Materials and Structures/Mat~riaux et Constructions, Vol.

29, October1996, pp 506-513

Behaviour of bond between concrete and steel

in a large post-yelding field
Gaetano Manfredi and Marisa Pecce
Dipartimento di Analisi e Progettazione Strutturale, Facolta di Ingegneria, Universith di Napoli FedericoII, p.le Tecchio, 80125 Napoli, Italia

A B S T R A C T R I~ S U M I5

The bond-slip relationship between concrete and steel
is very important in evaluating the non-linear behaviour of
reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, the problem is
analysed for reinforced concrete elements in tension. Two
different analytical approaches are applied in order to esti-
mate their performances. This research underlines the
importance of bond-slip modeling in a steel post-yielding
field by comparison among three well-known, different
bond-slip relationships. Moreover, the results of simple
experimental tests on reinforced concrete tensile elements
are shown to assess the reliability of previously proposed
models in the elastic range and to confirm that an appro-
priate model for the post-yielding range of behaviour is
necessary.
La relation d' adh&ence entre l' acier et le b&on est tr~s impor-
tante clans l'analyse du comportement non lin&ire des structures
en b~ton armL Dans cet article, on dtudie le probl~me pour des
dldments de b~ton armd en traction. Deux m&hodes analytiques
diff&entes sont utilis&s pour &aluer leurs performances. Cette
recherche souligne l'importance de la moddlisation de l'adh&ence
en pr&ence &fortes d~rmations plastiques de l'acier, en compa-
rant trois relations ana[ytiques bien connues. Les r&ultats d'un
simple essai exp&imental sur des dldments en b&on armd en trac-
tion permettent d'&aluer l'efficacitd des modules d'adh&ence prd-
sent& auparavant, qui semblent efficaces clans le domaine dlas-
tique, et de confirmer la ndcessitd d'dtablir un module approprid
pour ce qui conceme les ddformations plastiques de l'acier.

SYMBOLS 1. INTRODUCTION
A c = area of concrete Bond between concrete and steel is a main topic in
A s = area of steel concrete structures. It has been widely analysed both
E = steel modulus of elasticity experimentally and theoretically; in fact, the definition
F = force in springs ofbidimensional model of a reliable theoretical bond-slip ('r relationship
c. = confined influences the concrete structure's behaviour, especially
ds = diameter of the bar in the non-linear field. The investigation of this bond
fc = cylindrical concrete strength influence can be carried out, both theoretically and
ni = initial notch spacing experimentally, by an appropriate analysis of tensile r.c.
nf = final notch spacing elements with different dimensions and load conditions.
s = slip This analysis allows evaluating the effect of bond perfor-
sm= average slip mance on b e a m - c o l u m n joints, portions of beams
u =displacement in springs ofbidimcnsional model
between two cracks and connection zones between col-
u c = displacement in concrete
umn and foundation.
u s = displacement in steel
x = abscissa In particular, an r.c. element loaded at one or two
xo = abscissa with zero slip ends by forces with the same directions (pull-out tests),
Ac = crack spacing i.e. compression on one side and tension on the other,
~c = concrete strain simulates the behaviour of a beam-column node with
es = steel strain continuous reinforcement, when the beams linked in the
es,m = average steel strain node are stressed by opposite bending moments. If the
oc = concrete stress forces at the end of the r.c. element are both of tension
Os = steel stress (direct tensile tests), this symmetric element represents
~11 = longitudinal concrete stress the central tensile part of a simple supported beam in
"~b = bond stress bending; in this case, the yielding and then failure of
"~b,m= average bond stress steel happen without the pull-out of the bar.

