This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TEC.2017.2712741, IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion
Combined Reactive Power Injection Modulation
and Grid Current Distortion Improvement
Approach for H6 Transformer-less Photovoltaic
Inverter
Bin Liu, Mei Su, Jian Yang, Member, IEEE, Dongran Song, Deqiang He and Shaojian Song

Abstract—In this paper, a combined reactive power modulation
and grid current distortion improvement approach is proposed
for an H6 transformer-less full-bridge single-phase photovoltaic
(PV) grid-connected inverter. H6 transformer-less inverters with
traditional modulation and control strategies may not satisfy the
requirement of reactive power compensation or may result in
more severe zero-crossing current distortion. Therefore, contrary
to the traditional modulation, a novel reactive power injection
space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is proposed,
which consists of two operation stages—inverter modulation and
reactive power modulation. The implementation of SVPWM for
reactive power modulation using a digital signal processor (DSP)
is also investigated. Furthermore, to suppress the current
zero-crossing distortion in the reactive power injection mode, a
global sliding mode function based on the
proportion-integration-resonance (PIR) current controller is
designed, and the control law of the global sliding mode is derived.
Using the segment modulation and grid current distortion
improvement approach, the function of reactive current injection
is implemented in commercial PV inverters, and the total
harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current is decreased
significantly by more than 5% in the low power segment, under
the operating conditions of a lagging or leading power factor (PF)
of 0.95. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach
are verified through simulation and experiment using a 5 kVA
prototype.
Index Terms—H6 topology PV inverter, reactive power
injection, zero-crossing distortion, global sliding mode control.
1
Manuscript received September 13, 2016; revised February 28, 2017;
accepted May 29, 2017. This work was supported in part by the Program for
New Century Excellent Talents in University under NCET-13-0599, in part by
the Innovation-driven Plan in Central South University under Grant
2016CXS004, and in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi
Province under Grant 2016GXNSFBA380241. Corresponding Author: Jian
Yang. Paper no.TEC-00784-2016.
Bin Liu, Mei Su, Jian Yang, and Dongran Song are with the the School of
Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha
410083, China (e-mail: bingo.liu@csu.edu.cn; sumeicsu@mail.csu.edu.cn;
jian.yang@csu.edu.cn; humble_szy@163.com).
Deqiang He is with the School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi
University, Nanning 530004, China (e-mail:hdqianglqy@126.com).
Shaojian Song is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi
University, Nanning 530004, China (e-mail:57095158@qq.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
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I.INTRODUCTION
O
wing to the depletion of fossil fuels, distributed generation,
and local use, the photovoltaic (PV) power generation
system has become the most promising renewable energy
source [1]–[2]. In residential applications of the single-phase
distributed PV power generation system, a single-phase
grid-connected inverter is used as the interface between the
photovoltaic arrays and the single-phase utility grid. In recent
years, owing to their low cost, high power density, high
performance, and super high efficiency, single-phase inverters
with H6 transformer-less full-bridge topology have been
widely used in single-phase grids.
Most traditional single-phase PV transformer-less
grid-connected inverters can only operate with a power factor
(PF) of unity. The increased penetration of PV systems in
residential single-phase grids has attracted increasing attention
to power quality and reliability. Single-phase PV inverters
should be able to conduct voltage regulation through a reactive
power control (injecting or absorbing reactive power) acting as
the static grid support [3]–[4]. Therefore, some countries have
updated their grid-connected PV standards to include the
function of regulating reactive power, such as the German
standard VDEAR-N4105. According to the new standards,
when the power level is between 3.68 kVA and 13.8 kVA, the
commended PF of a grid-connected inverter is from 0.95
leading to 0.95 lagging; further, reactive power should be
provided to the utility grid, and its power quality should be
improved.
H6-type topology (H4 full-bridge with ac bypass topology),
was proposed to eliminate the leakage current that exists in the
transformer inverters [5]. During the freewheeling period of H6
inverter, its dc-side was isolated from the ac-side [6–7]. By
using the traditional modulation and control methods, the
ac-side of the H6 inverter was isolated from the dc-side after the
zero-crossing of the grid voltage. Therefore, the H6 inverter can
only work under a PF of unity in the grid-connected mode [8–
9]. Thus, enabling the H6 inverter to inject or absorb reactive
power from the grid, while maintaining a low leakage current,
is of utmost importance.
Contrary to the single-phase H4 full bridge topology with a
PF of unity, the zero-crossing points of the H6 inverter output
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voltage and grid current no longer overlap when the H6 inverter The common-mode (CM) ground leakage current is caused by
operates at a non-unity PF. Hence, the grid current waveform the existence of a parasitic capacitor (Cp) between the PV
distortion becomes more significant. In order to solve the panels and earth. Since the PV arrays, parasitic capacitor Cp,
problem of grid current distortion at zero-crossing related to and grid form a ground leakage current transmission path, as
nonlinear modulation, the study in [10] introduced a repetitive illustrated in Fig. 1 by the dotted line, when the CM voltage
control in the inner current-loop control. Consequently, the varies, the ground leakage current ileak appears. The leakage
current distortion in the dual-buck PV inverter was alleviated. current ileak decreases the efficiency of the PV inverter, reduces
Based on the characteristic that the rate of current variation of the grid current quality, and induces severe conducted and
bipolar modulation is larger than that of unipolar modulation, radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI); moreover, it is a
the studies in [11–13] reduced the current zero-crossing major safety concern according to many standards [21]. Thus,
distortion by using a combined unipolar and bipolar pulse width in order to suppress the leakage current ileak of the PV inverter,
modulation (PWM). Recently, as a nonlinear control method, two additional unidirectional freewheeling paths are embedded
the sliding mode variable structure control strategy has been in the bridge arms of the H6 inverter, to separate the PV arrays
widely applied to the control of power electronic devices. Some from the grid during the freewheeling stage.
favorable results have been obtained, such as ideal control A B
effects, good dynamic response, strong robustness, and good
regulation properties over a wide range of operating conditions S1 S3 L1 ig
[14–15]. In [16], the sliding mode control was used to improve PV a
 
