TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….2
LAND TENURE………………………………………………………………………....3
TENANCY LAWS IN PUNJAB………………………………………………………...7
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..13
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………..14

1
 INTRODUCTION
"Land to the tiller" is the slogan of land reforms, but the tenant who cultivates the land by the
sweat of his brow or aspirations of life, sharing either the crop or paying a fixed rent to the
landlord was unlikely to achieve this goal. Resistance was bound to face for any such
attempts in a feudalistic society like India. That is why the agrarian relations based on land
ownership, land control and use of land continue with slight change in almost all Indian states
even today. The success of the tenancy reform is the result of an increase in the awareness of
the tenants brought by the tenancy movement.

Tenancy reforms are basically of three types. Tenancy reforms that provide (a) security to
tenants, (b) rationalisation and regulation of rent, and (c) conferment of ownership rights on
tenants;
The tenancy laws with regard to the state of Punjab are basically covered under the following
acts:
1) The Punjab tenancy act, 1887:
The main object of the Punjab Tenancy Act is that it provides speedy remedy with
regards to dispute between the landlords and tenants and under what circumstances their
relationship comes to an end.1
2) The Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953
It is a special act for providing security in the matter of land tenure and is intended to
help the tenants in the matter of arbitrary ejectments. It provides greater security of tenure
and provides a summary remedy for recovery of rent and adjustment of tenants in the smaller
and simpler case.2

1
Bhag Singh v. Jawahar Singh, AIR 1965 Pb. 321
2
Sub- section (4) substituted vide Punjab Act 11 of 1955, Section 2

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 Land Tenure
At the time of independence, there existed three types of proprietary land tenures in the country.
The term land tenure is used to refer to the terms and conditions on which land is held and
used.
1. The Zamindari or Landlord Tenure
Lord Cornwallis is considered to be the father of Zamindari system in India. He introduced this
system for the first time in 1793 in West Bengal and was later adopted in other states as well.
Under this system, the land was held by a person who was responsible for the payment of land
revenue. They could acquire the land mostly free of charge from the government during the
British rule and it is called estate. Landlords never cultivated the land they owned and rented
them out to the cultivators. The amount of land revenue may either be fixed once one for all
when it was called permanent settlement or settlement with regard to land revenue may only
be temporary and may, therefore, be revised after every 30-40 years, as the practice may be.
The Zamindari system is known as absentee landlordism. In this system between the actual
state and the tiller there grew an intermediary who was interested in the land only to the extent
of extraction of exorbitant rent. The Zamindari tenure covered about 57 percent of the area of
the country.

2. Ryotwari System
It took its birth in 1792 in Madras at the hands of Caption Read and Thomas Menro and was
later extended to other states. Under this system, the responsibility of paying land revenue to
the Government was of the cultivator himself and there was no intermediary between him and
the state. The ryot had full right regarding sale, transfer and leasing of land and could not be
evicted from the land as long as he pays the land revenue. But the settlement of land revenue
under ryotwari system was done on a temporary basis and are periodic, after 20, 30 or 40 years.

3. The Mahalwari or The Joint Village Tenure

This system was introduced by William Bentinck in Agra and Oudh and was later extended to
Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. Under this system, the village communities held the village lands
commonly and it was joint responsibility of these communities to make payments of the land
revenue.
Thus the overall system of collection of revenue was based on exploitation. The British
government snatched away whatever surplus above the minimum subsistence the cultivator
produced. The latter were forced to lead a wretched life of slavery and deprivation. Under the
above-mentioned systems the practice of cultivation by tenants became widely prevalent.
These tenants were also exploited in a number of ways. It was basically to stop the exploitation
of the actual tillers of the soil and pass on the ownership of the land to them that land reforms
introduced in the post-independence period in India.

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Tenancy reforms
The land reforms refer to the reforming of defective structure of the land holdings and are a
planned and institutional organization of the relation between man and land. The agriculture
system that existed at the time of independence consisted of several defects including that of
tenancy i.e., the insecurity of tenure and high rents charged by the landlord. The reforms aimed
to eliminate all forms of exploitation and social injustice within the agrarian system, to provide
security for the tiller of the soil and to remove such impediments to increase in agricultural
production as arise from the agrarian structure inherited from the past. One of the major aspects
of the land reforms in India has been the tenancy reform.

