SENIOR 1

S Y 2000 - 2 0 0 1 V o l . 20 N o . 1

C O N T E N T S
REACHING FOR THE STARS
ib er s,
Can we possibly visit our neighboring galaxies? De ar BB su bs cr
ma ki ng
ma ga zin e is
Ba to Ba la ni rit e ma ga zin e.
to yo ur fa vo
so me ch an ge s w se cti on called
ges is a ne
Among the chan sc ie nt ifi c
.” It de al s wi th
THE SPACE SHUTTLE: DEPLOYING A “P se ud os ci en ce sc on ce pt io ns th at
an d mi
SATELLITE PAYLOAD no tio ns , my th s, so , we ha ve
at on e tim e. Al
The U.S. Space Shuttle happens to be an intrepid we re po pu la r er wo rld ” se ct io n to
“C yb
space truck. ex pa nd ed ou r se ct io n.
lin ke d ac tiv ity
in cl ud e a we b-
ll help
ese changes wi
We hope that th mo re re le va nt
nc e stu di es
ON TARGET: THE STEALTH AIRPLANE ma ke yo ur sc ie y!
How do you turn an entire plane invisible? En jo
an d mo re fu n!

Th e Ed ito r

TWISTING IRON
Riding in a roller coaster is exciting. And
understanding the forces that governs its travel as
it glides along the rail may create more excitement.

R E G U L A R F E AT U R E S BOARD OF ADVISERS

3 Science & Technology News Violeta Arciaga, Jaime F. Bucoy

Jose C. Calderon, Victoria V. Cervantes,
5 Filipino Scientists and Inventors
Juanita M. Cruz, Belen P. Dayauon
Medical Facts and Fallacies CONSULTANT
9 Livelihood Technology / I’d Like to Know Merle C. Tan, Ph.D.

10 Cyber World DIWA OFFICERS EDITORIAL BOARD

Saturnino G. Belen Jr. President Lourdes F. Lozano Executive Editor
14 Earth Care
Amada J. Javellana Executive Vice President William S. Fernando Managing Editor
16 Investigatory Projects
Enrique A. Caballero,Reynaldo M. de la Cruz, Alvin Fl. Julian Magazine Editor
19 Pseudoscience Carlo F. De Leon,William S. Fernando, Virgie B. Naigan Art Director

23 More Activities To Do Jose Maria T. Policarpio, Elma L. Ropeta, SilvanoC. Santiago Cover Design
Lourdes F. Lozano Vice Presidents Jose Valeriano P. Linay Layout Design
24 Mind Games
Jun Mediavillo Illustrator
O
R
BATO BALANI for Science and Technology is published bimonthly by Diwa Scholastic Press, Inc. Bato Balani is one of Diwa’s Scholastics Enhancement Materials (SEMO). The SEMO
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2 SENIOR
 Jurassic Spark:
Electronic wizardry to
I
T’S NOT QUITE Jurassic Park, but
it’s getting there.

Engineers on a Europe-wide project

are developing life-size robotic dinosaurs
bring dinosaurs back to life
that will walk around museums, chew on aluminum. Its movements
plants and interact with visitors as if they are based on what is
had just stepped off the prehistoric plains. known from
The designers want each 3.5-metre-long, iguanodon fossils
80-kilogram robotic iguanodon to be and studies of
autonomous, making its own decisions modern animals.
about where to go and what to do. It will “A real dinosaur
approach inquisitive visitors, stare at them, has hundreds of
and even rear up on its back legs to browse muscles,” says
on the nearest potted palm tree. zoologist R. McNeill
“Usually you have to walk to museum Alexander of Leeds
exhibits. In this case the exhibit walks to University, a scientific
you,” says designer Vassilios Papantoniou, adviser to the project. “So
who works for the European Association we’ve had to
for Research in Legged Robots in Lamia, compromise.” The
Greece. major muscles are
The robot will be built from replicated using
composite resins and aviation-grade battery-powered actuators.
“We’ve got three in each leg,” he says. The
actuators are controlled by their own
microprocessors, which are linked to the
central processor that controls the beast. A
two-metre-long prototype has already been
completed.
The robot is being funded by the
European Union as part of a
project to liven up museums.
The designers hope to
complete a full-size
version by 2001.
European
Association for
Research in
Legged Robots

Which Came First:

Black Hole Or Galaxy?
A
TLANTA—A team of astronomers conducting a of black holes are the dominant sources of heat and kinetic energy for
systematic search for supermassive black holes star-forming gas in protogalaxies.”
has discovered three more of the mysterious Richstone says the team’s conclusions are inferred from two
objects lurking in the centers of nearby elliptical pieces of evidence. First, all or nearly all galaxies with spheroidal
galaxies. This brings the total number of distributions of stars (bulges in spirals) seem to have massive black
supermassive black holes definitively identified so far to 20. The holes. The mass of these objects seems to correlate with the mass of
discovery was announced at a news conference held during the the central part of the host galaxy. “The ubiquity of this association,
American Astronomical Society Meeting. as well as the correlation, points to a connection between the massive
“The formation and evolution of galaxies is intimately black hole and the galaxy, and poses a ‘chicken and egg’ dilemma of
connected to the presence of a central massive black hole,” said which came first,” Richstone said.
Douglas Richstone, Second, comparisons of the history of star formation in the
leader of the research universe with the history of quasars, conducted by other scientists,
team and a University reveal that quasars developed well before most star formation in
of Michigan professor galaxies. Quasars are extremely powerful bright objects capable of
of astronomy. generating the luminosity of one trillion suns within a region the size
“Radiation and high- of Mars’ orbit.
energy particles University of Michigan
released by the
formation and growth