the dynamic performance of a dc-coupled distributed power
Array D1 ug
U dc b 
generation system. Many sliding mode control methods for  S5 S6 L2 Utility
Grid
inverters have been proposed [17]–[20]. D2
The H6 inverter bridge arm outputs voltage by modulating
DC bus voltage. Similarly, electromotive force can be S2 S4

generated by modulating the residual current in the ac n

additional freewheeling path. Based on this principle, this paper Cp ileak
proposes a novel modulation technique with low leakage
current for reactive power injection, and its space vector PWM Fig. 1. Topology of the H6-type single-phase PV inverter
(SVPWM) realization. The proposed PWM modulation
technique for the H6 inverter is composed of two
stages—inverter modulation and reactive power modulation. ug
Furthermore, when the H6 inverter outputs reactive power, the
mechanism for grid current distortion of the H6 inverter in the ig
vicinity of voltage zero-crossings and current zero-crossing is
analyzed. It is well known that the sliding mode controller can
track a predetermined trajectory. Therefore, by constructing a
proportional-integral-resonance (PIR) global sliding surface
with a sliding trajectory, the dc component of the grid current is
suppressed, smooth two-stage modulation switching is
achieved, and grid current distortion can be reduced uref
significantly.
This paper is organized as follows. The operating principle
of the proposed modulation technique and its SVPWM
implementation are introduced in Section II. The reason for
grid current waveform distortion of H6 inverter is analyzed in u gs 5
Section III. Followed by Section IV, the control strategies for
grid current waveform quality improvement are proposed. u gs1 , u gs 4
Finally, experimental results measured from a H6 inverter are
presented in Section V, and the conclusions are drawn in u gs 6
Section VI.
u gs 2 , u gs 3
II. REACTIVE POWER INJECTION MODULATION FOR H6
INVERTER BASED ON SVPWM Fig. 2. Schematic of the gate drive signals for the H6 inverter with unity PF
A. H6 Inverter Topology and Traditional Modulation
The traditional modulation scheme for the H6 inverter with a
The topology of an H6 inverter is shown in Fig. 1. S1–S6 are
PF of unity is shown in Fig. 2, where ug is the voltage of the
the power switches; D1 and D2 are the freewheeling diodes; L1
utility grid, ig is the grid current, uref is the modulation reference,
and L2 are the filter inductors at the ac-side; Udc is the dc voltage.
and ugs1–ugs6 represent the gate drive signals of switches S1–S6,

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respectively. Under the traditional modulation scheme, the ug