Under the Zamindari and ryotwari systems, tenancy cultivation had been quite common in
India. Tenancy cultivation may be done by small proprietors who find that they have an
insufficient quantity of land or it may be carried on by landless labourers. Sometimes, the
tenants holding land from an intermediary may sub-let it for cultivation. Broadly speaking
tenants are divided into three categories:
1. Occupancy tenants-enjoyed permanent and heritable rights on land. They had security of
tenure and could claim compensation from the landlords for any improvement affected on the
land.

2. Tenants at will-did not have security of tenure and could be evicted from the land whenever
landlord so desired. There is no security of tenure for them and they are also made to pay
exorbitant rent to the landlords.

3. The Sub tenants-were appointed by the occupancy tenants.

The rights of tenancy are permanent and heritable. The tenants can also receive some
compensation from the landlords incase they make some improvements on the land. The
tenants enjoy a fixity and security of tenure, which makes them the virtual owners of the land.
It can be said that the only difference between the occupancy tenant and the peasant proprietor
is that the former is required to pay rent to the landlord and the latter to pay the land revenue
to the state. So, for all practical purposes, occupancy tenants are treated as land owners. The
position of tenants at will and that of sub-tenants is extremely weak and mostly they are
subjected to ruthless exploitation. Frequent enhancement of rent, eviction of minor pretexts of
several kinds, extractions and beggar are some of the popular ways of exploitation. In a country
like India where the demand of land is more than its supply on account of its growing
population, exploitation of weak and unprotected is a widespread evil. Fifty percent of the
produce was the normal rent under Batai or sharecropping. On several occasions, the peasant
had to forgo even two thirds of the produce as rent.
The tenancy cultivation suffers from three main defects; they are insecurity of tenure, rack-
renting and lack of incentives of the actual cultivator. The National Sample Survey (8th round)
had estimated that in 1953-54 about 90 percent of agriculture land was under tenancy system.
The percentage of area leased out varied from 11 to 26 percent, though the all India average

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was 20 percent. It showed that about one-fifth of the total area was held under tenancy and thus
it was not possible to ignore a problem affecting such a wide area. According to the 1961
census, 77 percent of the total-cultivating households were in the nature of ownership holdings,
8 percent of pure tenancy and 15 percent in mixed tenancy.
Besides this open tenancy, there is a considerable amount of land leased out on the basis of oral
or hidden tenancy that accounts for anything between 35-40 percent of the total cultivated area.
The informal or the oral tenancy has been a common feature of traditional agricultural societies.
Although attempts have been made to provide security of tenure, redistribution of land and
fixation of fair rents, yet informal or oral tenancy has continued to exist even to this day. The
term informal tenancy is referred to as oral tenancy which refers to tenancy without legal
sanctions and permissions, or without any written agreement. The principal of shifting to
informal tenancy is to extract higher land rents from the tenants. This is primarily done so as
to get high yielding varieties programme that has brought a realization among the landlords
that land is a very valuable asset and promises high rates of return. India, which is marked by
land hunger, it is possible here to take advantage of the situation by charging higher rents. Also,
informal tenancy arrangements are a convenient device with the landlords for nullifying
tenancy reforms. Thus, unrecorded or clandestine tenancy perpetuates a semi-feudal land
system that was sought to be abolished by measures of land reforms.
Regulation of rents: during the pre-independence period, rents were fixed either by the custom
or were the result of the market forces of demand and supply. Supply of land being fixed, the
demand of land rowing with an increasing population, there has been a continuous tendency
for rents to rise. The decay of handicrafts increased the dependence of land further and thus
pushed up the rents. Rack-renting was a common feature of the Indian agrarian structure.
It was, therefore, imperative that rents should be fixed by enacting legislation. The rates of rent
prevalent were one half of the produce or more. Considering the return on investment in other
sectors of economy, these rents were excessive by any standard of social justice.
Consequently, the First and the Second five-year plan recommended that rents should not
exceed one fourth or one fifth of the gross produce. Various states have passed necessary
legislation regulating rents, but there are large variations in the rents fixed in different states.
In Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan, one-sixth of gross produce is fixed as maximum rent.
In Assam, Karnataka, Manipur and Tripura, maximum rents vary between one-fourth to one-
fifth of the gross produce.
In Punjab, one-third of produce has been considered as fair rent, while in Tamil Nadu it is
between 33.3 and 40 percent of the gross produce. In Andhra Pradesh one-fourth of the gross
produce for irrigated land and one-fifth in other cases has been fixed as rent.
Owing to the weak position of the tenants and the prevalence of the widespread land hunger,
the law regulating rent is observed more in its breach then in its compliance. Another
suggestion in this regard is to fix rents in cash rather than in kind. Historically, rents have been
paid in kind in India but in view of the fact that the peasants have to make a good many
payments in money, while purchasing seeds, fertilizers, implements and other necessaries of
life, it would be desirable to switch over to cash payment of rents. This is in fitness with the
requirements of a rural economy changing rapidly from barter to money economy.