SENIOR 3
 Nomad Robot Finds
Meteorites in Antarctica
P
ITTSBURGH—Carnegie
Mellon University’s Nomad
robot, which conducted an
autonomous search for
meteorites in Antarctica from
Jan. 20-30, has successfully completed its
mission, examining more than 100
indigenous rocks, studying about 50 in detail
and classifying seven specimens as
meteorites.
An expert from the National Science
Foundation’s Antarctic Search for Meteorites
(ANSMET) program, who collected the
specimens after Nomad identified them in
U
sing a technique called neutral
atom imaging from a satellite
high above the North Pole,
researchers at the Department
of Energy’s Los Alamos National
Laboratory are
developing pictures of
the magnetosphere, an
invisible magnetic
layer around the Earth.
These pictures will be
essential to a better
understanding of the
“weather” in space,
where a blast of solar
wind particles can
knock out a the magnetic field lines. These images are
multimillion-dollar
satellite.
Developing
what he calls “weather
maps for the radiation
belts,” Geoff Reeves
4 SENIOR
the field, has concluded that five of the seven
are meteorites. The other two raise enough
questions about their composition to merit
further study. ANSMET is housed at Case
Western Reserve University in Cleveland.
Meteorites are curated at the Johnson Space
Flight Center in Houston and made available
to scientists around the world.
“Nomad has found and correctly
classified three indigenous meteorites in-
situ,” said Dimitrios Apostolopolous, a
systems scientist at Carnegie Mellon’s
Robotics Institute and project manager of
the Robotic Antarctic Meteorite Search
Tracking Weather from the Sky
of the Los Alamos Space and Atmospheric
Sciences group and Mike Henderson of Los
Alamos’ Space and Remote Sensing
Sciences group devised a way to take rough,
low-resolution satellite data and create more
informative composite images of the solar-
wind-driven particles trapped in the
magnetosphere.
Used as still pictures or animated for
time-lapse movies, their pictures show the
ebb and flow of these particles as they near
the earth and are drawn around and down
especially critical for understanding the
progress and structure of a space
phenomenon called geomagnetic storms.
Geomagnetic storms are the space
equivalent of hurricanes in the Atlantic. For
years scientists believed that geomagnetic
initiative. “The robot correctly classified
three other indigenous meteorites and
misclassified one as terrestrial rock. Nomad
achieved these results autonomously and
without any prior knowledge about the
samples.”
Most of the chondrites that Nomad
found are relatively common types,
composed mainly of rock with small
metallic infusions that probably originated
from asteroids. One achondrite meteorite
which Nomad classified as interesting is so
rare that the robot didn’t have the data in its
base to make a determination.
Carnegie Mellon University
storms were made up of smaller
“substorms” which occur more frequently
and in isolation. But more recently scientists
have found that storms and substorms are
related — but distinctly different —
phenomena. This is similar to discovering
that hurricanes and thunderstorms are
related, but that a hurricane is not just a
cluster of thunderstorms or a larger, more
intense thunderstorm.
Future missions to the
magnetosphere will carry dedicated, Los
Alamos-designed, neutral atom imaging
instruments. These include NASA’s IMAGE
mission and TWINS, which will provide
the first stereoscopic images of the
magnetosphere.
Los Alamos National Laboratory -
University of California
 Dr. Julian Banzon
D
r. Julian Banzon is a
man who dedicated
himself to the study
and applications of
chemistry. At age 23,
he was already a noted professor at the
University of the Philippines in Los
Baños. In 1957, he held the position of
chief scientist at the Philippine Atomic
Energy Commission (PAEC). Thereafter,
he became the first director of the
Philippine Atomic Research Center
(PARC).
RABIES
Fallacy: One needs to submit
to rabies vaccination whenever a dog
scratches or bites him.
Fact: The common practice
whenever a person is scratched or bitten
by a dog is to have anti-rabies shots.
Actually, the injection is for any
animal suspected of being rabid such
as cat, fox, rat or even rabbit. A rabid
animal is one afflicted with rabies.
An anti-rabies injection is not
always given whenever an animal
bites a person. The animal is first
Nuclear Chemist
He came back to UPLB in 1963,
and stayed there as chairman of the
Department of Agricultural Chemistry for
seven years.
The numerous awards, plaque, and
citations that Dr. Banzon received are
testimony to his achievements as a
scientist. The books and journal articles he
had written prove his ability as a
researcher and teacher. His active
participation in local and international
conferences, as well as his membership in
sent to a veterinary clinic for observation.
The animal is kept in a place where
veterinarians can determine
whether or not it develops
rabies. If the animal
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professional and scientific organizations
attest to his eminent stature as a chemist
and academician.
The science community is the
richer for scientists like Dr. Banzon. The
younger generation is indeed blessed with
the research finds and intellectual depth of
Dr. Banzon.
Source : Saplala, Vivas, and
Zafaralla. 1984. Profiles: Men and Women
of UPLB, College, Laguna: University of
the Philippines-Los Baños, Laguna.
is found to be healthy, no immunization is
necessary.
In case the animal cannot be found,
then the injection should be given as a
safeguard. We cannot take any chances that
rabies may develop as it has a very high
mortality rate.
The affected area, whether it was
broken or not, should be washed thoroughly
with soap and water. The washing should
last for approximately 10 to 20 minutes.
The rabies immunization vaccine is
very effective against rabies. There is no
danger of harmful side effects if somebody
is given the rabies vaccine even if the animal
in question does not develop rabies.
5
P H Y S I C S

A
ssuming that the stars you see in the sky
on a clear night were reduced into the size
of the grains of sand, you can actually
hold them all in the palm of your hand.
However, the stars you see with your naked eye is
just a tiny fraction of the stars that are in the universe.
Scientists believe that the number of stars in the
Cosmos is more than all the grains of sand on all the
beaches of the world.

The universe is so unimaginably huge beyond

compare that most of it is empty of stars. Because of
the great distances that separate us from neighboring
stars, it will take years, even for light, to cross the
interstellar space. For instance, the nearest star
system to our Sun is Alpha Centauri with a distance
of 4.35 light-years (a light-year is the distance light
travels in a year, about 9.5 trillion kilometers). This
means light will take 4.35 years, as measured in our
time, to reach us. For light, however, time stands still.

The great void seems to put a clamp on man’s

dream to reach the stars. Moreover, Einstein’s special
theory of relativity puts a limit to the speed a material
object can attain — at lightspeed of 299,792,458
meters per second. But we have evolved with a brain
that possesses unlimited capacities to go around
what Nature has imposed upon us.

Travelling at or near the speed of light produces

paradoxes that run counter to common sense.
According to the special theory of relativity, light
travels at a constant velocity whether the source
is moving or not. This means you just cannot
add your speed to the speed of light.
Otherwise, you could attain any speed you want
by hitchhiking on a fast-moving mother vehicle.