principle of elimination of leakage current ileak in the H6
inverter was stated in [22]. Moreover, to improve the inverter
efficiency, S1–S4 are chosen to be metal-oxide-semiconductor
ig
field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and they operate at high
frequency; whereas, S5 and S6, which are insulated-gate bipolar
transistors (IGBTs) commutated at twice the grid frequency,
form the freewheeling path with additional diodes D1 and D2.
uref
B. Principle and Implementation of SVPWM for H6 Inverter
Reactive Power Injection Operation
If the H6 inverter operates in the freewheeling stages, while
power switchers S1–S4 are turned off, the PV arrays and the grid
are separated. By modulating the IGBTs S5 or S6 to change the
freewheeling current according to the leading or lagging
reference grid current, reactive power output is achieved while u gs 5
maintaining low leakage current in the H6 inverter.
Accordingly, the modulation reference wave can be divided u gs1 , u gs 4
into four sectors according to the direction of grid voltage and
grid current, as shown in Table I. u gs 6
In Sectors II and IV (positive power regions), the grid current
is in the same direction as the grid voltage; hence, the u gs 2 , u gs 3
conventional modulation can be used. When the H6 inverter
modulates the positive reference wave (Sector II), S1 and S4 are
modulated at high frequency, and S6 maintains the conduction.
When the inverter modulates the negative reference wave
(Sector IV), S2 and S3 are modulated at high frequency, and S5 Fig. 3. Schematic of gate drive signals for the H6 inverter when grid current
lags grid voltage
maintains the conduction. Further, in these sectors, the inverter
outputs active power, hence, Sectors II and IV are regarded as
and L2, during on/off of the freewheeling circuit, and its
the inverter modulation stage.
deviation from the grid voltage is
TABLE I di
TABLE OF MODULATION SECTOR uab  ug = L g . (1)
dt
Current direction
Voltage direction In equation (1), L is the total inductance, i.e., L = L1 + L2. Owing
Positive Negative to the existence of the anti-parallel diode in MOSFET S1, the
II I highest value of counter-electromotive force uab is clamped to
Positive
(inverter modulation) (reactive power modulation) Udc, and since S6 is turned on, uab=0. Similarly, in Sector III,
III IV when S5 is turned on, uab=0, and since S5 is turned off, uab=−Udc.
Negative Therefore, in Sectors I and III, the output voltage uab of the
(reactive power modulation) (inverter modulation)
bridge arms of the H6 inverter commutates between 0 and ±Udc.
It can also be regarded as being generated by modulating the dc
Correspondingly, in Sectors I and III (negative power
bus voltage Udc. The relation between the timing of the switches
regions), the grid current in in the opposite direction to the
and the output voltage uab in Sectors II and IV is contrary to the
voltage, the inverter outputs reactive power, and these sectors
relation between them in Sectors I and III. Correspondingly, in
are regarded as the reactive power modulation stage, while S5
Sectors II and IV, when S1 and S4 conduct (or S2 and S3
and S6 are modulated at high frequency and S1–S4 are turned
conduct), the output voltage uab of the bridge arms of the H6
off.
inverter is Udc (or −Udc); when S1 and S4 are turned off (or S2
Assuming that the grid current lags voltage by a phase angle
and S3 are turned off), uab=0. At any time in Sectors I and III,
φ, the modulation scheme of reactive power injection is shown
S1–S4 are turned off, the grid current ig varies with time
in Fig. 3. Moreover, the modulation technique in case the grid
following a sinusoidal law. It is assumed that the grid voltage
current leads voltage can be obtained using the same principle.
and current are defined as ug=Ugsinωt and ig=Igsin(ωt−φ),
In Sector I, the grid voltage is positive, reference grid current is
respectively, where Ig is the amplitude of current and ω is the
negative, S1–S4 are turned off, and the driving signal of the
grid angular frequency. In this situation, the
freewheeling switch S5 is a high frequency pulse generated by
counter-electromotive force uab can be regarded as being
comparing the reference wave with the modulation wave. In
generated by the modulation of this freewheeling current, and
this mode, the output voltage uab of the H6 inverter is the
equation (1) yields
counter-electromotive force generated by the grid ig through L1

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dig Sector II, for example, Fig. 4 shows the implementation of the
uab  ug = L =L  I g sin t      LI g cos t    . SVPWM. Table III describes the relations among TA, TB, sector
dt
number, and the reference waves X and Y.
(2)
Assuming that da, db, and d6 are the duty cycles of the bridge
arms A, B, and S6, respectively, uab in Sector III can be
expressed as
uab = uan  ubn  d aU dc  d bU dc  d 6U dc . (3)
Combining equations (2) and (3) yields d6 at steady state:
LI g cos t     ug
d6  . (4)
U dc
As for digital signal processor (DSP) implementation of
reactive power injection modulation, similar to the three-phase
SVPWM modulation technique, the related strategy is
implemented in the reactive power modulation of the H6
Fig. 4. Implementation of SVPWM in Sector II
inverter. First, the location of the reference vector should be
defined. Therefore, according to the directions of the grid TABLE III
voltage ug and the reference grid current iref, sectors can be DEFINING TA ,TB BY X, Y, AND Q
identified in accordance with the following rules: Switching Sector
IF ug >0 THEN M=1 ELSE M=0; point I II III IV
IF iref >0 THEN N=1 ELSE N=0.
TA TC X TC TC
where M and N are the sector identification variable symbols.
Considering Q = 2 M + N, the correspondence relations TB TC TC TC X
between Q and the sectors are shown in Table II. T5 Y TC TC 0
T6 TC 0 Y TC
TABLE II
CORRESPONDENCE RELATIONS BETWEEN Q AND SECTOR
Q 0 1 2 3 C. Low Leakage Current Characteristics in Reactive Power
Sector IV III I II Injection Mode
According to the analysis in [5, 9], in a transformer-less PV
Further, X is defined as inverter system, the leakage current is essentially the CM
current. Besides the parasitic capacitor Cp of the PV arrays, the
uref kLI g sin t   
X m = , (5) factor deciding the value of the leakage current is the variation
U dc U dc rate of the output CM voltage ucm. The leakage current can be
where uref is the modulating output reference voltage, m (m ≤ 1) expressed as
is the modulation ratio, and k is a proportion factor (a ducm
normalized factor) that is a function of the modulation ratio, ileak = Cp . (7)
reference voltage and reference current. dt
Notably, under reactive power modulation, if the switches S5 Hence, by selecting the appropriate modulation sequence and
and S6 are turned on, the output voltage uab = 0. Using equation maintaining the output CM voltage ucm of the H6 inverter
(1), the variation rate of the grid current is in the opposite constant, low leakage current characteristics of the system can
direction to the grid voltage. Further, if S5 and S6 are turned off, be ensured.
the output voltage of the bridge arms is −Udc (or Udc). When the H6 inverter is modulated by the sequence shown in
Simultaneously, the variation rate of the corresponding output Fig. 3, the output of the bridge uab has the feature of unipolar
grid current is in the same direction as the grid voltage. modulation. In Sector II, modulating by +1 and 0, the output uab
When the H6 inverter operates in the reactive power is Udc and 0, respectively. In Sector IV, modulating by −1 and 0,
modulation mode, the variation law of the grid current, which is the output uab is −Udc and 0, respectively. In these two sectors,
caused by the switches S5 and S6 being turned on and off, is the CM voltage ucm retains half of the dc-side voltage Udc, i.e.,
different from that caused by the switches S1–S4 being turned ucm=0.5Udc. It can be inferred from equation (7) that the leakage
on and off. Therefore, by using the same modulation wave and current of the H6 inverter is very small [22].
setting X as the reference wave of S1–S4, the reference wave of Fig. 5 shows the detailed operating principle of Sector III,
S5 and S6 is defined as when the H6 inverter outputs lagging reactive power. As shown
in Fig. 5(a), the H6 inverter operates in the inverter modulation
Y =1 X . (6)
stage of outputting lagging reactive power, and the current
Further, Tc represents the digital control cycle count value; TA
flows through the path L1GridL2S6D2 L1. Owing to
and TB represent the switching points of the single-phase bridge
the voltage balancing effect of the junction capacitor
arms A and B, respectively; T5 and T6 represent the switching
of switches, uan = ubn = 0.5Udc, and the CM voltage ucm is
points of the freewheeling switches S5 and S6, respectively. In

