Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cement, Concrete,
and Sustainability
5 – Alkali-activated binders
(including geopolymers)
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SiO2
High strength FA
Medium strength FA
Low strength FA
BFS
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cost
strength
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• The other main class of activator is alkali metal silicates (‘water glass’).
Water glass is so-called because it is a glass which is soluble in water. It is
manufactured with a range of “silica modulus” (S/N) values, typically >1.5.
But lower values (≈1.0-1.5) are often considered better for alkali-activator
solutions. These can be made easily by mixing NaOH and water glass.
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A glass-making furnace
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Water glass
solution
viscosity as a
function of N:S
mass ratio and
concentration
at 20°C
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Viscosities of
sodium
silicate
solutions at
20°C as a
function of
N:S mass ratio
at constant
solids content.
Viscosities of
selected
sodium
silicate
solutions as a
function of
temperature
(data from
PQ Corp.)
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Qualitative
interpretation
of Silicate
Anion Structure
Equilibria
Source:
G. Engelhardt,
et al., "Z.Anorg,
Allg, Chem.,"
4188, 17-28
(1975)
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