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APPLICATION OF NON-LINEAR OPTIMIZATION

METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF PRONY
SERIES PARAMET....

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 APPLICATION OF NON-LINEAR OPTIMIZATION METHODS
FOR DETERMINATION OF PRONY SERIES PARAMETERS OF
VISCO-ELASTIC MATERIALS

Marcin GAJEWSKI, Stanisław JEMIOŁO

Road and Bridge Research Institute, Pavement Technology Division
Jagiellońska Str. 80, 03-301 Warsaw, phone: 048 22 6756157,
e-mail: mgajewski@ibdim.edu.pl, s.jemiolo@il.pw.edu.pl

Abstract. The linear visco-elastic constitutive relationships with the Prony series ex-
pansion of relaxation function are used. We propose a non-linear optimization proce-
dure for determination of material parameters. For obtained parameters a good agree-
ment of experimental data with model predictions is shown.

1. INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of material parameters for constitutive models of linear visco-
elasticity is a key point also for application of FEM software, cf. [4]. One of the well
known and commonly applied model of visco-elasticity is based on Prony series expan-
sion of relaxation function in integral form of the constitutive relationship. In ABAQUS
Standard program [1,2], some automatic optimization procedure is implemented for
determination of Prony series parameters for given experimental data in frequency do-
main, but in some cases it is impossible to obtain reasonable results, cf. section 4. Then
we propose an optimization procedure for evaluation of material parameters from stand-
ard experimental test (four point bending beam) in which complex stiffness modulus as a
function of frequency is determined. The standard frequency range of experimental data
will be extended using Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) analogy between frequency and
temperature [3].

2. INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA

2.1 Application of WLF formula for master-curve preparation
Usually, from standard experiment on four point bending beam setup one can obtain
data for complex Young modulus ( E * ) as a function of frequency. Here we use typical
results for some standard asphalt-mix material. The real ( ER ) and imaginary ( EU ) part
of Young modulus (or Young modulus norm E * and shift angle  ) are given for six
frequencies (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 [Hz]) and seven temperatures (-15, -6.5, 2.8, 12.4,
21.8, 30.9, 40.4 [ o C ]).
 Since six points for one given temperature it is not enough to calibrate any sophisti-
cated constitutive visco-elastic model, so standard procedure is to apply the time-
temperature equivalency rule, e.g. Williams-Landel-Ferry equation
C1 T  TR 
f T   log  aT   (1)
C2  T  TR

where: aT - shift (translation) factor (cf. interpretation in fig.1),

TR - reference temperature,
C1 , C2 - material constants.
For considered asphalt mix the function (1) is presented in fig.1 with the following pa-
rameters: TR =21.8[ o C ], C1 =30.2763, C2 =245.4[ o C ].

Fig.1. Schematic presentation of master curve with application of WLF formula

The shift factor is a scaling ratio for the frequency f i and:

 
E* Ti , fi   E * T j , f j  aT Ti , T j   fi . (2)

 
Analogical equation is assumed for the shift angle (  Ti , fi    T j , aT Ti , T j   fi ).
It is worth emphasizing that application of WLF formula is used in this paper for
widening of the experimental data range (for TR ) to the frequency range from
0.00022321[Hz] to 2330671.03 [Hz].
2.2 Presentation of experimental data
After application of WLF formula we have obtained data presented in fig. 2 and 3.

Fig.2. The norm of the complex modulus (in [MPa]) and the shift angle (in degrees) as
a function of frequency in the reference temperature TR =21.8[ o C ]

Fig.3. The real and imaginary parts of the complex modulus (in [MPa]) as a function of
the frequency in the reference temperature TR =21.8[ o C ]

It is worth to notice that the measurements results for shift angle in temperature
40.4[ o C ] indicate that some phase transition might occur in tested material. This charac-
teristic feature can’t be recognized in different graphs, i.e. norm of the modulus, real and
imaginary part of modulus as a function of frequency presented in fig.2 and 3.

3. CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR VISCO-ELASTIC MATERIALS

The general form of constitutive relationships for linear visco-elastic solid materials
can be written in the following integral form:
 t
e   t   trε    
σ t   2  G t   d    K  t    d  I , (3)
0
  0  

where: σ - the stress tensor,

ε , e - the strain tensor and it’s deviatoric part,
I - the identity second order tensor.
The G  t  and K  t  are relaxation functions respectively for deviatoric and volumetric
part of (3). The relaxation functions in (3) can be completely independent but a common
simplification is to assume that Poisson ratio  is constant, then:

E t  E (t )
G t   , K t   . (4)
2 1   3(1  2 )

The function E  t  can be expressed as E  t   E0 e  t  , where Eo is the instantaneous

Young modulus and e  0   1 , e     E / E0 ( E has an interpretation of the long
term Young modulus). The function e  t  is assumed as the following series expansion
(called “Prony series”):
N   t 
e  t   1   en 1  exp     , (5)

n 1   n 

where en  0 and  n  0 ( n  1, , N ). For such constitutive relationship real and

imaginary parts of the complex modulus ( E    ER    iEU   ) are as follows:

