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Contents
1. Introduction
2. ASME V&V 20 Validation Metrics
3. Multivariate Metric
4. Examples
5. Conclusions
1. Introduction
• Validation exercises of mathematical models
solved by CFD are often performed for
functional quantitions as for example force
coefficients or local quantities
• For such cases, ASME V&V 20 proposed a
Validation procedure that estimates an interval
that contains the modelling error 95 out of 100
times
1. Introduction
• There are several cases where modelling errors
are evaluated at multiple set points, as for
example lift coefficient of an airfoil for a range of
angles of attack, airfoil surface pressure
distribution or velocity field in the wake of a ship
• For such cases, ASME V&V 20 is proposing
a “Multivariate Metric” using results from
Multiple Validation Set Points
1. Introduction
• This presentation includes several examples of
application of the Multivariate Metric
- Flow over a flat plate
- Flow around the NACA 0012 airfoil
- Flow around the Eppler 387 airfoil
- Flow around a circular cylinder
- Flow around the KVLCC2 tanker
UD Experimental uncertainty
U num Numerical uncertainty
U input Parameter uncertainty
3. Multivariate Metric
T −1
• Vector of weighted differences r = r Vval r
based on the vector of differences at
n set points
S1 − D1
r=
Sn − Dn
and covariance matrix
Vval = VD + Vinput + Vnum
3. Multivariate Metric
• Covariance matrix depends on numerical
uncertainties U num
2
0 ... 0
1
Vnum = 0 ...U numi ...0
2
0 ...
2
U numn U D21 0 ... 0
experimental uncertainties VD = 0 ...U Di ...0
2
2
0 ... U Dn
3. Multivariate Metric
• If the uncertainties in the n estimated δ model are
represented by normal distributions, the
2
expected value of r is obtained from a χ
distribution that leads to a reference value
given by rref = n + 2n
• If r / rref > 1 , the modelling errors are in general
larger than the validation uncertainty
• Otherwise, modelling errors are globally within
the Validation uncertainty
May 16 - 20, 2016
May 16 - 20, 2016
0.1
0 0 0.5 1
x/L
• Calculations converged to maximum normalized
residual of all transport equations below 10-7
4
3
2
1
0 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10
Rex
W98
100
E(Cf / (C
50
4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10
Rex
60
r/rreef
40
20
0
Wieghardt T3AM T3A T3B
-10
-20 5 6 7
10 10 10
Rex
3
3
xti1
Cf×10
Cf×10
Cf×10
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
LCTM W98T W06T
1 1 1
0 0 0
104 105 106 107 104 105 106 107 104 105 106 107
Rex Rex Rex
8 T3AM, I=0.874% 8 T3AM, I=0.874% 8 T3AM, I=0.874%
T3A, I=3.3% T3A, I=3.3% T3A, I=3.3%
7 T3B, I=6.5% 7 T3B, I=6.5% 7 T3B, I=6.5%
νti= 0.1ν νti= ν νti= 10ν νti= 100ν νti= 0.1ν νti= ν νti= 10ν νti= 100ν νti= 0.1ν νti= ν νti= 10ν νti= 100ν
6 6 6
5 5 5
3
3
xti 2
Cf×10
Cf×10
Cf×10
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
LCTM W98T W06T
1 1 1
0 0 0
104 105 106 107 104 105 106 107 104 105 106 107
Rex Rex Rex
xti 3 5 5 5
3
3
Cf×10
Cf×10
Cf×10
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
LCTM W98T W06T
1 1 1
0 0 0
104 105 106 107 104 105 106 107 104 105 106 107
Rex Rex Rex
60
r/rreef
40
20
0
T3AM T3A T3B
4
3
2
1
0 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10
Rex
100
E(Cf / (C
50
4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10
Rex
10
5 Streamwise
Everything derivatives
y/c
specified 0 equal to
except zero
pressure -5
-10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
x/c
Free Slip
• Calculations converged
to maximum normalized
residual of all transport
equations (including
transition model LCTM variables) below 5×10-6
11
CD×100
10
9
8
7
6
0 2 4o 6 8
α
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4o 6 8
α
0.2
-0.2
7 SST+LCTM
W98T
W06T
6
5
r/rreef
0
CD CL α = 0o α = 2o α = 4 o α = 6 o α = 8o
5 Streamwise
Everything derivatives
y/c
specified 0 equal to
except zero
pressure -5
-10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
x/c
Free Slip
• Calculations converged
to maximum normalized
residual of all transport
equations (including
transition model LCTM variables) below 5×10-6
12
10
6
-2 0 2 o 4 6 8
α
0.8
CL
0.6 Exp
Exp
SST+LCTM
0.4
W98T
W06T
0.2
0
-2 0 2 o 4 6 8
α
-0.5
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/c
-0.5
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/c
α = 2o
r/rreef
20 α = 4o
α = 7o
0
CD C L α = −1o α = 1o α = 3o α = 6o
Everything Streamwise
specified derivatives
except equal to
pressure zero
Free Slip
• Calculations converged
to maximum normalized
residual of all transport
equations at each time
step below 10-6
3
2× 1058.5 × 105
2
1 3.6 ×10 6
0
(CD )avg C p Cp Cp Cp Cf Cf Cf Cf
Everything
specified
except
pressure
Everything
specified
except
pressure
Free Slip
4. Conclusions
• The multivariate metric proposed by the ASME
V&V 20 is a useful tool to assess the modelling
accuracy of multiple set points
• It has a direct application in the comparison of
the modelling accuracy of different turbulence
models
• It should be “handled with care”, i.e. as for the
V&V 20 2009 procedure, it must be analysed
taking into account the level of Validation
uncertainty
May 16 - 20, 2016