0025-5432/96 9 RILEM 506

Manfredi,Pecce
In this latter case, the post-yielding steel-concrete
bond largely influences plastic rotations of the r.c. beams;
therefore, it is clearly important to define the most suit-
able bond model for both post-yielding and up to failure
of the steel in order to introduce it into reliable theoretical
procedures for the calculation of plastic rotations [1-3].
Recently, many experimental tests have been carried
out to define steel-concrete bond. Some researchers have
analysed the problem in the dastic range, either by esti-
mating the strain distribution along the steel bar [4-6] or
by measuring this distribution [7]; others have begun to
study the post-yielding distribution of strains with pull-out
or direct tensile tests [8-10]. Tests on post-yielding bond
behaviour near cracks have been carried out as well [11].
An overall view of the experimental tests mentioned
above highlights the increasing interest in the post-yield-
ing behaviour of bond, especially for direct tensile ele-
ments. However, these types of tests are very difficult for
evaluating strain distribution along the steel bar due to
the following problems :
- introduction of strain-gauges can cause a modification
of the steel-concrete interface behaviour, thus the num-
ber of strain-gauges might not suffice or the specimen
arrangement may be too sophisticated [7, 8];
- measure of post-yielding strain requires the appropriate
transducers, which are very difficult to introduce at the
steel-concrete interface; and
- alternative methods are very expensive.
This last problem is amplified near cracks, where
high slip, due to large debonding phenomena, has to be
measured; moreover, strains in this part of the element
are very important because they represent a large contri-
bution to the total slip.
In this paper, a theoretical analysis is developed in
two steps: firstly, a comparison between a monodimen-
sional and a bidimensional model is conducted to evalu-
ate the advantages of a more refined approach; and sec-
ondly, a c o m p a r i s o n is developed using three
well-known bond-slip relationships to evaluate their
reliability within different fields of structural behaviour,
such as elastic fields, post-yielding and, particularly, the
steel-collapse condition.
This investigation demonstrates the necessity of a
better modelling of bond in the large post-yielding field;
in fact, the choice of the bond model greatly influences
the evaluation of structural deformability at the ultimate
state, and the formerly-proposed models provide very
scattered results.
Furthermore, some experimental tests [12] have been
carried out using a procedure capable of analysing the
post-yielding behaviour of bond in tensile r.c. elements.
The experimental method is very simple and allows
obtaining an accurate and reliable distribution of the
plastic strain along the bar at the steel's failure, without
any influence of measuring instruments on bond behav-
iour. The specimens are made with preformed cracks to
exclude the influence of cracking. The load condition is
in tension at the end of the specimen.
The experimental results enable evaluating the reliabili-
ty of formerly-proposed models in the elastic range and
5 0 7
confirm that an appropriate model for the post-yielding
range of behaviour is necessary [13]. These results high-
light some interesting topics, but their application to struc-
tural analysis also requires the evaluation of the influence
of reinforcement detailing (stirrups, bar diameter, etc.).
2. ANALYTICAL MODELS
The behaviour of a specimen can be theoretically
analysed using a monodimensional or a bidimensional
approach ; the first one is characterised by a low compu-
tational charge, but is less accurate, while the second is
more refined, but requires complicated constitutive laws
and implies a heaW computational cost. The main topics
concerning the two approaches are summarised in the
following. Then, in order to develop some assessments
of the reliability of models and bond-slip laws, two con-
crete elements are theoretically analysed. These prisms
have a cross section of 150 x 150 m m 2, two different
lengths (100 and 150 mm, respectively) and are rein-
forced by a steel bar with a diameter equal to 14 mm.
2.1 Monodimensional approach
The monodimensional approach is based on the
Bernoulli hypothesis and results in a system of integer-
differential equations described in the following.
The slip s in a cross section can be defined as the dif-
ference between the displacement of steel Us and the dis-
placement of concrete Uc [14]:
s(x) = Us(X)- Uc(X) (1)
where x is the longitudinal abscissa along the bar.
The solution to the problem at the steel-concrete
interface can be obtained by the expression of the equi-
librium conditions along the longitudinal direction x,
either for the whole section or only for the steel in a step
of the element; finally, the congruence of steel and con-
crete has to be imposed:
4
N=Os(X)As+(~c(X)Ac,"
dx d~
(2)
ds(x) - ~ , ( x ) - ~ ( x )
dx
Moreover, the constitutive relationships of steel, con-
crete in tension and bond-slip have to be introduced. In
the following analysis, for concrete in tension a linear
elastic relationship is assumed, and for steel in tension, an
experimental stress-strain relationship is considered.
For the steel-concrete bond, three different laws are
introduced: the formulation by Eligehausen et al. [14, 3]
with two different variation laws from the crack distance
and the formulation by Okamura et al. [9].
The bond action, as mentioned previously, also
depends on the distance from the crack, since the con-
finement effect of concrete decreases near the cracks; for
this reason, the Eligehausen model is variable along the
Materials and Structures/Mat~riaux et Constructions,Vol,29, October1996

bar. In the parametric analysis, two hypotheses on the

confinement level are assumed considering the concrete
confined (Fig. 1) and unconfined in the central zone
between two cracks. In this figure, the three-dimensional
graph shows the value of bond stress % on the vertical axis
versus the slip value s and the distance from crack x, non-
dimensional with respect to the bar diameter ds, on the
horizontal axis. The most "degraded" constitutive law
corresponds to the cracked section. A steel-concrete bond
relationship of this type is also suggested by CEB [15].
The bond degradation near the cracks is introduced
into the formulation by Okamura et al. [9] with the
dependence of the bond strength % on the steel elonga-
tion Es (Fig. 2).
The analytical expression of the Okamura law is:

0.730o(1+,s)) 3
fc 1 + G' 105 (3)

where S is the non-dimensional slip (S = 1000 . (s/ds))

andre the cylindric concrete strength in compression.