 N
 N
e  2 2 N
en n
ER    E0 1   en   E0  n n2 2 , EU    E0  . (6)
n 1 1   n  n 1 1   n 
2 2
 n 1 

4. DETERMINATION OF PRONY SERIES PARAMETERS USING NON-

LINEAR OPTIMIZATION METHODS
The key issue for the constitutive model presented is the evaluation of parameters
E0 , E , e1 , , eN ,1 ,..., N  . The problem is that using the automatic optimization pro-
cedure implemented e.g. in ABAQUS software it is sometimes impossible to obtain
reasonable results for sought parameters. For example for data given in section 2 we
couldn’t get a proper set of parameters for N  1,...,12 . The best set of parameters al-
lows plotting the dashed line showed in fig. 4a. Then we propose the following optimiza-
tion technique:

Optimization algorithm
i) Evaluate: Eo , E and  1 for N=1 , to have Young modulus limiting values and some
relaxation time laying in the relaxation time spectrum.
iia) Propose an approximate function for the relaxation time spectrum, e.g.  n    n .
Then for the given experimental data ( M  N ) for imaginary part of Young complex
 
modulus EˆU 1  ,  , Eˆ U M   evaluate material parameters by any non-linear
optimization method with minimizing the error function :


 2   EU 1   EˆU 1   

2
  

  EU M   EˆU M  
2


.
  (7)

 Results: sets of parameters E0 , e1 , , eN ,1 ,..., N  (the problem is non-convex), or

alternatively
iib) For the given experimental data ( M  N ) for  Eˆ    , , Eˆ    evalu-
*
1
*
M

ate material parameters by minimizing the error function



 2   E* 1   Eˆ * 1     
  E * M   Eˆ * M    
2 2

   . (8)
 Results: sets of parameters E0 , e1 , , eN ,1 ,..., N  (the problem is non-convex).
1 ,  N  from iia) or iib) step. Then for the given experimental data
iii) Take
( M  N ) Eˆ R 1 ,0  , EˆU  0, 1  , , Eˆ R M ,0  , EˆU  0, M  evaluate material pa-
rameters by linear optimization with minimizing the error function

  
 2  ,     ER 1 , 0   Eˆ R 1 , 0   EU  0, 1   EˆU  0, 1   

2 2
   (9)
 Results: the set of parameters E0 , e1 , , eN  (the problem is convex).
iv) Check the relaxation function and creep function for obtained material parameters to
be sure that these functions are correct and applicable from the numerical point of view.
v) If the result is unacceptable one ought to go to the step iia) or iib) and follow the
procedure.

4. CONCLUSIONS
For parameters obtained from proposed optimization algorithm a good correspond-
ence of model predictions and experimental data is observed. This correspondence is
significantly better then for parameters obtained from automatic optimization procedure
implemented in ABAQUS. In fig.4a a Cole-Cole diagram is shown for three cases of
Prony series model predictions: ABAQUS automatic optimization with N=12, proposed
optimization procedure with N=12 and N=19. One can observe that only predictions
using parameters from ABAQUS optimization reproduce experimental data very poorly
while the other two show very low value of error function and negligible differences
between each other and experimental data.
It is worth to notice that one of the most important things, after obtaining the param-
eters of Prony series, is to check the numerical correctness of the relaxation function
since this function is base for the application of constitutive relationship in FEM code,
cf. [1,2]. It is required also to find creep function using Laplace transform. Both re-
quirements were checked giving positive results. Thus obtained parameter can be used in
any FEM package without any limitations.
 a) b)

tu jest omega

Fig.4. a) Cole-Cole diagram, b) Real and imaginary part of Young modulus (in [MPa])
as a function of frequency (  ) in temperature TR =21.8[ o C ]- experimental data
and model predictions

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to express their gratitude for the support of the Polish Ministry of
Science and Higher Education under the scientific research – grant No. N506 0974 33.

6. REFERENCES
[1] ABAQUS Theory manual, Version 6.1., Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Inc., Paw-
tucket, 2000.
[2] ABAQUS/Standard User’s manual, Version 6.1., Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen,
Inc., Pawtucket, 2000.
[3] Chailleux E., Ramond G., Such Ch., de La Roche Ch.: A mathematical-based master-
curve construction method applied to complex modulus of bitominous materials,
Road Materials and Pavement Design, pp. 75-92, EATA 2006.
[4] Jemioło S., Gajewski M.: Modele konstytutywne do opisu zachowania się asfaltów i
mas mineralno-asfaltowych w drogowo-lotniskowych nawierzchniach komu-
nikacyjnych. Theoretical Foundations of Civil Engineering, Polish-Ukrainian Trans-
actions, W. Szcześniak (ed.), Warszawa, Oficyna Wydawnicza PW 2002.

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