld is given in Fig. 9. If CH(stab) is considered as some charac-
1,00E-07 teristic value reflected the ability to absorb hydrogen then the
sensitivity to hydrogenating has the following sequence: heat
affected zone e base metal e weld metal.
An analysis of the efficiency of hydrogen permeation in
1,00E-08
metal of weld components was done grounding on the coef-
BM Weld HAZ
ficient k ¼ Qabs/Qev. The dependencies of efficiency coefficient k
Fig. 9 e Histogram for comparison of maximal and steady- on exposure time have the similar view for all components of
state values of hydrogen concentration CH in components weld, namely: after achieving some early maximum kmax there
of weld. is a tendency of monotonic decreasing of this parameter up to
some steady-state value kstab (Fig. 10). The dependencies
CH ¼ f(s) and k ¼ f1(s) are very similar and values of CH(max)
achieve at the time of exposure when k ¼ kmax. It should be

300
0,1 BM 1 HAZ 1 WM HAZ 2 BM 2
k=Q abs /Q ev

250
0,01
Hμ , HV

0,001 BM 200
Weld
HAZ

0,0001
0,1 1 10 100 150
Time of exposure,τ hours 0 5 10 15 20
x, mm
Fig. 10 e Dependencies of the efficiency coefficient of
hydrogen permeation on exposure time for components of Fig. 12 e Variation of the microhardness Hm in the
weld. components of weld.
14362 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 8 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 4 3 5 6 e1 4 3 6 3

Table 7 e Maximal and steady-state valuesa of hydrogen concentration CH versus microhardness Hm and yield stress sY of
weld components.
Component Hm, HV A, Hm/MPa sY, MPa CH(max), mol/cm3 CH(stab), mol/cm3

Base metal (BM) 183.4 0.447 410 1.03$105 3.96$107

Weld metal (WM) 233.2 0.447 522 1.15$105 1.06$107
Heat affected zone (HAZ) 200.5 0.447 448 1.36$105 8.17$107

a under s ¼ 100 h.

noted that the coefficient k is not considered as solely indica-
tive parameter for direct assessment of absorption capacity of
studied weld components. This value rather reflects the dy-
namics of processes at environmentesurface interface, but it
may be useful for forecasting of hydrogenating of welds during
the long time of pipe operation.
With the aim to find the possible correlation between the
ability to absorb hydrogen and mechanical behaviour of the
components of weld, the microhardness Hm measurement
was made along the welded zone (Figs. 11 and 12).
As it can be seen in Fig. 12 the metal of weld (WM) has the
highest value of microhardness and the base metal e the
lowest. Based on received data of measurement the average
values of parameter Hm were determined for each component
of weld. These average values of Hm are given in Table 7.
The received above data may also be presented in terms of
the engineering yield stress sY, because the linear correlation
between parameters Hm and sY is known from literature [21e23]:
Hm zA$sY ;
where A is some empiric constant.
In our case the constant A was calculated from relation (6)
for the base metal inasmuch the value of sY is known. After
that it was conditionally assumed that this value of A is the
same for other components of weld. On this base the
corresponding values of sY were determined for the weld
metal and the heat affected zone (see Table 7).
The maximal and steady-state values of hydrogen con-
centration CH versus yield stress sY of weld components are
presented in Fig. 13. These plots demonstrate non-monotonic
dependence of parameters CH(max) and CH(stab) on the yield
stress sY. Despite on higher value of sY, the heat affected zone
remains the most sensitive component of weld to hydroge-
nating. This fact can be taken into account under diagnostics
of in service pipelines.
As concluding remark it may be pointed out on the
following. This study doesn’t include the fracture conditions or
fracture criteria, which are very important for reliability and
fracture risk assessment of the pipelines for transmission of
hydrogen-contained agents. The most simple and usable
criteria of hydrogen-induced fracture can be presented as
some critical combination of hydrogen concentration CH and
applied stress s, like to: CH$sr ¼ const., where r is some constant
of material e environment system. In literature a number of
(6)
versions of such criteria can be found, including the local
fracture criteria at defects (cracks, notches, discontinuity of
material, etc.). From this point of view presented work can be
considered as some step for development of such criteria,
because the knowledge about the hydrogen concentration in
weld components is very important for this problem.

1,00E-04
4. Conclusions

The ability to absorb electrochemical hydrogen by welded

1,00E-05 pipeline steel API X52 has been studied and the received re-
sults have led to the following conclusions.
CH, mol/cm3

