FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Master of Manufacturing Engineering and Operations Management

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN/COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING TIE 6121

IMBAYAGO DIMHAIRO NO175398B1

&

WISTON CHAREHWA N0175386W 2

LECTURER : MR TAYISEPI

ASSIGNMENT I

DUE DATE: 04 March 2018

This research is being submitted in fulfilment for the requirements for the Masters of
Manufacturing Engineering and Operations Management and was undertaken under the
auspices of National University of Science and Technology
Abstract

Tea and beverage machinery are becoming smart and connected, contributing to a dynamic

fusion of technologies in the physical, digital and biological technological advancement.

Integrations and application of Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing

(CAD/CAM) in beverage and tea industry transform machinery design and development

together with the beverage processing, handling, palletising and packing. CAD/CAM

improved the production of medium quality standard products, the increased and changing

nature of competitive pressures in processing.

The main objective of the study was to investigate and provide a comprehensive literature

review text of CAD/CAM Systems applicable in the tea and beverages manufacturing

industry to maximize the benefits received prior to changing CAD/CAM systems.

Key words: Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided manufacturing, Automation,

Robotics, Beverage
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank our CAD/CAM lecturer Engineer Tayisepi for his ongoing guidance,
support and enthusiasm throughout the duration of the study.
We also like to show my appreciation to our colleagues at the National University of Science
and technology for CAD/CAM Research, particularly to tea and Beverage industry for
creating a flexible, relaxed and increasingly interesting work environment, and absorbing us
into the team.
Lastly, we would like to thank our families for their overwhelming support throughout our
research journey, the Wiston family for their endless generosity, and Sylvia for her belief in
me 1. We cannot thank you all enough.
Declaration
This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being
concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree.

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This research is the result of our own investigations, except where otherwise stated.
Other sources are acknowledged by giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended.

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We hereby give consent for our work, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for
interlibrary loan and for the title and summary to be made available to outside university.

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Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 3
Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. 4
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Computer Aided Design in beverage industry ........................................................................ 9
2.3 Computer Aided Manufacturing in Beverage industry ......................................................... 12
3 Results and discussion .................................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Effectiveness of CAD/CAM in tea and beverage industry ..................................................... 14
3.3 Government initiatives towards CAD/CAM in beverage industry ........................................ 14
4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCE........................................................................................................................................ 16
1 Introduction
Consumers continually seek the new and different, and prioritize taste and nutritional value.

Food and Beverage producers are challenged to get new, high-quality products through the

facility quickly, and keep prices low and food safer. The global beverage industry is growing

each year with the introduction of new products, such as vitamin- fortified water, energy

drinks, anti-aging water, and herbal nutritional supplements. With this growth, come many

more analytical challenges. Communication are changing rapidly, driving business methods

for beverage organizations and requiring capitalization in order to maintain competitiveness.

Collaboration of CAD/ CAM in the industry. Technological advancement has brought sanity

in the design and development of tea and beverage products. Complex parts like rotor vanes

blades can easily be design and manufactured using the CAD/CAM software. l Entire

automobiles, airplanes, and jet engines are being designed in an integrated (CAD/CAE/CAM)

manner
2 Literature Review
Today CAD/CAM is within easy reach of just about all manufacturers, and this technology

has become the standard way of operating, rather than the exception. CAD was originally

introduced as an engineering aid in schematic drawings and drafting procedures in the

early 1960’s by Dr Ivan E Sutherland (Kelly, 2007). He developed the (Kelly, 2007)

Sketchpad which introduced a light pen that could be utilised to draw directly on

computer monitors screens (Kelly, 2007). Earlier generations of CAD software overall

were only capable of 2-dimensional (2D) drafting procedures and it was not until the late

1960’s that 3-Dimensional (3D) CAD Software was developed by Casteljau and Beizier from

Renault. Their work on 3D curves and surface geometry continues to be the foundation of

3D CAD software today (2015). In conjunction with development of CAD, CAM software

was developed in 1957 but was only commercially available in the 1970’s by Dr Patrick J.

Hanratty (considered being the father of CAD/CAM) (Kelly, 2007). Recent developments

however in the technology have offered CAD integration of detailed three-dimensional

(3D) design and CAM throughout the complete engineering process (Processes starting

from the creation of the design to the fabrication of the product). The CAD/CAM process

was commercialized in the early 1970’s (Souza R et al, 2012) initially for automotive and

aerospace industries. This was due to the high cost of computer technologies which enabled

only leading companies to own the technology. However the introduction of mini computers

and enhanced software capabilities saw the use of CAD/CAM become more widespread.