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Security of Tenure: the security of tenure is aimed to provide some incentives to tenants to
make certain improvements of permanent nature on the land they cultivate. Many states have,
therefore, enacted legislation providing for the security of tenure so long as they continue
paying the rent. In some states like Maharashtra, Gujarat etc., the landlord for his personal
cultivation has granted tenants security of tenure in respect of areas not resumable. In some
states, the minimum period of lease of land has been prescribed, e.g., five years in Punjab,
Haryana, etc., and in Andhra Pradesh four years for one category of tenants and six years for
another.

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 TENANCY LAWS IN PUNJAB
Right of occupancy tenancy how created: A tenant creates Occupancy tenancy in the
following ways or essential conditions for setting up a right of occupancy are:
1. Payment of rent: He has not been paying the rent of land equal or greater than of the
amount of Land Revenue of the certain land. This payment is conditioned with the
commencement of Tenancy Act. This payment should be at the time of enforcement of this
law.
2. Preceding (former, past) of two generations: Second thing, which is to be proved in
order to acquire occupancy right is that two generations in the male line of descent through
grandfather or granduncle have being, occupied the land. Payment of rent was not equal or
greater than the actual rate of Land Revenue and Cesses of the land occupied.
3. Period of occupation: Before the enforcement of Tenancy Act, period of his occupation
should be more than twenty years.
4. Once owner: To claim right of occupancy, he has to further prove that he was once
owner of such land.
5. Reasons of cessation: If he had ceased his ownership over the land, it was neither by
the act of government, i.e., forfeiture nor it was voluntarily. The reasons should be other than
of the above reasons.
6. Continuous occupation: He has to prove his continuous occupation when he ceased
his ownership over the land.
7. Settlement: He has to further prove to establish his right of occupancy that he was
settled in village as a cultivator where the land is situated. He can also prove his settlement by
founder of the village and cultivation in that village. He was associated with the founder, during
the initial stages of foundation in development of the village.
8. Certain settlement: Land of village in which its founder settled him on October 21,
1868.
9. Occupation with founder: He has to also prove that he was settled with founder and
payment of rent was less than the rate of Land Revenue and Cesses of that certain land.
10. Thirty years’ occupancy: There is another proof of occupancy rights that tenant had
continuous occupancy till thirty years. His payment of the rent was not greater than of the
amount of the Land Revenue of the certain land.
11. Occupation being Jagirdar : He has been the Jagirdar of the estate or part of the estate.
12. Occupation as Jagirdar: He was continuous occupant as Jagirdar for equal or more than
twenty years.
13. Tenant in Record-of-Rights (ROR): He also can prove that he was recorded as tenant
in Record-of-Rights (ROR) before October 21, 1868. Provincial Government had sanctioned
this right.

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14. Occupancy since preparation of record: He can prove his occupancy that he was
continuous occupancy tenant of that land since the time of preparation of record.
15. Exchange of land: If tenant has exchanged his land or portion of land under the same
landlord shall not effect his status of occupancy and he shall remain occupancy tenant.
16. Unspecified reasons: He may establish his right of occupancy of the grounds other than
specified under Tenancy Act. His claim may be based upon the comparison with other land. If
the rights were acquired after 15 years’ occupancy in other adjacent village, he may also claim
right on that base. There may be customary rules and promise of landlord that he not ejects
tenant.
17. Trespass: Trespasser can claim occupancy right against another occupancy tenants. If
there is barrier between law and custom, then custom shall prevail.