Another rule codified by Einstein in his special

theory of relativity is that the laws of Nature must be
applicable to everybody anywhere in the universe.
This means that there is no fixed frame of reference

6 SENIOR
from which to view the universe. Everything is
relative, depending on his position with respect to
another. Hence, the name relativity. No one can
travel at, or faster than, the speed of light. Nothing in
physics, however, prevents you from traveling as
close to the speed of light as you like, say at 99.99
percent lightspeed.
Can we travel close to lightspeed? Let’s make
a Gedanken experiment (a thought experiment, like
what scientists do, including Einstein, when trying to
explain the consequences of the relativity theory).
Imagine that you hitch a ride in a futuristic spaceship
that could accelerate up to lightspeed. As the
spaceship gains speed, you begin to see around the
corners of passing objects. You are facing forward in
the direction of motion but things behind you appear
within your forward field of vision.
From the standpoint of a stationary observer,
you appear red when you depart because light
reflected off you is shifted to the red portion of the
spectrum, and you appear blue when you return, a
process that could be explained by the Doppler
effect. If you approach the observer at almost the
speed of light, you will return shining brightly — your
invisible infrared spectrum will be shifted to the
visible wavelengths. The observer will see that you
become compressed in the direction of motion, that
your mass increases, and that your time slows down
— a consequence called time dilation. But from the
standpoint of the persons you are travelling with
inside the spaceship, neither of these effects occurs
to you.
But really, how close can we accelerate up to
lightspeed in practical terms? Dr. Charles Pellegrino
has an answer. In his book “Flying to Valhalla,” Dr.
Pellegrino proposed a 92 percent lightspeed for his
particular spaceship. Why 92 percent lightspeed?
According to him, 92 percent lightspeed is a realistic
velocity to aim for.
At 92 percent lightspeed, you will age at a rate
only one-third of the rest of the universe. To an
outside observer, the spaceship would appear to have
shrunk to less than half of its original length, and
would seem three times as massive, meaning three
times as resistant to acceleration. And from your
point of view, the entire universe is being compressed
ahead of the spaceship into a dome that occupies
only one-third of the sky.
Now as the spaceship accelerates further up to
lightspeed, to outside observers, the spaceship
appears to have no length at all (infinite
compression). Of course, the power required
demands infinite energy, which the spaceship could
never have. At lightspeed, you and your companion
including the spaceship, cease aging altogether. You
will traverse the length and width and breadth of the
universe in an instant.
These strange things happen because our
familiar ideas of space and time are no longer valid
when you approach lightspeed. Speed is distance
divided by time and since you cannot simply add
speeds near the velocity of light, space and time
must change. That is why you shrink and you hardly
age at all.
But in terms of practical engineering, is it
possible to travel close to the speed of light? Can we
build a kind of ‘lightship’ based on theories and
principles we have today?
Most of the time, revolutionary ideas are far
advanced for technology to catch up to. For instance,
in 1939, the British Interplanetary Society designed a
rocketship whose objective was to take people to the
Moon — using the technology of the 40s. However, it
was only three decades later that the Moon mission
was accomplished by Apollo 11 in 1969.
Today, we have preliminary designs for
starships whose ultimate design objective is to take
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○ ○ ○ ○ ○
P
○ ○ ○
H
○ ○ ○ ○
Y
○ ○ ○ ○
S
○ ○ ○
I
○ ○ ○
C
○ ○ ○
S
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

us to the stars. One of these is Orion, a design that

calls for explosions of hydrogen bombs against an
inertial plate as a means of propulsion. The Orion
spacecraft seems practical from an engineering point
of view, but will produce vast quantities of radioactive
debris. Another design is Daedalus, using a nuclear
fusion reactor, assuming we could develop a fusion If you travel with the Valkyrie, the long space
engine in the next few decades. Orion and Daedalus voyage from the Solar System to Alpha Centauri will
might travel at 10 percent light speed. A trip to Alpha take less than two years. With the Bussard
Centauri then would take 43 years, less than a human spacecraft, a trip to the center of the Milky Way
lifetime. Such designs, however, could not travel close would take you 21 years. Of course, people on Earth
enough to lightspeed for time dilation to become would measure an elapsed time of 30,000 years.
important.
From the point of view of the travellers,
For voyages beyond the nearest stars, relativistic flight is surely a one-way ticket to eternity.
starships with velocity approaching the speed of light
are in principle possible, though it would take our
technology thousands of years to catch up with the
ideas. An example of an interstellar starship is the
Bussard ramjet. The Bussard spaceship will have a
gigantic scoop to collect diffused matter in space
(mostly hydrogen atoms), and accelerate it into a
1. Why is an antimatter spaceship suitable for
fusion engine, then eject it out. travelling close to lightspeed?
Dr. Pellegrino has made feasibility studies for 2. From your own perspective, what happens to the
a starship that could reach 92 percent lightspeed. His universe if you can travel at lightspeed?
design is an antimatter spaceship (he calls it the 3. Why is 92 percent lightspeed significant from an
Valkyrie) that uses antihydrogen as a propellant. engineering point of view?

Antimatter is so far the ultimate fuel for propulsion

because one hundred percent of the mass of matter
and antimatter is converted to pure energy. (In
Doppler Effect – an apparent change in the frequency of
contrast, only one percent of the matter in a hydrogen sound, light, or radio waves reaching an observer when
bomb is converted to energy during explosion.) the wave source and the observer are in motion relative
to one another.
Ninety-two percent lightspeed is chosen Interstellar space – the space between stars.
because, according to Dr. Pellegrino, at speeds
Thought experiment – a fictitious story used to illustrate a
higher than this, particles of dust impacting against scientific principle.
the spaceship will explode like large hand grenades.
REFERENCES
Furthermore, the amount of fuel required to accelerate
from 92 to a higher speed, say 95 percent lightspeed, Pellegrino, Charles. 1993. Flying to Valhalla. New York: Avon
is twice as much as the acceleration from 0 to 92 Books.

percent. Sagan, Carl. 1980. Cosmos. New York: Ballantine Books,

Random House, Inc.

8 SENIOR
 Q:How fast is supersonic transport?
Imagine yourself travelling
faster than the speed of
sound. That is how fast
supersonic transport is!

A:
Travelling at speeds faster than sound is referred to as Glisa F. Sanchez
Angeles University
supersonic flight, from the terms super (meaning “over” or Foundation
Angeles City
“above”) and sonic (relating to sound waves). As compared to
sound waves that travels at about 1,220 kilometres per hour through air
at sea level, supersonic aircrafts can travel from one to five times the
speed of sound!

