RAMOS, BEVERLY

TEST TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE

1.Test for Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Carbohydrates such as starch are

detected by mixing a sample with 2–4 drops of iodine or Lugol's solution. The solution will turn
from a yellow-brown color to a dark purple if starch is present. The color change is due a
chemical reaction bewteen the large carbohydrate molecule and the iodine ions. It is thought
that the charged iodine ions are attracted to slight charges on the starch (polysaccharide)
molecules and this causes the color change that we observe. Iodine test results: positive result
- test tube on the left, negative result - test tube on the right.

2.Test for (Reducing) Simple Sugars (Monosaccharides) The presence of smaller carbohydrates
like glucose can be determined by using Benedict's solution. Benedict's solution has copper ions
(Cu2+) that have a light blue color. When this solution is heated in the presence of sugars like
glucose the copper ions change and turn anywhere from a light green to rusty orange-brown
color.

3.Test for Proteins The presence of proteins may be determined by mixing a solution with
biuret test solution (or reagent). Biuret test solution is mixture of copper ions (Cu2+), sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), and potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6). If proteins are present a
chemical reaction occurs between the copper ions and the protein molecules. The chemical
reaction causes the Biuret solution to turn from a light blue to purple if proteins are present.

4.Test for Lipids The presence of lipids can be determined using Sudan III indicator. Sudan
Indicators are fat-loving molecules that are colored. When testing a solution for lipids there are
two results you should be looking for: 1. Do you get a separation of layers (water & lipid)?, and
2. Does the dye migrate toward one of the layers? If the mixtures are all water soluble (no
lipids present), then the Sudan IV will form small micelles/droplets and disperse throughout the
solution. A positive result will see the lipid layer sitting on top of the water layer and the lipids
layer will have a red-orange color.

5.Test for Nucleic Acids The (Dische) Diphenylamine Test is used for determining the presence
of nucleic acids. The presence of DNA will turn a clear solution blue. The more DNA present
the darker the color. Another nucleic acid, RNA, will turn green.

GENERAL FUNCTIONSCarbohydrates

1.Carbohydrates are better known to students as sugars and starches.

2.Monosaccharides or simple sugars such as glucose and fructose (C6H12O6) function as
energy source in cells during cellular respiration and are also used to build cell structures and
other organic molecules within the cells.

3.Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined together. Sucrose (table sugar)
is a disacharide composed of one glucose and one fructose molecule.

4.Polysaccharides: Are long chains of monosaccharides bond together. Plants store excess
glucose in the form of starch, a polysaccharide composed of long chains of glucose. Starches
can be found in potatoes, rice, wheat, corn, bananas, peas, beans, lentils, and other tubers,
seeds and fruits of plants. Animals (and humans) store excess glucose in the form of glycogen in
the liver and muscles. Between meals the liver breaks down glycogen to glucose and releases it
into the blood stream to supply glucose to cells in need. Other important polysaccharides are
cellulose and chitin. Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plants whereas chitin provides structure
to fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods.:

5.Lipids A lot of lipids function as long-term energy storage. One gram of fat stores more than
twice as much energy as one gram of carbohydrates. Lipids are also an important component of
the cell membrane. Lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids "tails". 6. The fatty acid "tails" are
long chains of carbon and hydrogen that contribute to the non-polar behavior of fats - they
don't mix with (polar) water. The fatty acid chains can be saturated, with all carbons saturated
with hydrogen atoms forming a straight chain without double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids
contain double bonds within the carbon chain, which results in a bend of the chain.

7. Proteins are complex, specialized molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,

nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. There are 20
different amino acids that combine to form polypeptides (proteins). The different amino acids
are similar in structure: at the center of the molecule is the alpha carbon that is connected to
an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and the R group (the side chain). The
different amino acids have different side chain, but are otherwise identical. Proteins have many
important roles in organisms. Structural proteins such as collagen or elastin, provide support.
Regulatory proteins such as enzymes control cell processes. Proteins also play an important
part in the immune system (antibodies), oxygen transport (hemoglobin), movement (muscles)
etc.

8. Nucleic acids are composed of building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of
a sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule and a nitrogenous base.In DNA (deoxyribose nucleic
acid) the sugar is a deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and
thymine. In RNA (ribose nucleic acid )the sugar is a ribose and the bases are adenine, guanine,
cytosine and uracil. Nucleic acids carry the genetic information within cells. Nucleic acids won't
be explored in this lesson.

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ONLINE GAMES TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE STUDENTS

To surpass boredom or for enjoyment .The participant expressed that they enjoyed more
when they were on the net café with their friends. They get to play games and upgrade their
avatar/ character while if they were in the house they had nothing to do and would just get
bored

For belongingness. Most of the participants went to the net café for they did not want to stay
in their houses because everyone was busy working; no one was left in the house that they
could talk to. Some of the participants have a parent who just let them do what they wanted
because they were also busy earning their income. There were also some participants who
were not given much attention because the parents were focused on their business

REFERENCE: Research Report: EFFECTS OF ONLINE GAMING ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

OF GRADE 11 STUDENTS IN SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE By: Harvey B. Orendain

POSITIVE EFFECTS

1. It Improves The Cognitive Functions: According to research conducted by C. Shawn

Green, the psychologist of the University of Wisconsin, video games can benefit the
teen’s cognitive functions. It changes the brain structure exactly the same way while
playing the piano, navigating the map and learning to read. The combination of
concentration and the surges of neurotransmitters strengthen the neural circuits that
build the brain.
2. . Hand And Eye Coordination: Research has shown that teens can learn spatial, visual,
and iconic skills from the video games. Some games require a great deal of visual-spatial
ability and hand-eye coordination to be successful. The player has to coordinate the
brain’s reaction and interpretation with his hands and fingertip movements
3. Quick Thinking And Accuracy: The action in video games prepares the gamers to make
quick decisions. It trains the brain to make fast decisions without losing accuracy. A
study has also shown that video games can train surgeons and soldiers.
4. Improve Your Child’s Decision Making Skills: Gaming will improve your child’s decision-
making skills. The study has found that teens that play video games made decisions 25%
 faster without affecting accuracy. Teens adept in gaming can make choices and act upon
them six times a second, this is four times faster than normal.
5. Encourages Teamwork:
Multiplayer games that involve cooperation with other online players encourage
teamwork in teens. Video games also help teens to make the most of their skills to
contribute to the team.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
1.. Limit The Time:
Do not let video game consume your fun time. Limit the amount of time to not more
than an hour a day. (By ROMA BIDAYAN, KINGS COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES , THIRD
YEAR BSED STUDENT)
2. Consult A Therapist:
A therapist or a program that specializes in teens could treat playing online games.
Counseling will provide the foundation for recovery success. Through the methods of
counseling, he/she will learn to cope with the stress that causes him to use online
games as an escape. (ME ASAM IPAEY NAGAN KO JAJA)
3. Summer Camp:
Go to a summer camp to get out from usual environment to the place that will force to
experience reality. The activities at these camps will instill confidence and will foster
social skills. (by: CERELYN ODANOS, THIRD YEAR BSED STUDENT FROM KINGS COLLEGE
OF THE PHILIPPINES)