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III. ANALYSIS OF CURRENT WAVEFORM DISTORTION FOR

 uan  ubn    U dc  U dc   U dc .
1 1 1 1 1
ucm = (8) H6 IN REACTIVE POWER INJECTION MODE
2 22 2  2
The H6 inverter with unity PF modulation has high grid
current waveform quality, even if the inductance value of the
grid-side filter is considered to be small [23]. However, when
the H6 inverter operates in the reactive power injection mode,
L1 ig
the zero-crossing points of the output voltage and grid current
  appear at different moments; hence, a phase difference exists
ug
U dc  between them. Furthermore, near these two zero-crossing
 L2 points, the waveform of the grid current is distorted, resulting in
a larger total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current,
particularly when the H6 inverter operates at low power.
A. Grid Current Distortion Caused by Dead-Time near Voltage
Zero-Crossing Point
(a)
Fig. 6 shows the distortion of the grid current near the
zero-crossing points of the output voltage and grid current,
A B when the H6 inverter outputs lagging reactive power. Under
S1 S3 L1 ig unipolar modulation, during the switching dead-time, the
PV a output voltage of the bridge arms of the H6 inverter is uab=0 and
  the grid current is in a state of uncontrolled freewheeling; it
Array D1 ug
U dc b  may not track the reference current iref, resulting in distortion
 S5 S6 L2 Utility
[24]. In practice, owing to the minimum pulse width limit in the
Grid
D2
operating process of the H6 inverter, the dead-time td is longer
S2 S4
than the preset value, and the waveform distortion becomes
more significant.
n
(b)

Fig. 5 Operation modes of the H6 Inverter when it operates in reactive power

modulation stage 400V 8A

As shown in Fig. 5(b), when the H6 inverter operates in the

iref i
200V g 4A
freewheeling stage, the freewheeling current flows through the
path L1GridL2parallel diode of S3PV arrays parallel 0V 0A
uab
diode of S4D2 L1. During this stage, the grid voltage is 200V 4A
reversed, but the output voltage of the bridge arms uab=−Udc,
uan=0, ubn=Udc, and the CM voltage ucm is 400V td 8A
ta tb
1 1 1
ucm =  uan  ubn    0  U dc   U dc . (9) 8 9 10 11 12 13
2 2 2 t (ms)
The above analysis shows that when the H6 inverter outputs
lagging reactive current, irrespective of whether it operates in Fig. 6 Distortion of the grid current near the output voltage and grid current
the inverter modulation stage or the freewheeling stage, if the zero-crossing points
input voltage Udc remains unchanged, the CM voltage ucm will
always be constant. Furthermore, the same conclusion can be In Fig. 6, the output voltage uab cuts off at ta in the positive
drawn when the H6 inverter outputs leading reactive current. half cycle, starts at tb in the negative half cycle, and the current
Hence, the H6 inverter has the feature of low leakage current during the dead-time (td = tb−ta) can be expressed as
when it operates in the reactive power injection modulation tb dig  t 
ig  t  = 
dt  ig  ta  . (10)
mode, similar to its operation in the unity PF mode. dt ta

Notably, when the H6 inverter outputs reactive power in The dead-time td of the H6 inverter is considered to be
Sectors I and III (negative power region), the inverter bridge is equivalent to a phase angle . Assuming ta πθ/2, tb πθ/2,
separated from the PV arrays during the modulation stages.
and ug Ugsinωt near the zero-crossing point of the output
However, when the H6 inverter operates in other sectors or
voltage, the current derivative is
operates with a PF of unity, the inverter bridge is separated
dig U g sin t
from the PV arrays during the freewheeling stages. Therefore, = . (11)
there are differences between the modulation methods. dt L
Substituting equation (11) into equation (10) yields