Gulaman
Bars
G
ulaman Bars are processed substance from agar Procedure:
dhiella seaweeds. Used in different recipes, they 1. Gather the seaweeds and rinse them in clean water.
are especially prepared for delightful desserts. 2. Dry them under the sun and soak overnight in clean water.
People who live by the sea process gulaman 3. Add three litres of water and one teaspoon of acetic acid or
bars as a small- or medium-scale industry. You can vinegar for every 100 grams of seaweeds.
prepare your own gulaman bars just like the experts by following 4. Boil the mixture for one hour and filter it through a cheesecloth.
this simple procedure. 5. Boil again and repeat the same procedure to maximize gelatin
extraction.
Ingredients:
6. Pour the collected substance called agar on aluminum molds
seaweeds 20 cm long and four cm deep. Allow the agar to solidify at room
temperature.
acetic acid or vinegar, 7. Cut into four cm wide bars and put inside a freezer for five days.
water 8. Thaw the bars in running water and dry them under the sun.

SENIOR 9
A
good computer programs starts from
a good design. One way of designing
a program is by using a method
called flowcharting. Flowcharting is a
method of showing the flow of a
program using symbols. If the flowchart is designed
properly, then it becomes very easy to create the
program code. Below are some conventional symbols
used for flowcharting.
As a convention, a flowchart begins on top
of the page and the end of the program is placed
at the bottom of the page. You need not know
programming code to flowchart. Simply use
ordinary language first and as you grow into
programming you will learn to use actual
computer codes in your flowchart. For now it is
sufficient to use simple words (See the sample
flowcharts).

The rectangle represents an action, computation or process that

Process Box needs to take place.

Input/Output The parallelogram is used when a value has to be entered or

Box (I/O Box) something has to be displayed on screen.

Decision Box The diamond is used to signify that a decision has to be made.
Each decision can have only two possible outcomes, true or false.

Flowlines These arrows point in the direction of the next action to be performed.
Think of these as directional signs that point you in the right way.

Connectors These circles indicate a “jump” in the program. Sometimes your

program needs to jump to another part of the flowchart.

Terminal These ovals will signify the beginning or end of the program. Simply
Symbol write START or END inside the oval.

10 SENIOR
 www.batobalani.com
START START
Would you like to become
Enter
Interactive?
2 nos.X,Y Input A,B

X+Y=Z SUM = A + B
Display C Print SUM
END
END
These are two flowcharts for
the same program. The flowchart on
the left uses plain English to
explain what the program will do.
The flowchart on the right uses
actual programming code from
BASIC* to show what the program
will do. Try to understand both
flowcharts. Can you guess what the
program does?
*Beginners All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)
B
atobalani magazine is now on the internet. In the
Batobalani website are archives of current and past
issues as well as a variety of activities and additional
topics for the inquisitive student of science. In
subsequent issues of the magazine, we will discuss the
different activities we have prepared for you.
One useful feature in the website is a feedback or
response page. This allows you to send us your comments
and even contribute your own article. By simply typing it in or
pasting it on the dialogue box.
You will need to have a computer unit with a modem and
a valid account with any authorized internet service provider
(ISP) such as Mozcom, Infocom, Philonline, or any other ISPs.
To write us, simply follow these steps:
1). On your computer, open up an internet browser
program. For most of you, this would be Microsoft’s Internet
Explorer or Netscape’ Navigator’s program. Make sure you are
connected to your Internet Service Provider.
2). On the address window of your browser program, type
www.batobalani.com, then hit the “enter” key.
3). You will see Batobalani’s homepage on your screen.
Also, you will see a menu of sections you can go to on the
lower right side of the screen. Choose “Feedback” and click
the left button of your mouse.
4). The feedback page will show you different boxes for
you to fill in. Go ahead and fill the information. You may skip
the items that you cannot fill up. Then on the Message box,
type in your message or your opinion or even a simple “hello.”
5). Once you’re finished with your message, hit the
“send” button by clicking the left button of your mouse. Presto!
You’ve sent us your message.
There are many other interesting things you can do
inside Batobalani’s website. Feel free to explore. If you have
questions or need further instructions, why don’t you try
sending it to us using the feedback page. We hope to hear
from you soon!
WSF

SENIOR 11
A
n artificial satellite is any object placed into
orbit around the earth and used for a variety
of scientific and technological purposes.
The former Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) launched the first artificial
satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957. The first United
States satellite, Explorer 1, was launched on January
31, 1958, and was instrumental in the discovery of the
radiation belts around the earth.
orbit. At such velocity, the orbit becomes circular, and
In the years that followed, several thousand
at higher velocities, the orbit becomes elliptical until
satellites were launched, monopolized by the United
escape velocity is reached. Then, the orbit becomes
States and the former USSR in a battle for space
parabolic. (Escape velocity is thus also known as
supremacy until 1983, when the European Space
parabolic velocity).
Agency began launching from a space center in French
The escape velocity of an object from a spherical
Guiana. On August 27, 1989, for the first time in
astronomical body (like the Earth) is proportional to the
aerospace history, a privately owned rocket was used
square root of the mass of the body divided by the
to launch a satellite. The rocket, built and launched by
distance between the object and the center of the body.
a U.S. company, placed a British television broadcasting
A space shuttle designed to leave the earth as a
satellite into geosynchronous orbit.
vertically launched rocket must weigh at least 2 million
Satellites are usually placed into orbit by
kg with 3 million kg of thrust from its multiple propulsion
multistage rockets. In part to reduce satellite launching
systems.
costs, the National Aeronautics and Space
The two solid rocket boosters (SRBs), with a
Administration (NASA)
combined thrust of some 2.6 million kg, will provide most
uses the space shuttle to
of the power for the first two minutes of flight. The SRBs
carry satellites in its cargo
will take the space shuttle to an altitude of 45 km and a
bay and launch them into
speed of 4973 km/hr before they separate and fall back
orbit.
The minimum initial
velocity required for an
object to escape the
gravitational pull of an
astronomical body, and to
continue traveling away from
it without the use of
propulsive machinery is
called escape velocity. The
escape velocity is usually
given in terms of the
surface-launch velocity, disregarding aerodynamic
friction. Objects traveling at less than 0.71 × 11.2 km/s
(the escape velocity of Earth) cannot achieve a stable

