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Alexandria University 2nd Year - Semester (1)

Faculty of Engineering Academic Year 2010/2011


Dept. of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering

Fluid Mechanics (MR 231)

Topics Covered:

1) Introduction, Definitions and Properties: Solids, Fluids, Liquids, Gases,


Density, Viscosity, etc….

2) Fluids at Rest: Pressure, Hydrostatic pressure on plane and curved surfaces,


Buoyancy, Applications to force and moment predictions.

3) Dimensional Analysis: Fundamental and derived units. Dimensional consistency.


Dimensionless groups in fluid mechanics: Reynolds number etc…. Buckingham
pi theorem with applications to fluid flow.

4) Fluids in Motions: Lagrangian and Eulerian Approaches. Conservation of mass,


momentum and energy. Bernoulli equation. Control volume analysis. Streamline
functions. Vortices. Potential flow. Elementary Flows. Introduction to
computational fluid dynamics.

Contact Hours: 2 * 1.5hrs Lectures/week


1 * 1.5hrs Tutorials/week

Assessment:

Type Week Marks, (%)


Semester work Weekly sheets 30 (20 %)
Mid-term Exam. 7th week 15 (10 %)
Final Exam. End of semester 105 (70 %)
Total 150 (100%)

Course Coordinator: Dr. Tamer Mahmoud Hamed

References

1) Y.A.Cengel & J.M.Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals & Applications, 1st


Edition (2006) McGraw-Hill.

2) E.J. Shaughnessy, I.M. Katz & J.P. Schaffer, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics,
1st Edition (2005) Oxford.
1. Introduction

The science of Fluid Mechanics is concerned with understanding, predicting, and


controlling the behavior of a fluid. Since we live in a dense gas atmosphere on a planet
mostly covered by liquid, an understanding of fluid mechanics is part of everyday life.
For an engineer, fluid mechanics is an important field of the applied sciences with many
practical and exciting applications. Examples of applications of Fluid Mechanics:

1) Water Supplies, Sewage, Electricity Power Plants. With heavy dependence on


fluid machinery, pumps and stream turbines.

2) Oil and natural gas pipelines.

3) Aircraft, automobiles, ships, spacecraft, and virtually all other vehicles involve
interactions with fluid of one type or another, both externally and internally,
within an engine or as part of a hydraulic control.

4) The human body with the heart acting as a (pump) to move the blood (fluid)
through arteries and veins (pipes) around the body.

5) The Environment: Weather prediction, Tornadoes, Spread and control of air and
water pollution, Flow of rivers and streams.

The SI System of units

The SI (metric) system consists of six primary units, from which all quantities may be
described. For convenience, secondary units are used in general practice, which are
made from combinations of these primary units.

Primary Units

The six primary units of the SI system are shown in the table below:

Quantity SI Unit Dimension


Length Metre (m) L
Mass Kilogram (Kg) M
Time Second (s) T
Temperature Kelvin (K) θ
Current Ampere (A) I
Luminosity Candela Cd

In fluid mechanics we are generally only interested in the top four units from this table.
Notice how the term 'Dimension' of a unit has been introduced in this table. This is not a
property of the individual units, rather it tells what the unit represents. For example a
metre is a length which has a dimension L but also, an inch, a mile or a kilometre are all
lengths so have dimension of L.
Examples of derived or secondary units include; Velocity (m/s), Acceleration (m/s2),
Force (N or Kg m/s2), density (kg/m3), etc…….

2. Definitions

Fluid Statics vs. Fluid Dynamics

The field of fluid mechanics has historically been divided into two branches, fluid statics
and fluid dynamics. Fluid statics, or hydrostatics, is concerned with the behavior of a
fluid at rest or nearly so. Fluid dynamics involves the study of a fluid in motion.

Solids vs. Fluids

A Solid: Is the form of substance in which a body can resist an applied shear (or
tangential) stress by deforming. Stress is proportional to strain. When a constant shear
force is applied, a solid eventually stops deforming at some fixed strain angle.

A Fluid: Deforms continuously under the influence of shear stress, no matter how small.
Stress is proportional to strain rate. A fluid never stops deforming and approaches a
certain rate of strain.

Solid Fluid
F F V
τ= ∝α τ= ∝µ
A A h

Figs. (1a) and (1b) Behaviour of Solids vs. Fluids under Shear Stress

Liquids vs. Gases

A liquid takes the shape of the container it is in and forms a free surface in the presence
of gravity.
A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills the entire available
space. Gases cannot form a free surface.

Fig. (2) Liquids vs. Gases


Solid Liquid Gas
Fig. (3) The arrangement of atoms in different phases (a) molecules are at relatively fixed
positions in solids, (b) groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid phase, (c)
molecules move about at random in the gas phase

Viscosity

When a shearing force is applied to a fluid at rest, it causes the fluid to deform. The
deformation takes place in the form of one layer of fluid sliding over an adjacent one with
a different velocity.
All fluids in nature are known to offer some resistance to such a movement. This
resistance is attributed to a property of the fluid called Viscosity.
Therefore, viscosity is the property of a fluid which is a measure of its internal resistance
to relative sliding motion between adjacent layers due to shear forces acting on them.
The kinematic viscosity (υ) of a fluid is the ratio of its dynamic viscosity (µ) to its
density (ρ) i.e. υ = µ/ρ.

Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian Fluids

In reality, the velocity profile in Fig. (1b) is not linear and therefore is represented by the
differential velocity gradient (du/dy) rather than (V/h). Therefore:

τ = µ du/dy (1)

Where, (µ) is the dynamic viscosity. Equation (1) is known as Newton’s law of viscosity.
A fluid which obeys this law is known as a Newtonian or Real fluid. Newtonian fluids
have constant values of dynamic viscosity (µ). Some fluids don’t have a constant (µ) and
hence don’t obey Newton’s law of viscosity. Non-Newtonian fluids obey the following
relationship:

τ = A + B (du/dy) n (2)

Where, A, B and n are constants.

Typical examples of Non-Newtonian fluids include: Gelatin, Clay, milk, blood and liquid
cement.

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