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Ug  Ug tb Sector III, only the IGBT S6 functions, and the electromotive

ig  t  = d cos t ig  ta  , t   ta , tb  .
 L t  L 
d cos t 
a
(12)
If the H6 inverter operates in the reactive power injection mode,
the grid current lags voltage by a phase φ; hence, ig =
Igsin(ωtφ) and substituting it into equation (12) yields
U  U  
ig  t  = g   d cos t  g  2 d cos t I g sin  , t   ta , tb 
L   2 L 
(13)
It can be inferred from the above equations that the
magnitude of the grid current ig at ta is Igsin. Under the effect
of the grid voltage alone, the grid current varies as a cosine
curve. During the period [ta, π], the amplitude of current
decreases, attaining the minimum value at the zero-crossing
point of voltage (at this moment, the phase angle is π), and
subsequently increases during the period [π, tb].
Correspondingly, near the zero-crossing point of the H6 output
voltage (near the phase angle 0), the grid current exhibits a
similar distortion.
The aforementioned analysis shows that, during the
dead-time near the zero-crossing point of the output voltage,
only the ac grid voltage will be applied across the ac inductors
L1 and L2, and the output voltage of the H6 inverter uab can no
longer control the variation of the grid current. Hence, the grid
current cannot track the reference grid current, resulting in
distortion. Equation (13) further illustrates that, when the H6
inverter outputs reactive power with lower PF, the values of 
and Igsinare relatively larger, and the current distortion
becomes more significant.
B. Current Distortion near the Zero-Crossing Point of Grid
Current
Distortion is also observed in the grid current near its
zero-crossing point, as shown in Fig. 7 in a zoomed-in view.
Moreover, near the zero-crossing point of the grid current, the
grid current cannot track the reference grid current accurately,
resulting in distortion.
uref
4A
*
uref
2A
iref ig
0A
2A
4A
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
t (ms)
Fig. 7 Grid current distortion near its zero-crossing point
(1) Current Distortion Before Zero-Crossing Point
The analysis in Subsection A of Section II in this paper
shows that before the zero-crossing point of the grid current in
force uab is generated by variation of the current through the
inductor. Without the effect of the external voltage or
counter-electromotive force, the residual current through the
inductor can only hold the original freewheeling direction, but
cannot be commutated by modulating S6 actively. As shown in
Fig. 7, at the end of Sector III, although the reference current iref
has already crossed the zero point and changed its direction, the
H6 inverter has not completed the sector switching, and the grid
current cannot follow the reference current and complete the
zero-crossing shift from positive to negative, resulting in
distortion.
(2) Current Distortion During Sector Switching
As described in Subsection C of Section II, the reactive
power injection modulation is segmented into two stages, and
the ideal modulation reference wave u*ref is discontinuous and
mutates during the sector transition. However, owing to factors
such as the delay of control loop and the current sampling error
at zero-crossing points, the actual modulation reference wave
cannot mutate; consequently, the H6 inverter may not transit
between the two sectors smoothly. As shown in Fig. 6, the
output of the closed-loop control system, i.e., the modulation
reference wave uref, is higher than the ideal sector conversion
reference wave u*ref in the initial period of Sector IV, such that
the modulating output voltage of the H6 inverter is higher than
the voltage required to follow the reference grid current. The
variation rate of the actual grid current is larger than that of the
reference grid current, i.e.
dig di
 ref . (14)
dt dt
Similarly, during the period when the H6 inverter converts
from Sector I to Sector II, the grid current exhibits a similar
distortion. Hence, the current distortion near the grid current
zero-crossing point is caused by the discontinuous sector
conversion, and effective control approaches should be
undertaken to ensure smooth sector transition.
As described above, when the H6 inverter operates in the
reactive power injection mode, the grid current distortion is
more significant. Consequently, the lower-order harmonic
0.8 current and even the dc component will significantly increase in
the grid current, resulting in the degradation of grid power
0.4 quality and reduction of system efficiency. When the grid
current distorts significantly, the harmonic current amplified by
the control loop will cause problems in system oscillation and
0
stability. Specifically, when multiple grid-connected inverters
are running simultaneously, the zero-crossing distortion will be
0.4
superimposed and amplified, easily causing disturbance to the
adjacent grids, and influencing the operating safety of nearby
0.8 electrical equipment [25]. Hence, the quality of the grid current
waveform should be improved using an advanced control
strategy.
IV. CONTROL STRATEGY FOR GRID CURRENT WAVEFORM
IMPROVEMENT