12 SENIOR
 Jerard F. Beltran

three main engines. During launch, the external tank

also acts as a support for the orbiter and SRBs to which
it is attached. Made from aluminum alloys, the space
into the ocean to be retrieved, refurbished, and prepared shuttle’s external fuel tank is the only part of the launch
for another flight. vehicle that currently is not reused. After its 1.99 million
After the boosters fall away, the three main engines liters of fuel are consumed during the first 8.5 minutes
continue to provide thrust. These of the flight, the external tank is jettisoned from the
engines are clustered at the rear orbiter and breaks up in the upper atmosphere, its pieces
end of the orbiter and will have a falling into remote ocean waters.
combined thrust of almost After placing the satellite in orbit, the orbiter
540,000 kg. The space shuttle’s segment returns from space—withstanding the intense
liquid-propellant engines will be heat when entering the earth’s atmosphere. Flown by
the world’s first reusable rocket the shuttle crew much like an aircraft, the shuttle lands
engines. They fire for only eight horizontally on a conventional airport runway.
minutes for each flight, just until
the shuttle reaches orbit, and are
designed to operate for 55 flights.
The engines are very large—4.2
m long and 2.4 m in diameter at
the wide end of the cone-shaped
nozzle at the rear of the orbiter. 1). What are the benefits of satellites?
Another propulsion system takes over once the
space shuttle’s main engines shut down as the ship
approaches the altitude at which it will begin orbiting
around the earth, known as the orbital insertion point.
Two orbital maneuvering system (OMS) engines,
mounted on either side of the aft fuselage, provide thrust
for major orbital changes. For more exacting maneuvers
Orbit — the path an object takes as it travels around another
in orbit, 44 small rocket engines (known as the reaction object.
control system), clustered on the shuttle’s nose and on
either side of the tail, are used. They have proven "Satellite, Artificial,” Microsoft® Encarta® 97 Encyclopedia.
© 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
indispensable in performing the shuttle’s important work
of retrieving, launching, and repairing satellites in orbit. "Escape Velocity,” Microsoft® Encarta® 97 Encyclopedia. ©
The giant, cylindrical, external fuel tank, with a 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
length of 47 m and a diameter of 8.4 m, is the largest "Space Shuttle,” Microsoft® Encarta® 97 Encyclopedia. ©
single piece of the space shuttle. It fuels the orbiter’s 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

SENIOR 13
Save Our Seas:
A Crusade for
Coral Reefs
Mary Ann Aleli V. Barbieto

O
n September 11, 1992, a terrible
hurricane swept through Hawaii’s
island of Kauai. Surprised that such
destruction could happen in such a
short time, three people got together and organized a
truly dynamic group whose main purpose was to
protect and preserve the fragile marine ecosystem.
These three were Carl Stepath, the owner and
operator of Nawiliwili Marine and Sailboards Kauai;
Teresa Tico, a lawyer who was into bodysurfing, yacht
racing and windsurfing; and Nicholas Barran, a
computer programmer who also loved yacht racing.
Through the efforts
of these
concerned
citizens, Save
Our Seas
(SOS), was
born.
Their mission -
“To preserve, protect,
and restore the health
and well-being of the
world’s oceans for
future generations.” –
was integrated into the
laws of the state of
Hawaii within the next
year, and with much
enthusiasm, they set
out on their first
project. This was the
Open Seas Recycling Program, which they launched
during the 1993 Trans Pac Yacht Race, a racing
competition where yachts ran from the coast of Los
Angeles to Honolulu. The board of directors who held
the contest were thrilled with their proposed project,

14 SENIOR
Our
and immediately decided that recycling should not
only be a part of a program, but a requirement for
those who were competing in the race. They added a
new regulation that all trash must be kept on board,
and all recyclable materials - paper, aluminum and
glass - were the responsibility of the racers and must
be recycled before they reached the finish line. At
the end of the race, the project proved to be so
successful that it was adopted by yacht clubs in
Japan and Australia.
The Philippines is taking part in another project
sponsored by Save Our Seas, “Ocean Pulse.” Its
aim is to educate the community about our coral
reef’s complex ecology though direct interaction with
the living, breathing corals that surround our
archipelago. This project involves students from all
over the country and began in their native Hawaii,
where they enlisted the help of seventh and eighth
graders whose schools have volunteered to create
databases for Save Our Seas. Schools who
participate in this “adopt a reef” program, where the
students survey corals, marine life, and measure
water quality, then report back to SOS via the
Internet. These results are then compiled and used
for future reference in finding ways to save our
speedily vanishing coral reefs.
These children become responsible for the reefs,
and are then called “reef keepers.” SOS hopes that
these children will realize how important it is to care
for our coral reefs and our entire ocean ecosystem.
Through their hands-on experience, they learn how to
be more careful in dealing with nature.
Do you want to become a part of SOS and
contribute to the preservation and care of our oceans?
You can visit their website at:
http://hookomo.aloha.net/~sos~/ . You can also
write to them at sos@aloha.net.
Resources: SOS homepage
SENIOR 15

