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INPUT OUTPUT
Current outage Desired outage
number number
Lightning studies and analysis using computational tools in which for the
desired transmission line configuration is estimated in number of transmission
line outages per 100 km/year.
INPUT OUTPUT
Current outage Desired outage
number number
Starting from the results obtained in the theoretical studies and knowing the
target outage index, methods and procedures to improve the line lightning
performance have been evaluated taking into account the cost – benefit
balance.
• From the methods currently available for lightning improvement, in most
of the cases Transmission Line Arresters (TLA) sometimes associated
with the improvement of transient grounding behavior are usually
considered the most effective.
Transmission Line Arresters - TLA
General information:
• TLA have been used primarily for
lightning protection but can also
be applied to control switching
overvoltages.
• Installed along critical sections of
transmission lines with poorer
lightning performance to reduce
unscheduled outages due to
lightning.
reduce system interruption
increase system reliability
• NGLA or EGLA configuration
Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
Which TLA design?
• Electrical Requirements
• Mechanical Requirements
• TLA installed along the sections of the transmission lines share the
total energy among them reducing the energy absorbed by each
TLA.
1 3𝑔 𝑇. 𝑔 𝑛 g: gravity acceleration
𝑓𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚 = 𝑓𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = . h: arrester height
2𝜋 2ℎ 𝑤 2. 𝑆 T: conductor tension
w: conductor weight
n: nr. of standing wave loops
S: span length
1 0.61 Amplitude
0.01-1 5-300 0.5-20
2 0.43 (conductor ∅)
Wind speed
3 0.35 3-25 25-65 15-65
(km/h)
4 0.31
Proper Selection for NGLA - Mechanical Requirements
Effect of the vibration - Interaction with dampers
1000
Time (ms)
100
10
1
1 10 100 1000
Current (A)
Proper Selection for NGLA - Disconnector
Matching Disconnector and NGLA Characteristics
Typical TOV withstand curve voltage versus time
1.15
1.1
1.05
Utov / Ur (p.u.)
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (Seconds)
Proper Selection for NGLA - Disconnector
Matching operation with line protection scheme
Electrical characteristics:
• When the disconnector shall operate
• When the disconnector shall not operate
• In many countries lightning has been reported as the major cause of unscheduled
outages on overhead unshielded and shielded sub-transmission and transmission
lines with rated voltages up to 245 kV. This fact has been taken up by several power
supply utilities and industrial consumers which have lead them to invest in the
promotion of improvements along the critical sections of their overhead lines with
poor lightning performance, thereby increasing their reliability.
• Among the methods used for improvement of the overhead lines lightning
performance, TLA installed along the critical sections of the lines with poorer
lightning performance have been usually considered as the most effective for long
term performance.
• In order to get a good solution in the technical and economical point of view, studies
shall be done to: select the TLA properly in terms of electrical and mechanical
requirements as well as evaluate the proper design for longer term performance,
and optimize the quantity and location of the line arresters along the line.
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