Conventionally CAD/CAM methods have been monopolized by a subtractive method in the

form of milling strategies (Kelly, 2007) .

However, advancements in the technology have seen an additive method (i.e. laser melting,

laser sintering) being introduced for fabrication of work pieces. Currently, CAD/CAM

utilisation includes use for such applications as industrial design, medical and dental

prosthetics and computer animations ( Fasbinder D, Dennison J, Heys D, Neiva G, 2010).

Companies need to utilize the benefits of CAD/CAM in order to compete in today's market

successfully. CAD/CAM packages can reduce time in design and manufacturing, improve

communications, improve design quality, reduce errors, and help create a database of

standard documentation. In 1999 a projected 5.3 billion dollars will have been spent on

CAD/CAM systems. (J, 2003). The availability of engineering software designed specifically

for desktop computers has increased the accessibility of CAD/CAM. (Lee, 1999). Companies

need to choose the best system to fully address their needs. This chapter will cover points

associated with CAD/CAM selection.

In general, there are three stages in the life cycle of the tea and beverages products i.e. design,

manufacturing, and end of life phase, however CAD/CAM systems are effectively applied in

the design phase and manufacturing phase.

A modified product cycle described by (Lee, 1999), composed of two main processes: the

design process and the manufacturing process is shown in Figure 1. Thus from the figure the

design process entails first the marketing department identifying the customer needs and

lastly with a detailed drawing showing all the specifications as indicated by the boxes

bounded by solid lines in Figure 1. The manufacturing process starts from the design

specifications and ends with shipping of the actual products.

 Figure 1: Product Cycle (Lee, 1999)

2.2 Computer Aided Design in beverage industry

Basically a Computer Aided Design Package is comprised of three components: a) Design,

b) Analysis/ Engineering, and c) Visualization, as shown in the figure below.

Figure 2: components of Computer Aided Design (Akour)

 a) Computer Aided Design (CAD) according to (Adejuyigbe, 2002) is defined as design

activities that involve the effective use of computer to create, modify or document

engineering design. It is a form of automation that helps designersin beverage

industry to preapare drawings, specification, part lists and other design related

elements using special graphics and calculations intensive programs (Raju V, 2008).

Figure 3: Solid Works freeform tool 3-D modelling a tea bag

Computer Aided Design has gone a long way in automating product and process design

today. CAD currently include three dimensional modelling and computer 1simulated

operations of models rather than prototyping and change components to determine the effects

of tolerance ranges. Advanced machinery in beverage and tea industry are designed with the

application of CAD/CAM for example tea industry has replaced the Green Leaf Cutters with

well design rotorvates with the blades manufactured by additive manufacturing process. So

many CAD technologies are in existence by different companies which includes CATIA and

solidworks by Dessalt System France, Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk Maya and much

Autodesk software from Autodesk University in United States of America, Pro Engineer by
PTC University as well as Mastercam. Many software today are parametric and bidirectional

associative. Beverage industry choose the type of the CAD system depend on the type or

complexity of the design.

b) Analysis/ Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is a technology concerned with the use

of computer systems to analyse CAD geometry, allowing the designer to simulate and

study how the product will behave so that the design can be refined and optimized.

CAE tools are available for a wide range of analyses. The most widely used method

of computer analysis in engineering is the finite-element method (FEM). This

approach is used to determine stress, deformation, heat transfer, magnetic field

distribution, fluid flow, and other continuous field problems that would be impractical

to solve with any other approach. (Lee, 1999)

The CAE principles are also employed in designing the beverage packaging e.g.

plastic bottle, Light weighting glass jars using techniques such as finite element

analysis (FEA) modelling to understand how the container will perform in use, in

order to maintain performance properties. (Touch design ltd, 2009). A FEA is

conducted as follows, Once a computer model (computer-aided-design/CAD) is made

of the object, it is then prepared (i.e. meshed into tiny elements) for FEA, it is then

experimented upon i.e. being virtually subjected to any number of stresses, that

include heating, stretching etc. from such tests engineers’ gain insight into how to

improve the design to make the finished product lighter, stronger and longer-lasting,

in this case the packaging. A design has been FEA “proven out” design can be

validated with real-world testing (Lingle, 2014)

c) Visualisation is concerned with computer graphics, which includes: rendering

a model, creation of pie charts, contour plots, shading a model, sizing, animation, etc.
 and is regarded as any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to

communicate a message. (wikipedia, 2018)

2.3 Computer Aided Manufacturing in Beverage industry

Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM) is the use of computers to enhance the shop floor

manufacturing process which includes monitoring and controlling of manufacturing

equipment for beverage information system with automatic data gathering. It is also a broad

term used when one or more beverage manufacturing processes are carried out at one time

aided by a computer (Adejuyigbe, 2002).