UV IRRADIATION TO
CONTROL GROWTH OF
ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS IN
COPRA
ABSTRACT:
This study explores the possibility
of controlling the growth of Aspergills
flavus in copra with ultraviolet (UV)
radiation.
Pure cultures of A. flavus were
prepared in nutrient agar. These were
exposed to different durations of exposure
to UV radiation (quartz tube-mercury
vapor source, wavelength approximately
240nm-270nm): 1, 3, 6, 10, and 15
minutes. The growth rate of the fungus
was observed in three replications. Among
the five treatments, UV radiation of 15
minutes controlled the growth of the
fungus to the greatest extent. This could
be due to the damage on the DNA which
led to abnormal physiological functions
and death of the cell.
The effectivity of UV radiation to
16 SENIOR
I N C O O P E R AT I O N
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLGY
control. A. flavus growth in copra was
then determined. Previously dried copra
(‘kokum”) were moistened, inoculated
with A. flavus, then exposed to 15- minute
UV irradiation. The growth of the fungus
was observed after five days. 15-minutes
irradiation inhibited up to 92% of the
fungal growth.
INTRODUCTION
A few years ago, the Philippines
lost much of the United States market for
copra because it took very little notice of
the restrictions imposed on copra
contaminated with aflatoxin. Last
December 1990, the European Economic
Community (EEC)— which absorbs 46.6
percent of the country’s coconut oil export
and 30 percent of copra— implemented a
policy to standardize aflatoxin (Lorito,
1990). This regulation imposes an
W I T H T H E
alfatoxin tolerance level of 0.2 parts per
million (ppm) for copra meal and 20 parts
per billion (ppb) for coconut oil.
Aflatoxin is produced by the
fungus, Aspergillus fluvus. It has been
found to cause cancer in animals ingesting
it. It is very potent in this respect with no
more than 0.05 ppm capable of inducing
illness. Aflatoxin is also a natural
mutagen.
The control of aflatoxin
contamination in copra depends mainly on
the inhibition of the growth of A. flavus.
Growth of A. flavus is enhanced by
factors such as high relative humidity,
high moisture content and warm
temperature.
This study aimed at determining the
relative sensitivity of A. flavus to high-
energy radiation. Specifically it
determined the effects of UV on the
growth rate of A. flavus.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. flavus is a brownish-green
fungus classified under Division
Eumycophuta, Class Ascomycetes. It
usually grows in moist warm
environments where carbohydrate is
present. Because of this, its growth in
agricultural products is difficult to control.
Moreover, the spores of the fungus are all
around so that the possibility of
contamination is great (Gloria, 1989). The
presence of A. flavus is undesirable
especially in copra, peanuts, corn,
soybeans and potatoes.
In copra, contamination can start
after harvest when the nut is broken on the
ground and the coconut meat scooped
from the shell. Placing the copra in sacks
which may be laden with. A flavus spores
further increases the chances of
contamination.
Contamination is usually
minimized if the coconut is dried within
four hours after splitting. Drying in the
“tapahan” is usually favored over sun
drying because it reduces the moisture
content to about 10-15 percent in a short
time. If the copra is properly dried, the
possibility of contamination is nil. But
again, the chances of contamination
increases during storage, when the
humidity inside the storehouse is high and
air circulation is inadequate (Gloria,1989).
A. flavus could be susceptible to
high-energy radiation such as ultraviolet
rays, X-rays and gamma rays. Radiation
causes dimerizations (linking) and
ionizations in th DNA of the fungus
causing metabolic abnormalities. This
prevents further growth or reproduction of
fungi in copra.
Low doses of UV delays budding
or germination of the fungus. Cells
irradiated with UV of wavelengths ranging
from 280nm – 380 nm did not begin to
bud as early as the controls – in some
cases they never budded. A small
percentage of spores which survive
exposure to UV radiation may produce
mutants.
During UV irradiation the normal
hydrogen bond-interaction between bases
are cleaved. This may lead to interruption
of replication, or division may stop short
or may proceed incorrectly with an altered
base sequence. Therfore, the effects of UV
radiation on living tissues is a
consequence of its effect on the bases of
DNA and RNA (Sylianco, 1981)
Changes produced by radiation
may be a direct effect on the molecules
where the energy has been absorbed, or
indirect effects in which molecular
changes are bought about by the chemical
reactions of free redicals produced as
primary effect radiations (Lea, 1955).
Calculations shows that radiation
which destroys perhaps only one molecule
in a million can have profound biological
consequence and can kill the cell
SENIOR
(Sylianco, 1983).
The mutagenic effects of UV
depends on the stage at which protein
synthesis is proceeding. Increasing the
dose of UV light both increases the
probability of mutation per unit of time
(Fincham, 1965).
MATERIALSAND METHODS:
A. flavus used in this study was a
pure culture derived from the RP-UK
Aflatoxin Research Project of the
Philippine Coconut Authority, Mintal,
Davao City.
A quartz tube-mercury vapor
source from the Ateneo de Davao
University with wavelength ranging from
240nm to 270nm was used. Treatment
was done on A. flavus for 1 min. (T1), 3
mins. (T2), 6 mins. (T3), 10 mins. (T4)
and 15 mins. (T5)
The other materials were:
10 mL coconut extract
10g dextrose powder
100g “kokum”
18 petri dishes
700 mL distilled water
1 pressure cooker
1 inoculating set
1 improvised inoculating box
Part 1.
5 mL of agar with coconut extract
17