Respective rights of landlord and tenant to produce: Both landlord and tenant have certain
rights as follows:
1. First charge: Rent which is payable for the time being is the first charge on produce.
Arrears of the rent are not taken into consideration. Tenant cannot deprive his landlord from
rent by selling the produce. Rent is deduct-able from the sale proceed.
2. Rights of cultivation: A tenant has right to tend (manage), cut, and harvest the produce.
Landlord cannot interfere in his act of cultivation.
3. Possession of produce: Tenant has exclusive right of possession of all the produce except
where rent is taken by division of produce.
Rent by division of produce: Landlord and tenant have certain entitlements over produce
where rent is payable on its division:
1. Exclusive possession till division: It is entitlement of the tenant to hold produce until it
is divided.
2. Presence of landlord: It is entitlement of landlord to keep himself present at the time of
division of produce. He also may take part in division.
3. Possession of share: Landlord may carry away his own share after the completion of
division without any interference.
Commutation of rent: Rent can be paid in many ways such as:
1. Division: Division of produce pays it.
2. Fixed rate: It keeps in view of nature of corps grown. It includes also fixed amount.
3. Area: Recognized measure of area is another way of rent’s payment.
4. In gross: Rent can be taken in gross on the tenancy.
5. Partly: Rent also can be taken partly of above methods.
Consents: Consents of both landlord and tenant are compulsory for any transaction.

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Maximum rate of rent: No in any circumstances rate of rent shall be more than 43% of total
produce.
Exception: There is an exception in this rule. If any tenant holds any land on more favorable
conditions at the time of enforcement of law, he shall continue to do so and this Act shall note
affect him.
Payment of government dues: Government dues shall be applicable at the same ratio in which
they share the produce. If landlord takes 60% produce as rent, landlord shall be liable to pay
Land Revenue 60% and tenant shall pay 40% of Land Revenue.
Exception: There is another exception to this rule. If tenant has been paying revenue at lesser
rate, he shall not pay more.
There is another exception to this rule. If share of tenant in produce increases than 60%, he
shall pay additional amount of Land Revenue according to his share in produce, which now
has been increased.
Settlement of dispute: If any dispute arises between landlord and tenant in respect of rent
payable by latter to former, it shall be referred to Revenue Court for settlement.
Extinction of occupancy tenancy: After the enactment u/s 114 of The Punjab Tenancy Act,
no person shall become occupancy tenant. Not only present occupancy has been abandoned
but also the door for future occupancy tenancy has been closed.
Status of existing laws: Any enactment of present law, contract, decree of Court, order of
Court, or other authority have been superceded by the new enactment.
Law relating to extinction: Present or existent occupancy tenancy has been extinguished. Now
no fresh occupancy tenancy shall be created in any way. Present occupancy tenants shall be
made landowners with or without making compensation, whatever government shall decide.
Law relating to property other than private: As it is clear from the contents of S. 114 of the Act
that only private property is liable to extinct occupancy tenancy without allowing afresh
occupancy but there is exception to this rule as to the property of government and evacuee.
Where there, occupancy tenancy is existed on the said land not only it shall continue to exist
but also afresh occupancy tenancy can be acquired. Law does not effect the tenancy existed on
the property other than private.
Transitory period: Government had introduced such amendment in 1952. Government also
had to frame rules regarding the payment of compensation where acquisition of ownership was
linked with the payment of compensation. Terms and conditions of the tenancy may vary time
to time. Rent may increase or decrease. Form of rent may vary from cash to produce or both.
What status of tenant shall determine the category of tenant in which he falls? Only status of
tenant at the time of enactment shall determine his category in which he falls whether he shall
pay compensation or not and if he has to pay compensation, at what rate and how? Subsequent
changes in terms and conditions of the agreement have not effect in this regard.
Maximum limit of holding for landlord: Where any person holds more than 100 acres
irrigated culture-able land for personal cultivation, shall retain maxim 50 acres land for
personal cultivation.

