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68 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
TABLE 17.13 Important Dimensionless Groups for Internal Flow Forced Convection Heat Transfer
and Flow Friction Useful in Heat Exchanger Design
T,w
Fanning friction '--~
f = ~t"PVZ/2gc The ratio of wall shear (skin frictional) stress to the flow kinetic
factor energy per unit volume; commonly used in heat transfer literature
f = A p * rh _ Ap rh
L (pVZ/2gc) L
rh
Apparent Fanning fapp = Ap* -- Includes the effects of skin friction and the change in the momen-
friction factor L tum rates in the entrance region (developing flows)
L
Incremental K(x)=(f~pp-~d) r--~ Represents the excess dimensionless pressure drop in the
pressure drop entrance region over that for fully developed flow
number K(oo) = constant for x --)
Darcy friction fo = 4f = Ap , Dh Four times the Fanning friction factor; commonly used in fluid
factor
L
mechanics literature
Ap
Euler number Eu -- ~ p * - - ~ The pressure drop normalized with respect to the dynamic veloc-
(pVZ/2gc)
ity head
X
Dimensionless X+ _ The ratio of the dimensionless axial distance (X/Dh) to the
axial distance Dh Re Reynolds number; useful in the hydrodynamic entrance region
for the fluid
flow problem
h q"Dh
Nusselt number Nu- The ratio of the convective conductance h to the pure molecular
k/Dh k(Tw- Tin)
thermal conductance k/Dh
h
Stanton number St- The ratio of convection heat transfer (per unit duct surface area)
Gcp
to amount virtually transferable (per unit of flow cross-sectional
Nu Nu area); no dependence upon any geometric characteristic dimen-
St sion
Pe Re Pr
Colburn factor j = St Pr 2/3= (Nu pr-1/3)/Re A modified Stanton number to take into account the moderate
variations in the Prandtl number for 0.5 ~< Pr ~< 10.0 in turbulent
flow
v gcp
Prandtl number Pr- - A fluid property modulus representing the ratio of momentum
o~ k
diffusivity to thermal diffusivity of the fluid
P6clet number Pe = pcpVDh= VDh.= Re Pr Proportional to the ratio of thermal energy convected to the fluid
k tx
to thermal energy conducted axially within the fluid; the inverse
of Pe indicates relative importance of fluid axial heat conduction
X X
Dimensionless X*- - ~ Useful in describing the thermal entrance region heat transfer
axial distance
Dh Pe Dh Re Pr results
for the heat
transfer problem
Gz-rhcp-PeP- P 1
Graetz number Conventionally used in the chemical engineering literature related
kL 4L 4Dh X* to x* as shown when the flow length in Gz is treated as a length
Gz = n/(4x*) for a circular tube variable