were poured into 18 petri dishes at a depth
of about 2mm. The dishes were covered
and sterilized for about 15 minutes. They
were then placed in an inoculating box and
were allowed to cool and solidify.
The coconut-agar media were
innoculated with A. flavus spores using
the disc method and were placed in a dark
chamber with 29 to 30oC temperature for
five days.
The growth rate of A. flavus was
determined in sq. cm. Counting was
performed using a graphing paper with a 1
sq. cm. grid placed underneath.
Growth rate was determined by the
formula:
s = a/d
where:
a is the area in sq. cm
d is the time in days
s is the rate in sq. cm/day
Microscopic examinations of the
irradiated molds were conducted every 24
hours.
Part 2.
Six sets at 20g each of “kokum”
dried copra were soaked in water for 5
minutes, then drained and placed in petri
dishes. The dishes were labelled A1, A2,
A3, B1, B2, and B3. The copra samples
were all inoculated with A. flavus spores.
A 15 minute irradiation was given
18 SENIOR
to the A1, A2, and A3 setups. B1, B2 and sq. cm/day, with about 90% mutation.
B3 were made as control.
Observations were made on the SELECTED REFERENCES:
fifth day, after which the mass of the copra
Gloria, M. “Aflatoxin and Copra”.
contaminated with A. flavus was
Southern News Scope. August 1989. Vol.
determined. The percentage contamination
was then calculated. From the difference, 2 p.8
the percentage inhibition was determined. Gincham, J.R.S. 1965. “Fungal
RESULTSANDANALYSIS Genetics”. Blackwell Scientific
publications.
The average growth rate of A.
flavus in the control and in treated Lea, D.E. 1963. “Actions of
medium are as follows: Radiation on Living Cells”. Cambridge
University Press.
From day 1 to day 2, the fungus in
the controlled setup covered a very much Lonito, D.L. 1990. “Behind the
bigger area as compared with those in T1, Aflatoxin Scare”. Mindano Farmers
T2, T3, T4 and T5. However, its growth Journal.
tapered off after the second day. The Sylianco, C.Y. 1981. “Modern
fungus in T1, T2, T3 and T4 covered a Biochemistry” Philippine Graphic Arts,
smaller area during the first two days. It Manila.
then accelerated after the second until the
fifth day. The setups in T5 showed least
growth of the fungus.
UV Treatment Growth rate
Irradiation of 1,3, and 6 min. Control (sq. cm/day)
duration caused little damage to A. flavus. 1 min. 8.3 ± 0.6
3 min. 5.4 ± 0.5
10 min. exposures caused greater damage
6 min. 4.8 ± 0.6
to A. flavus. 15 min. exposures actually 10 min. 4.5 ± 0.6
inhibited the growth of A flavus on 15 min. 2.7 ± 0.6
experimental copra samples, by about 0.83 ± 0.5
91.8%.
The fastest growth rate was
observed in the control, 8.3 ± 0.6 sq. cm/
day, followed by those exposed for 1 min,
3 min, then 6 min. and 10 min. Those
treated for 15 min. showed only a total of
12.5 ± 3.1 sq. cm or a growth rate of 0.83
 The Philadelphia
Joe Bert G. Lazarte
Experiment
Remember the 1984 film The Philadelphia Experiment?
T
he movie was based on an alleged United
States Navy experiment(Project Rainbow)
done on October 28, 1943. According to
legend, the destroyer USS Eldridge was
made invisible, dematerialized, and
teleported from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Norfolk,
Virginia, and back again to the Philadelphia Naval
Yard.
The experiment allegedly had such terrible side-
effects, such as making sailors invisible and
eventually going mad, that the Navy quit exploring this
exciting new technology. The experiment was
allegedly done by Dr. Franklin Reno as an application
of Einstein’s unified field theory. The experiment
supposedly demonstrated a successful connection
between gravity and electromagnetism:
electromagnetic space-time warping.
One Carlos Allende, or Carl Allen, claimed that
he witnessed the experiment. In fact, he was one
major source of stories about the experiment, who,
as further writings and probings into his
background surfaced, later proved to be a con-
man who weaved the hoax.
Surprisingly, one retired military
man, Alfred Bielek, picked up where
Allen left the story. Bielek’s memories
apparently came back to him after
watching the 1984 film, coming up with
more detailed explanations of the
experiment. He co-authored a book,
The Philadelphia Experiment and
Other Conspiracies, which merely
rehashes the usual stories of CIA
plots, government conspiracies, secret
meetings with aliens, trips to Mars,
visits from the Men in Black, etc. He
also came out with a video in which he
presented himself as someone who was part of the
team that conducted the experiment, time-traveled in
1943 to 1983 during the experiment and lived to tell
the story, only to be harassed by the U.S. government
for his troubles.
But in the face of these myths, the Navy came
out with its official documents that take note of the
story’s salient points, such as: (1)there was no such
project as the Philadelphia Experiment, no
experiments into invisibility. There were projects code-
named Rainbow, but they were warplans to defeat
Italy, Germany, and Japan; (2) The Office of Naval
Research, under which the experiment was
supposedly conducted, did not even exist until 1946;
(3) The U.S.S. Eldridge was never even in
Philadelphia during the fall of 1943, and the deck log
that proves this is available on microfilm via the web.
What the Navy documents do add,
moreover, are some valid points on the subject
of degaussing, which is a process, and when
correctly done, makes a ship “invisible” to the
sensors of magnetic mines, but remains
visible to the human eye, radar, and
underwater listening devices.
They also note that while
experimenting with 1,000 hz generators
in the 1950s, “the higher frequency
generator produced corona discharges,
and other well-known phenomena
associated with high frequency
generators,” which can be exciting when
viewed.
This sounds plausibly like the
genuine seed for the story, which people
like Jessup, Carl Allen, and Bielek weaved
stories from. Such is the stuff urban
legends are made of.
SENIOR 19
P H Y S I C S

On Target: The
Stealth Airplane
R
adar, or radio directing and ranging, is
one of the most vital devices needed by
the defense department of any country.
It is very valuable in tracing the position
of enemy ships and airplanes during wars and conflicts.
But since its invention however, a lot of research and
technology has been developed to counter-attack it. One
of this is stealth technology.

The main purpose of this system study is for anti-

detection. This technology had already begun
development in

World War II when snorkels of German U-boats

were coated with radar- absorbing materials. Since then,
researches were done in secret laboratories to determine
other ways radar detection can be avoided or at least
minimized. Special attention was given to aircrafts.

In the early 1970s, The US Department of Defense

and US Air Force collaborated for this work. Studies
were conducted and bore fruitful results. These studies

20 SENIOR
ranged from chemistry and composite materials to
computer-aided design and manufacture, all aiming for
the reduction of the identification of future-weapons
delivery and surveillance systems used in air warfare.
With this quality, any type of aircraft will have a higher
chance of survival in the battle arena.
The first process in making a stealth
airplane is to create a special design for
the aircraft. One may notice the unique
geometry of a Northrop B-2, for example. To
understand this better, it is necessary to know
how radar works. Regardless of whether it is
airborne or ground-based, the radar ‘sees’ its
target object within a range of 30 degrees around
its own horizontal plane by emitting radio beams
and waiting for them to bounce back upon contact
with the object. It can then measure the length that
the beams had traveled and equate it as the
distance of the object from the radar source, thus
determining the target’s position.
This suggests that a stealth aircraft’s design needs
to be as flat as a straight line as possible when viewed
horizontally. If it did need to curve however, it ought to
be the double-curvature type so that reflection can be
minimized. Known as reflective faceting, the plane is
designed to have slabs or facets having angular relativity
so as to divert the radio beams away from the source.
Another process in anti-radar detection is coating
the stealth with radar-absorbing materials, namely
pyroceramics, polyurethanes, silicones, and rubber and
carbon compounds. Several corner reflectors designed
to catch, trap and scatter radio frequency energy are
likewise strategically placed all over the plane.
Suggested paint color is black in order to elude visual
detection since a the stealth airplane is designed to
operate by night. However, further research is made
concerning visibility in order to make the plane invisible
even during daytime.
Exhausts from an aircraft are also detectable by
radar. Scientists in stealth research also have given
this keen focus. Since the engine emits
infrared or heat-source radiation, the
stealth’s exhaust sections are
flattened into thin, long slots that
are layered with cold air. Direct
injections of powerful chemical
coolants are then applied to the exhaust
gases, so that they would mix with the
outside air unnoticeably.
And yet, along with this great innovation
comes a great price: Both in dollars and performance-
wise. Each of the first fifteen Northrop B-2 costs $776
million, making it the most expensive warplane built in
the last few years. The stealth program has amassed a
total of $43 billion expenditures to date, just by making
an aircraft that cannot be detected by radar. Other
problems encountered aside from the high cost is its
lower acceleration rate compared to ordinary fighter
planes because it had to use turbofan engines with no
afterburners. Add to that is the plane’s need of a
repainting job after every mission.
Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia Deluxe 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft
Corporation.
SENIOR 21
P H Y S I C S