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Where land has been prepared: Where land has been prepared for sowing (drill, plant,
broadcast seed), landlord reserves the right of compensation from the person who acquires it.
Both landlord and tenant shall decide the amount of compensation. In case of dispute in
determination of compensation, Revenue Officer shall decide the amount and mode of payment
according to the provisions of law.
Where tenants are not available: Where tenants are not available for such grant, landlord
shall report to Revenue Officer before the expiry of limitation for such transfer. Where Revenue
Officer fails to find out tenant for such transfer, landlord may continue occupation for
cultivation till the availability of such tenant.
Power of Revenue Officer: Where landlord fails to report within limited period, Revenue
Officer shall reserve the right to find out tenants and their settlement at his choice. Revenue
Officer has also power to call for applications from willing tenants for their settlement on
prescribed form.
Maximum limit for tenant: Maximum limits for the settlement of a tenant is 25 acres. All
persons who hold already more than 25 acres shall not be considered for further allotment. As
such allotment more than 25 acres shall not be allowed in any circumstances.
Cultivation through agent: Where any person cultivates the land himself or through his agent,
such as wife, servant, or labour, shall be deemed land under his personal cultivation.
Exceptions: Exceptions are always there particularly where interest of needy person lies. Apart
from the agricultural reforms, there are certain disabilities, which cause restrictions in
prosperity of tenants. These exceptions can be described as follows:
1. Cattle farm: Cattle farm is exempted from such settlement of tenants. It has not limits.
Unlimited area in name of process of cattle breeding can be retained.
2. Stud farm: Stud farm is also exempted from the action of such agricultural reforms.
Operation of law does not effect stud farm. It is a piece of land, which is exclusively reserved
for breeding of horses or mules (hybrid, crossed).
3. Land attached to farms: Not only cattle and stud farms are exempted from operation of
such law but also land attached to such farms also is exempted.
Grounds of ejectment of occupancy tenant: As a general rule, occupancy tenant cannot be
ejected without any proper reason. Law provides certain reasons, which governs the ejectment
of occupancy tenant. A tenant is liable to be ejected on the following grounds:
1. Inconsistent use of land: Land is given for a specific use. It may include cultivation or
animal husbandry. If tenant has used land for the purpose, which was not allowed to use, he
can be ejected from his occupancy tenancy.
For example, land is given for the purpose of cultivation and tenant has used it for the
construction of tank. This is an act inconsistent with the purpose for which it was let out.
This is, that’s why, land becomes unfit for a specific use and law gives protection to its owner
in order to keep land fit for specific use.

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2. Failure in cultivation for payment of rent in kind: There may agreement for the payment
of rent in kind other than of cash. Tenant is supposed to cultivate the land in the manner of
customs in that locality in which land situates. If tenant fails to cultivate his land in the specific
manner without any sufficient cause, he loses his right to continue occupancy tenancy. He is
liable to eject from such land.
Here again law gives protection to the interest of its owner. His right lies in the receipt of rent
in term of kind. Failure of tenant in cultivation puts him unable to abide the provisions of his
agreement thus he is liable to be ejected.
3. By decree of Court: Where tenant commits default in payment of rent, landlord reserves
right to invoke at the door of Court. Court after hearing the case may pass a decree against
tenant. Tenant is liable to satisfy the decree of Court, i.e., he has to pay rent including all arrears.
If he remains fail to satisfy decree of Court, he shall be liable for ejectment.
Grounds of ejectment of tenant for a fixed term: Tenant for a fixed term is a tenant whose
term of tenancy exceeds from one year. He becomes tenant in result of contract with his
landlord. Apart from contract with landlord, also decree or order of competent authority may
create tenancy for a fixed term exceeding one year. He can be ejected from his tenancy on the
following grounds:
1. Expiry of contract: As it is clear from its nomenclature that this is a tenancy for a specific
period provided in a contract. As soon as this fixed period expires, tenancy automatically
expires.
For example, a contract provides tenancy for five years. As the last day of fifth year passes,
tenancy of fixed term automatically expires.
There may be other reasons of his ejectment before expiry of fixed term. He may be ejected
from his tenancy, on following grounds, before expiry of a fixed term:
2. Inconsistent use of land: Land is given for a specific use. It may include cultivation or
animal husbandry. If tenant has used land for the purpose, which was not allowed to use, he
can be ejected from his occupancy tenancy.
For example, land is given for the purpose of cultivation and tenant has used it for the
construction of tank. This is an act inconsistent with the purpose for which it was let out.
This is, that’s why, land becomes unfit for a specific use and law gives protection to its owner
in order to keep land fit for specific use.
3. Failure in cultivation to payment in kind: There may agreement for the payment of rent
in kind other than of cash. Tenant is supposed to cultivate the land in the manner of customs in
that locality in which land situates. If tenant fails to cultivate his land in the specific manner
without any sufficient cause, he loses his right to continue tenancy for a fixed term. He is liable
to eject from such land.
Here again law gives protection to the interest of its owner. His right lies in the receipt of rent
in term of kind. Failure of tenant in cultivation puts him unable to abide the provisions of his
agreement thus he is liable to be ejected.