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A. PIR Sliding Mode Surface Construction for Lower Order attenuation coefficient. Considering Kp = 2, Ki = 50, ωc = 10,
Harmonics and KR = 100, its Bode diagram is shown in Fig. 8 (b). From the
A sliding mode control can implement a high precision Bode diagram, it can be observed that the PIR controller has a
control under changing parameters and load disturbances; high gain not only at resonant frequency, but also in the low
therefore, it exhibits good robustness and fast dynamic frequency band. This reflects the inhibitory effect of the
response [26]. Owing to these advantageous features, the controller on the current distortion and the dc component.
sliding mode control is adopted in this study to improve the Therefore, this study modifies the PIR sliding mode
quality of the grid current waveform. switching surface into a fixed-frequency sliding mode control
The analysis in Section III illustrates that the current for the grid current. First, the switching surface equation SPIR is
distortion is partly caused by the nonlinear PWM modulation. designed as
The traditional current control loop of the PV grid-connected  K K Rc s 
2   ref
inverter always uses a proportional-resonant (PR) controller or S PIR =  K p  i  2 i  ig  , (16)
 s s  2c s  0 
quasi-PR controller, achieving high gain at the resonance
frequency point of the grid current, but resulting in no where s is the Laplace operator. By selecting the grid current ig
inhibition of the dc component. However, in the actual system, of the H6 inverter as the state variable X, the state equation of
the current zero-crossing distortion appears and results in the H6 inverter can be derived from equation (1) as
higher lower-order harmonics and further leads to an increase dX
 AX + BU + D , (17)
in the dc component. Fourier analysis of the current waveform dt
with zero-crossing distortion shows that there are low where X = ig, B = Udc/L, and D = ug/L. Furthermore, A = 0 by
frequency and dc components in the grid current harmonic neglecting the ac-side line resistor. The system is designed with
spectrum [27]. In order to compensate the zero-crossing a negative slope converging to the switching surface, and the
distortion, suppress the dc component, and improve the quality saturation function sat() is used to eliminate the chattering;
of the grid current waveform, an integral link is added to the further, k is set to be the convergence control coefficient of the
quasi PR of the current loop controller, forming a PIR switching surface. Subsequently, the switching surface
controller, as shown in Fig. 8(a), whose transfer function is derivative can be expressed as
expressed as: dSPIR dX ref
K K Rc s   AX  BU  D  k·sat  SPIR  . (18)
G  s  = Kp  i  2 , (15) dt dt
s s  2c s  02 Assuming  is the boundary width of the sliding mode control,
where Kp, Ki, and KR are the proportional, integral, and resonant the saturation function is expressed as:
controller parameters, respectively; ω0 is the system resonance 1, S

sat ( S )   S , | S | ;   1 /  . (19)
 1, S  
Kp 
 The sliding systems control law is obtained as
iref  K R ωc s  uref
dX ref
s 2  2ωc s  0 2  U  B1  E  AX  D  k·sat  SPIR  ，E = . (20)
 dt
ig
Ki Based on the equations (17)–(20), by considering E as the
s unknown disturbances, the voltages applied to the converter uref
can be calculated as
ug
(a) uref =  k·sat  SPIR  . (21)
40 udc
Magnitude (dB)

30 iref  uref
 S
Kp
20  
ig Ki  ugs1 ~ugs6
10
s ug ug ig
0
90 K R ωc s
s 2  2ωc s  0 2
Phase (deg)

45

-45

-90
-1 0 1 2 3 4 Fig. 9 Sliding mode control diagram for the grid current
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)

(b) The sliding mode control block diagram is shown in Fig. 9. The
Fig. 8 Structure and Bode diagram of the PIR controller: (a) structure of the PIR ac-side modulation output reference voltage uref generated by
controller and (b) Bode diagram of the PIR controller the sliding mode controller, after modulation by SVPWM,

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produces the PWM pulse driving power switches. Owing to the Since the initial value of the transient state is f(0+) SPIR(0+),
fixed SVPWM modulation frequency, this control strategy is a f(t) can be designed as
fixed-frequency sliding mode control.
In order to verify the stability and convergence of the sliding
f  t   f 0 e   t ,  (25)
mode control strategy, a Lyapunov function is constructed as where > 0 and is a constant. The discrete equation (24) yields
follows f  k  1  f  k  e   . (26)
V  SS T  S PIR
2
. (22) According to the definition of the global sliding mode, f(0)
and it easily renders V permanently positive. Its first order finally attenuates to 0 and the value of determines the
derivative is attenuation rate of f(0). If the value of  is too large, f(0) decays
T
dSS fast, failing to reflect the effect of global sliding. If the value of
V   2  SPIR sat  S PIR   . (23)
dt  is too small, f(0) decays slowly, and cannot even decrease to 0
Since the arithmetic product of the switching surface in the entire sector, causing an additional distortion of the ac
function SPIR and its saturation function sat() is always greater output reference wave uref. By considering all the
than or equal to 0, the derivative of V in the above equation is aforementioned factors, and assuming = 0.37, after
always less than or equal to 0, i.e., the Lyapunov function V approximately seven control cycles, f(0) can decay to less than
decreases with time until it converges to 0. Hence, the system 0.1 times of the initial value, when the control frequency is 20
converges to the switching surface and is convergent and kHz.
stable.
0.8
B. Global Sliding Mode Control for Sector Switching Distortion
Compensation
0.6
By setting up the model of the fixed-frequency sliding mode
control for the grid current, the SVPWM control process can be
0.4
optimized by constructing a suitable sliding function S,
according to the theory of sliding mode control; subsequently,
the objective of system optimized control can be achieved. 0.2
From Fig. 3 and the analysis of the grid current waveform
2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.4
distortion of the H6 inverter, the switching process of the H6
inverter from a reactive current output mode to an active t (ms)
(a)
inverter mode (i.e., switching from Sector I to Sector II or from
Sector III to Sector IV) is not smooth. Since these two 3A
processes occur near the zero-crossing points of the current
2A
(switching from negative to positive or from positive to
negative), the switching that is less smooth leads to the grid 1A
current zero-crossing distortion. Therefore, the modulation 0A
could be so sensitive that the modulator has to adopt a soft 1A
transition. During the global sliding mode controlling, the
2A
global function S has a sliding surface gradient characteristic
and can attenuate to zero rapidly. Moreover, by determining the 3A
transient state by the sector switching, considering the initial 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.4
value of the sliding mode surface as the initial value of the t (ms)
transient state, and constructing the dynamic nonlinear global (b)
sliding surface to smooth the sector switching process, the Fig. 10 Comparison of the waveforms when the inverter is running with and
compensation of zero-crossing distortion can be implemented. without the global sliding mode controller