TWISTING IRON
TWISTING IRON
“wanting” to break out of the loop. Many brave kids

I
n many theme parks around the globe, one of the
most sought-after ride is the roller coaster. In try to lift their arms above their heads as they turn
Laguna, the Enchanted Kingdom theme park upside down going through the 360 degree loop. They
offers the mind-numbing “Space Shuttle,” a 1- are trying to resist the action of the centrifugal force.
minute ride that takes you through two 360 degree Centrifugal force is proportional
loops and varying side-twists and turns. Then you go to the mass of the object it is
through the whole thing again, this time exerting upon. It can simulate
backwards! Most kids find the ride fun earth’s gravitational force.
and enervating. The serpentine That is why, in sharp turns
iron rail gleams like some giant and the full vertical loop, the
torture instrument in the rider feels weighed
daytime. And the shrieks down and feels his
and screams from those in head and arms being
the hurtling train seems to drawn towards the
confirm that. floor of the shuttle.
But roller coasters are There are other roller coaster
governed by natural laws that rides in the Philippines. The next time
permit its riders to have fun while you try one, try to observe the various
seemingly courting disaster with its neck-breaking forces that act on your body as it turns,
speed and jaw-breaking twists and turns. twists and turns upside down. It is best
As the shuttle’s wheels clamp down against the to remember to keep your sunglasses,
rail in a sharp sideways turn, the friction between the hat and other paraphernalia tucked in
tires and the rail must sustain sufficient sideways securely in your pockets before they
force to provide the necessary centripetal force for are wrested from you by the various
curved motion. Centripetal (“center-seeking”) force is natural forces that govern the
the radial force required to keep an object continually movement of the
diverted in its path so that it travels in a circle. In this roller coaster.
instance, centripetal force keeps the shuttle along a
curved path as it travels along the rail.
Centrifugal (“center-fleeing”) force refers to the
same phenomenon as centripetal force but may be
considered the equal but opposite reaction to the
action of the centripetal force. The roller coaster
shuttle hurtling along the 360 degree vertical loop of
the rail, for instance, will manifest centrifugal force by

22 SENIOR
 Surface Tension
T
hroughout a liquid, the molecules are attracted to one another. At the surface
of the liquid, the forces of attraction lead to an effect called surface tension.
The two soap-film tricks shown here demonstrate surface tension action.

Materials
liquid soap
glass
water
wire
thread
Procedure
The jumping wire
1. Put some liquid soap in a glass and add water to
make a strong, soapy solution.
2. Bend a piece of wire to form a rectangular frame and
handle, as shown above. The frame should be small
enough to fit into the glass.
3. Dip the frame into the solution and then remove it.
The frame should now be covered with a soap film.
4. Hold the frame horizontally and place a straight piece
of wire across it.

5. Break the soap film on one side of the wire with your
finger. Forces of surface tension on the other side will
pull on the wire, causing it to jump from the frame.
The magic loop
1. Tie a short piece of thread to form a loop.
2. Form a soap film on a wire frame, as previously
described. Carefully place the thread on the film.
3. Now break the film inside the loop. Surface tension
forces around the loop will put it into a neat circle.

SENIOR 23
 And the law says…
THERMODYNAMICS BOX Look for all the hidden words listed below
from the letter box that are related to the study
C A H I C H E N O I T C E V N O C
of thermodynamics.
O X I S O B A R I C T U I T A L U
N B Z S M Y T C D S E L O A N X M
Y D E O B D R U E H W K R X D Y E CONVECTION ISOBARIC
C R T S U O A I A E P A R Q C P R
ENTROPY POWER
A A I G S W R S L U R D K O F O U
R N R P T Y P O G R V I L J W R T LATENT HEAT PRESSURE
N K E N I G N E A O Y A C V X T A RANKINE COMBUSTION
B I R N O S A C S Z L B P B K N R
E N K G N T J P O W E A R W C E E ENGINE IDEAL GAS
A E H V X S C K X L M T E A W G P ADIABATIC CARNOT CYCLE
H K H E T S Y Y M A O I S O D B M
TEMPERATURE WORK
A R A N D U D A C T C C P L N I E
E R U S S E R P W L E K R F O H T
A M O X D R E L A T E N T H E A T

C R O S S W O R D
Across Down
1 Not bottom 1 2 3 2 Source of energy which
3 Where bees live are triggered off by light
4 House 3 Airbone vehicle, capable
7 4 5 6
7 Extraterrestrial of vertical take off
(abbr.) 5 Osmium (symbol)
9 _ _ _ic_e, small 7 8 9 10 11 6 Miss/Mrs (abbr.)
bones in the ear 7 Female sheep
10 _ _us, presiding 13 8 Tantalum (symbol)
Greek god 12
10 Zinc (symbol)
12 Unit of power 11 _ _ _phagus, food tube
13 Charged particles 15 14 15 16 16 17
15 Tellurium (symbol)
14 Refers to ear 16 Not out
17 Oxygen (symbol) 18 18 19 19 20 18 Address of respect to a
19 _ _ _ _zoic, a nun (Sp.)
geologic era 20 Fermented drink
21 Small opening 21 22 23
21 Free from contaminants
22 milli_ _ _ _ , a crawling 23 Electromagnetic unit
organism with a 24 25 26 27 28 (abbr.)
thousand “limbs” 26 Indicates early period of
24 Po_ _ , to transfer a time
29 30
liquid 27 From (abbr.)
25 Not right (direction)
28 Electromagnetic 31 32
29 Story
30 Uranium (symbol)
31 Self-fulfilling love
32 Stiff stick

24 SENIOR