Figure 4: components of Computer Aided Manufacturing (Akour)

The various functions may include process control, robotics, measuring, monitoring and

controlling production. Commonly used examples of CAM often refer to engineering

examples, such as production of manufacturing equipment in tea and beverage industry e.g.

additive manufacturing of rotor vanes blades and automation and robotics system at Coca

Cola Beverage (Raju V, 2008). Although the term CAM is not a widely used term in the

beverage industry, computers are linked to manufacturing lines monitoring and controlling

manufacture to produce consistent and high quality end products. For example, WAGO

SPEEDWAY 767 automation solution in tea and beverage industry and MOVTOOLS

Motion Studio software for beverage handling. This software provides material dedicated

control systems monitoring operations, e.g. controlling the temperature of a heat exchanger;
determine quantity of bottles in bottle filling. In Zimbabwe beverage accompanies and those

companied supplying containers for the beverage companies were the first to invest in

CAD/CAM to automate their production. The companies have gone a mile in implementing

robotics in handling and palletising to eliminate human error. However centralised control

systems monitor and control complete operations throughout manufacture; providing

feedback about the entire process, e.g. tea processing, milk processing plant, liquor and soft

drinks production (Kelly, 2007). Other applications of CAM include production line robots

bakeries and cake decoration.

The networking function of CAM is responsible for supporting production operations in the

plant, however these computer applications do not directly interfere with the manufacturing

process. thus in this instance the computer is used offline in operations as it plays a

supporting role of providing plans, schedules, forecasts, instructions and information which

enables efficient management of the firm’s production resources.

Figure 5: Manufacturing Support Applications.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software applications are utilised for such a supporting

function and they allow for varying levels of customization and support to be achieved, as

such they can be tailor made to cement technology, business practices, and organizational

structures together within the tea and beverages industry. Thus with an ERP software

application a vast array of activities and information necessary to support business operations

and operations planning at the tactical level can be integrated. (SALVENDY, 2001)
3 Results and discussion
The effects of Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing in beverage

industry have greatly improved the products in the following ways:

 Improving process control

 Improving dimensional control

 Reduction in waste

 Reduction in operation time

 Reduction in design and development time as well as labour

 Eradication of prototyping

 Improving beverage technologies

3.2 Effectiveness of CAD/CAM in tea and beverage industry

The emergence of CAD/CAM has led to the eradication of prototyping, improvement on

beverage quality, improvement on productivity and reduction in wastages. CAD/CAM also

remove the level of labour required and it will improve the beverage products to meet

international standards.

3.3 Government initiatives towards CAD/CAM in beverage industry

With the current trend of technology, the government has made some provision in support of

CAD training to institution through Advanced Design Systems an Autodesk Reseller. The

Polytechnic has signed a memorandum of understanding in the implementation of the design

technology.

However in the tea and beverage industry, there is little provision in the training of workers

even though the industry is fast growing in Computer Aided Manufacturing technology. No
government institute where CAD/CAM professionals are trained since there is need for

professionals to handle the CAD/CAM discipline in production.

4 Conclusion
Tea and beverage industry greatly improved the level of productivity, process control, quality

of tea and beverage products to meet up with approved international standards eg Rain Forest

Alliance for tea organisations. The Computer Aided Manufacturing is the current and future

industry in reduction of defects, developing environmental improved materials to meet

industry regulation. From the literature reviewed it shows that;

Very few beverage companies have made investment in the facet of CAD/CAM

technological advancement.

Government involvement in CAD/CAM in beverage industries is not encouraging by not

functional research and development institution which could have been a source of manpower

needed in these areas of specialisation.

Many beverage CAD/CAM system and software are foreign packages therefore there is an

urgent need for development of software packages for beverage industries. All robots system

for automation are imported overseas.

 REFERENCE
Fasbinder D, Dennison J, Heys D, Neiva G. (2010). A clinical evaluation of chairside lithium
disilicate CAD/CAM crowns: a two-year report. J Am Dent Assoc .

Adejuyigbe, S. (2002). CAD/CAM for Manufacturing. Akure: Top Fun Publications.

J, S. S. (2003). The CAD Guidebook. New York: Marcel Dekker.

K., L. (1999). Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems. New York: Addison-Wesley.

Kelly, J. (2007). Developing meaningful systematic review of CAD/CAM reconstructions and

fiber-reinforced composites. Imp.

Raju V, R. P. (2008). CAD/CAM/CIM. Dehli: New International Publishers.

Souza R et al. (2012). Marginal and internal discrepancies related to margin design of eramic
crowns fabricated by a CAD/CAM system. 21, 94-100.