Therefore, the new global sliding mode function can be Fig. 10 compares the detailed waveforms of the ac-side
designed as modulation reference wave uref, in the vicinity of the current
S  S PIR  f  t  . (24) zero-crossing, when the H6 inverter operates with and without
The global sliding mode function is the original sliding mode the global sliding mode controller. When the H6 inverter
function minus the function f(t), which is designed to achieve switches between the reactive power injection mode and the
the global sliding mode; further, f(t) satisfies the following active inverter mode, the global sliding mode controller lowers
three conditions [28]: uref in several control cycles just after sector switching as
1）f(0) = S(0); compared to the conventional controller, and it is much closer
2）When t∞, f(t)0; to the ideal reference wave. Hence, the grid current
3）f(t) has a first-order derivative. zero-crossing with the global sliding mode control is more
moderate than that without the global sliding mode control.

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Consequently, the switching process becomes smoother, and

the mutation and distortion of the grid current is reduced.
ug
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ig
In order to study the reactive power injection modulation of
the H6 inverter, and verify the control algorithm for the
improvement of the grid current waveform, a 5 kVA uab
experimental prototype is built. Fig. 11 shows the designed H6
PV inverter, which consists of a boost converter and an H6
full-bridge inverter. All the control algorithms are implemented
by using the low-cost 16-bit digital signal processor chip
TMS320F2808. The specifications of the prototype PV inverter (b)
are listed in Table IV. Fig. 12 Waveforms of the H6 inverter when it is expected to regulate the power
factor: (a) H6 inverter is expected to output leading reactive power and (b) H6
inverter is expected to output lagging reactive power

ug

ig
uab

(a)
Fig. 11 Photograph of the prototype H6 PV inverter ug
TABLE IV
PARAMETERS OF 5 KVA PROTOTYPE
Parameters Value
Switching Frequency fs/Hz 20k ig uab
AC filter inductor L1 =L2/mH 0.8
DC link capacitor Cdc/mF 3
Rated Capacity Se/(kVA) 5
Output frequency f/Hz 50
Rated grid voltage ug/V 220

Fig. 12 shows the measured waveforms of the H6 inverter

with the traditional modulation. The inverter is expected to (b)
output leading and lagging reactive power. Since S1–S6 are all Fig. 13 Waveforms of the H6 inverter when it operates at 0.95 PF: (a) H6
inverter output leading reactive power and (b) H6 inverter output lagging
turned off in the reactive power regions, the function of reactive reactive power
power regulation is not achieved.
Compared with Fig. 12, Fig. 13 shows the measured
waveforms of the H6 inverter with reactive power injection
modulation, at 0.95 lagging PF and 0.95 leading PF. The
ug experimental waveforms show that, by using the modulation
ig strategy proposed in this paper, the H6 inverter can accurately
and stably output reactive current lagging or leading the grid
voltage.
uab Fig. 14 shows the midpoints a，b of the H6 bridge arms
voltage waveforms relative to the ground uan, ubn, and the
waveform of voltage uan + ubn (twice the CM voltage), when the
H6 inverter functions under 0.95 lagging PF. The waveform of
the voltage uan + ubn shows that its amplitude remains
(a)
approximately the same, and the variation rate of its CM

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10

voltage is small. Furthermore, the leakage current of the H6

inverter is small, as inferred from equation (7).
ug
ig

uan ileak
uan ubn
ubn

ig (c)
Fig. 15 Measured waveforms of grid voltage, grid current, and leakage current
when the H6 inverter operates at unity PF and 0.95 PF: (a) at unity power
factor; (b) at PF of 0.95(leading) and (c) at PF of 0.95(lagging)
Fig. 14 Experimental waveforms of uan, ubn and twice CM voltage uan+ ubn when
the H6 bridge operates under 0.95 PF ug ug

Fig. 15 illustrates the leakage current waveform when the ig

ig
experimental prototype is at full load (5 kW or 5 kVA) and
operates at PF of 1 and 0.95. It can be observed from the
experimental waveforms of Fig. 15(a)–(c) that, when the H6
inverter operates in the reactive power output mode, the value
of leakage current is equivalent to the value at unity power
(a)
factor and remains under 20 mA, and its root mean square
(RMS) value remains under 15 mA. These values satisfy the ug ug
requirements of standard VDE-AR-N 4105. The experiment
proved that, by utilizing the proposed modulation strategy, the ig
H6 inverter presents low leakage current characteristics when ig

outputting reactive power.