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4. Under provisions of contract, decree, or order: This is wide enough provision of law
which covers various aspects of ejectment. Tenant can be ejected on any reason, which is
justified.
For example, tenants have mortgaged land in violation of contract or he fails to pay arrears
under any decree of Court or he fails to comply with the order of competent authority without
any justification. He is liable to be ejected from his tenancy.
Law has imposed two restrictions on the ejectment of tenants. These are as follows:
1. Decree for arrears of rent: Mere non-payment of rent or arrears is not sufficient cause for
his ejectment. If Court satisfies then may issue decree for ejectment but if he pays rent or rent
including arrears, he cannot be ejected from his tenancy. It means satisfaction decree in relation
with rent, payment or rent saves his tenancy.
2. Absence of rights of tenancy: Where tenant has not right of occupancy tenancy right or
has not right for year to year tenancy, he can be ejected. But if subsequently he acquires such
right, he cannot be ejected.
These are only two reasons in which he can be ejected but these reasons remain qualified.
Deposit of rent in Court: There may be certain cases in which tenant is obliged to deposit rent
in Court rather than payment to landlord. There are only two cases in which tenant may deposit
rent in cash to Court:
1. Refusal of receipt of rent: When landlord refuses to receive rent in cash or refuses to
acknowledge the rent so payable, tenant may deposit rent to Court. Refusal of landlord may
include making out a case of arrears of rent against the tenant. It is sufficient cause on the part
of tenant for the deposit of rent in Court.
2. Doubt of entitled person: There may be situation whereby tenant may doubt, as to who is
the person entitled to receive the rent. This situation may arise in the cases where several
landlords hold land under joint ownership or where there is dispute between mortgager and
mortgagee, as to who shall receive rent. This is sufficient cause and ground for the applicant to
deposit rent to Court.
Cash: It is notable point here that rent must be only in the form of cash. Payment of rent in kind
is not subject to deposit in Court. Court is only competent to receive cash and not kind.
Application and proceedings cognizable (observable) by Revenue Officer: Law lays down
certain applications and proceedings which shall be disposed of by Revenue Officer as such
and not Court shall take cognizance of any dispute or matter with respect to which any such
application or proceeding might be made or had.
Court means the Civil as well as the Revenue Court of the same grade but though the person is
the same, when he acts in his judicial capacity he is called Revenue Court. It is very significant
to note that in the disposal of the above mentioned application he acts not as a Revenue Court
but as a Revenue Officer because the effect of his decision in both the capacities, as well shall
presently, seen is quite different.

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Appointment of referee for division or appraisement: Referee is a person who is appointed
by Revenue Officer, for the division or appraisement of produce in default of either landlord
or tenant or both.
Who may apply for appointment: Either party such as landlord or tenant may apply for the
appointment of referee.
Eligibility of referee: Revenue Officer appoints any person as referee for the division or
appraisement of produce on application, as he thinks fit to be a referee. He divides or appraises
the produce in good faith.
Power to give instructions: When Revenue Officer appoints any person as referee, he gives
him instructions including:
1. Association with Revenue Officer.
2. Number of other associated assessors.
3. Qualification of other assessors.
4. Selection criteria of appointment of other assessors.
5. Procedure which is to be followed in division or appraisement of produce.
Notice before proceeding: Referee is responsible to give notice to both parties i.e., landlord
and tenant before going into process of division or appraisement. He also fixes the time and
place where such proceedings have to take place.
Ex parte proceedings: In case both parties commit default to appear at time and place given
by such referee, referee proceeds ex parte. Both parties, such as landlord and tenant may appear
personally or by agent.
Power of referee: Referee has power to enter upon any land or into any building in which
produce is. He must keep in view principles, directions, and guidelines of Pakistan constitution
and jurisprudence of Pakistan. Right of privacy and worship must be kept in view.
Submission of record: As the referee completes his record of division or appraisement, he
signs it and submits to Revenue Officer.

CONCLUSION:
The acts in unison govern the aspects related to tenancy of a piece of land and govern the
relationship between the landlord and the tenant.
The only major rehaul that is needed is to provide for a new formula of determining the rental
value of the land in line with the market prices.
There is a need for evolving a methodological procedure to determine minimum support
price. The provision in the Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953 to limit the land rent up
to one-third of the value of the produce was made to protect the rights of tenants and is no more
relevant.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 P.S Khurana, A Treatise on Land Laws, Shree Ram Law House, (4th Ed.) 2014
 Neety Kaul, Land Laws in Punjab and Haryana, Chawla Publications (P.) Ltd. (6th
Ed.)2014.
 Harshali Chowdhari, Punjab and Haryana Land Laws, 2016, Central Law
Publications.
 http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/tena_agr.htm
 http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/pbtan_act1.htm
 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/20300/11/11_chapter%205.pdf
 http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/protection-against-eviction-and-
fixation-of-fair-rent-510-1.html

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