The weldment components of the given steel demonstrate

the sensitivity to hydrogenating in deoxygenated, near-
1,00E-06
neutral pH NS4 solution under cathodic polarisation
Ecath ¼ 1000 mV(SCE) that is close to the situation of freely
corroding system.
1,00E-07 In general, the efficiency of hydrogen permeation metal is
CH(max) relatively low for all components of weld and after achieving
of some early maximum there is the tendency of monotonic
CH(stab)
decreasing of parameter k ¼ QHabs =QHev with exposure time.
1,00E-08 The ability to absorb hydrogen decreases in the following
400 450 500 550 sequence: heat affected zone e base metal e weld. The
σY, MPa sensitivity to hydrogenation is higher for heat affected zone in
comparison with base metal and weld.
Fig. 13 e Maximal and steady-state values of hydrogen Presented study reflects the hydrogenating conditions,
concentration CH versus yield stress sY of weld which simulate of real operating pipelines and therefore the
components. received values of parameters CH(stab) may be used as reference
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 3 8 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 4 3 5 6 e1 4 3 6 3
data for assessment of hydrogenating of weld components
during long-term operation of the considered pipelines.
Acknowledgements
I. Dmytrakh, as invited professor, would like to thank to LaBPS
e École Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Metz for the opportunity to
conduct this research.
references
[1] Yurum, editor. Hydrogen energy systems: production and
utilisation of hydrogen and future aspects. The Netherlands:
Kluwer Academic Publisher; 1995. p. 352.
[2] Mulder G, Hetland J, Lenaers G. Towards a sustainable
hydrogen economy: hydrogen pathways and infrastructure.
Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007;32:1324e31.
[3] NaturalHy Project. http://www.naturalhy.net.
[4] Dey S, Mandhyan AK, Sondhi SK, Chattoraj I. Hydrogen entry
into pipeline steel under freely corroding conditions in two
corroding media. Corros Sci 2006;48:2676e88.
[5] Meng GZ, Zhang C, Cheng YF. Effects of corrosion product
deposit on the subsequent cathodic and anodic reactions of X-70
steel in near-neutral pH solution. Corros Sci 2008;50:3116e22.
[6] Niu L, Cheng YF. Corrosion behavior of X-70 pipe steel in
near-neutral pH solution. Appl Surf Sci 2007;253:8626e31.
[7] Lu BT, Luo JL, Norton PR, Ma HY. Effects of dissolved
hydrogen and elastic and plastic deformation on active
dissolution of pipeline steel in anaerobic groundwater of
near-neutral pH. Acta Mater 2009;57:41e9.
[8] Cheng YF, Niu L. Mechanism for hydrogen evolution reaction
on pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solution. Electrochem
Commun 2007;9:558e62.
[9] Cheng YF. Fundamentals of hydrogen evolution reaction and
its implications on near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking
of pipelines. Electrochim Acta 2007;52:2661e7.
[10] Shipilov SA, May IL. Structural integrity of aging buried pipelines
having cathodic protection. Eng Fail Anal 2006;13:1159e76.
14363
[11] Somerday Brian, Sofronis Petros, Jones Russell, editors.
Effects of hydrogen on materials. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM
International; 2009. p. 766. Printed in the USA.
[12] Olden V, Alvaro A, Akselsen OM. Hydrogen diffusion and
hydrogen influenced critical stress intensity in an API X70
pipeline steel welded joint e experiments and FE
simulations. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012;37:11474e86.
[13] Chatzidouros EV, Papazoglou VJ, Tsiourva TE, Pantelis DI.
Hydrogen effect on fracture toughness of pipeline
steelwelds, with in situ hydrogen charging. Int J Hydrogen
Energy 2011;36:12626e43.
[14] Koenig K, Lasseigne AN, Cisler JW, Mishra B, King RH,
Olson DL. Non-contact, nondestructive hydrogen and
microstructural assessment of steel welds. Int J Press Vessel
Pip 2010;87:605e10.
[15] Briottet L, Batisse R, de Dinechin G, Langlois P, Thiers L.
Recommendations on X80 steel for the design of hydrogen
gas transmission pipelines. Int J Hydrogen Energy
2012;37:9423e30.
[16] Briottet L, Moro I, Lemoine P. Quantifying the hydrogen
embrittlement of pipeline steels for safety considerations.
Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012;37:17616e23.
[17] Capelle J, Gilgert J, Dmytrakh I, Pluvinage G. Sensitivity of
pipelines with steel API X52 to hydrogen embrittlement. Int J
Hydrogen Energy 2008;33:7630e41.
[18] Capelle J, Dmytrakh I, Pluvinage G. Comparative assessment
of electrochemical hydrogen absorption by pipeline steels
with different strength. Corros Sci 2010;52:1554e9.
[19] Potentiostat VMP, manual. Princeton Applied Research; 2004.
[20] Yan M, Weng Y. Study on hydrogen absorption of
pipeline steel under cathodic charging. Corros Sci
2006;48:432e44.
[21] Cahoon JR, Broughton WH, Kutzak AR. The determination of
yield strength from hardness measurements. Metall Trans
1971;2:1979e83.
[22] Busby JT, Hash MC, Was GS. The relationship between
hardness and yield stress in irradiated austenitic and ferritic
steels. J Nucl Mater 2005;336:267e78.
[23] Gusev MN, Maksimkin OP, Tivanova OV, Silnaygina NS,
Garner FA. Correlation of yield stress and microhardness in
08Cr16Ni11Mo3 stainless steel irradiated to high dose in the
BN-350 fast reactor. J Nucl Mater 2006;359:258e62.