Fig. 16 shows the comparison of the waveforms with and
without the control strategy for the improvement of the grid
current, when the non-isolated H6 single-phase PV grid (b)
inverter operates at an apparent power of 2000 VA and a PF of

ug

ig ig

ileak

(c)
(a) Fig. 16 Comparison of the grid current experimental waveforms with and
without the waveform-improving controller at PF of 0.95 (lagging): (a) with
traditional current controller; (b) with waveform-improving current controller
ug and (c) harmonic spectrum of grid current of (a) and (b)

ig 0.95. The analyses show that, with the help of the

waveform-improving control, the THD of the grid current is
decreased by 0.6%, from 4.3% to 3.7%. The grid current
distortion at the zero-crossing point is substantially eliminated.
ileak
However, owing to the limitation of minimum pulse width and
dead-time, a further reduction of the grid current distortion is
not achieved. From the fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of
the current waveforms, by using the waveform-improving
(b)

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11

control, it can be observed that the dc component and main In case of the H6-type transformer-less single-phase inverter
characteristic harmonics have declined. for grid-tied PV system，some research work was reported in
20 [29] and [30]. However, the study in [29] focused on the
efficiency of the H6-type inverter, and the
Traditional control
waveform-improving method was not described in [30]. The
performance comparison of the studies in [29] and [30], and the
THD/%

10 proposed method are shown in TableV.

It can be observed from TableV that, similar to the H6
topologies, all the topologies have similar efficiencies, with a
Wave-improving control slight difference caused by the difference in the performances
0 of the IGBT and MOSFET devices. Using the reactive power
0 2000 4000 6000
Output Power/VA
injection modulation and control strategy proposed in this
paper, H6 inverters have the capability of reactive power
Fig. 17 Comparison of grid current THD with and without the
waveform-improving controller
injection, with low THD of grid current and improvement of
grid current waveform in zero-crossing. Moreover, the
Fig. 17 shows the measurement results of the grid current THD advantage of low leakage current is intact.
with and without the waveform-improving controller,
performed under conditions of full power when the H6 inverter VI. CONCLUSION
operates at 0.95 lagging PF. Using the proposed control In order to extend the application of the non-isolated H6
strategy, the grid current waveform distortion is apparently single-phase PV grid-connected inverter, this paper proposes a
improved in the entire power section, particularly when reactive power injection modulation for the H6 inverters.
outputting small reactive power. As the output power of the H6 However, when an H6 single-phase PV inverter operates in the
inverter becomes higher, the improvement of grid current reactive power injection mode, the distortion of the grid current
quality is smaller than that observed in Fig. 16. The reason for is aggravated. Therefore, a control strategy based on the PIR
this phenomenon is that, when the output power is high, the global sliding mode control is proposed to improve the quality
variation rate difference between the actual grid current and the of the grid current waveform. Experimental results show that
reference grid current is small, and the increment of the grid the proposed scheme for the H6 inverter can implement
current THD caused by the zero-crossing is small. Besides, reactive power modulation while maintaining low leakage
when the output power is high, the THD of the grid current is current characteristics. Moreover, the waveform distortion of
relatively low. Under this condition, the further improvement is the grid current is improved. For the H6 single-phase PV
limited. inverters that have already been installed for residential
applications, only their control program requires to be updated,
TABLE V PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF [29], [30] AND PROPOSED METHOD without hardware transformation. The proposed improved
IN THIS PAPER
control approach is attractive owing to its cost-saving
[29] [30] This paper
advantage.
H6 bridge with 4
H6 bridge with6 H6 bridge with6
Topology MOSFETs and 2
MOSFETs IGBTs
IGBTs VII. References
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P
regulation off grid-connected DC/AC convertters using slidingg mode Zhongshan, fromm 2009 to 2013. His research intterests
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[211] VDE-AR-N44105:2011-08, “Poower generation systems s connecteed to the
low-voltage distribution networrk,” Berlin, Germ many: VDE Press, 2011. DDeqiang He received PhD deggree from Chonngqing
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L H. Qian, C. H Hutchens, J. H. Z Zhang, and G. Lisi, etal., UUniversity, Chonngqing, China, inn 2004. Now hee is a
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non-isolated A AC module appliications,” presentted at the IEEE Applied GGuangxi Universsity. His main reesearch interests are in
Power Electroonics Conference,, Palm Springs, U USA, 2010. ffault diagnosis aand the intelligennt maintenance oof rail
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Zero-Crossingg Distortion Withh Unipolar Hysteeresis Current Coontrol in respectively. Now w he is a professor of the Schoool of
Grid-Connecteed Inverter,” IEEE E Trans. Ind. Elecctron., vol. 60, noo. 10, pp. Electrical Engineeering, Guangxi University.
U His cuurrent
4450-4457, Oct, 2013. research interestts include modelling, optimizationn and
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Sliding Modee controller for iinverters” Interrnational Sympossium on active distributionn network, powerr electronics and eenergy
Power Electrronics, Electricaal Drives, Autom mation and Mootion, p conversion withh particular em mphasis on connverter
1102-1107, 20010. modeling, controol, and various appplications.
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grid-tied transsformerless inverrters for PV systeem,” 2015 Saudii Arabia
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H C., et al.: ‘Gloobal sliding modee control for brushhless DC
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