2.2 Bidimensional approach

The bidimensional approach is based on the finite

element method. In this case, concrete between two
cracks is subdivided into a mesh of rectangular
Lagrangian plane elements with four nodes; the steel bar

Fig. 3 - Longitudinal stress (511 o f concrete :

a) Steel stress 325 MPa; b) Steel stress at failure.

is subdivided into monodimensional elements connected

with the nodes of the concrete elements by non-linear
springs. A local relation in the nodes of steel and con-
crete is assumed in terms of force and displacement (F-
.,--" u). This procedure has also been used by other authors
0.3 1.0 3.0 10.0 0.0
with different interface elements [16, 17]. The analysis,
S [n~"n ] shown in the following, has been carried out using the
finite-element code ABAQUS.
Fig. 1 - Confined Eligehausen bond-slip relationship. In the calculation, the experimental constitutive rela-
tionship is used for steel, and an isotropic linear elastic
relation is assumed for concrete in tension; this simplifi-
0.5
/'
e,0x,0y 3 '
I cation is suitable because cracks are preformed in testing
0.4 s 10 -3
and further cracks do not form. The above mentioned
F-u relation, between spring force and displacement,
~ 5.0 x 10 -3

0.3
represents the bond-slip relation; in particular, the bond
model ofEligehausen et al. [14] is assumed in the follow-
0,2
ing analysis.
8 ~ 1.0 x I0 -2 The bidimensional model provides the bond-slip dis-
tribution along the bar; moreover, longitudinal strains and
0.1 g~2,0x 10. 2
stresses in steel as well as longitudinal and transverse
0 F"774"0 X 10 " strains and stresses in concrete are obtained. Therefore,
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 O.Og 0.1 0.12 this approach allows analysing the longitudinal stress of
s/ds concrete ~lt as displayed in Fig. 3, where these stresses are
Fig. 2 - Okamura bond-slip relationship. shown in the case of element length equal to 100 mm; in

508
Manfredi, Pecce

8tx monodlmenslonal~
B i g . C.

i''Q..".~..
....,,...~
EIIg. u.c.monodlrnenslonall
......
[
6b,. "".. I -.o=,-..,o-, IJ
"'-. .......... EIIgehausen
| c,
9

-~ -.~ ............ O. a)

2
L "-"-<2 ....
"'2'2' ........ ! O,
Ellgehause_n,u.c.

Okamura
0 20 40 60 0.1 0.2 2 6 10 14
distance from crack (ram) s t e e l s t r a i n ~ s (10 -2)

Fig. 4 - C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n bidimensional and

monodimensional models
a) the case of a steel stress before yielding is considered,
and in b) the condition of steel failure is drawn.
It can be observed that before yielding, the stress in
concrete extends as far as 2.5 times the diameter of the
bar, confirming the value suggested by CEB [15] for the
definition of the "effective area" of concrete in tension
in evaluating crack spacing. After yielding, this area
reduces and at failure it is at about 1.2 diameters, because
the slip increases and the bond strength decreases.
In Fig. 4, a comparison between bidimensional and
monodimensional models is shown in terms of slip, for
the case of element length equal to 150 mm. The results
are practically coincident: the monodimensional model is
efficient in the determination of strains, stresses and slip
along the bar, using the assumption of Bernoulli's
hypothesis, because the deformation of concrete in ten-
sion has a very small influence on the steel deformation;
however, the bidimensional model allows evaluating the
behaviour of concrete in tension and clearing out the area
around the bar where concrete is more heavily-loaded. A
careful evaluation of this "effective area" is important in
the study of cracking in r.c. elements, while it is clear that
in a problem with prefixed crack spacing, the monodi-
mensional approach is very reliable for defining the
deformability of the steel-concrete system. Therefore, all
of the following analyses are carried out by the monodi-
mensional approach.
2.3 Comparison among bond-slip models
The behaviour of the tensile elements, as previously
described, has been studied in order to analyse the influ-
ence of the bond model on the r.c. behaviour. In Fig. 5 (a)
and (b) the ratio ~-:
s(0)
- (4)
0,8 p-.,--..,. ,,
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1 0.2 2 6 10 14
s t e e l s t r a i n ~ s(lO "2)
Fig. 5 - Steel strain - n o n d i m e n s i o n a l slip relationship :
(a) C r a c k spacing 100 m m , (b) C r a c k spacing 150 m m .
ences result for strain values greater than about 3%,
which corresponds to the end of the plateau in the steel
constitutive relationship, the difference is obviously
increasing with element length.
This result is probably due to the model development
procedures: the two Eligehausen et al. models have been
developed using the external slip values of pull-out tests
with the steel practically in the elastic range, and the
Okamura model was obtained using the results of a large
number of pull-out and direct tensile tests (also with
measurements along the bar), with elastic and yielded
steel without very large strains (i.e., es < 3-4%). For this
reason, the reliability of these three models in the elastic
field is high; the Okamura law seems more suitable in
describing the distribution of post-yielding strains along
the steel bar with no large strain, but in the large post-
yielding field, the three models still have to be tested.
The pertinent issues of Fig. 5 show that the models
are really more uncertain in the field where the available
experimental tests are very limited; moreover, the large
influence of this deformation range on the ductile
behaviour ofr.c, structures underlines the importance of
research being conducted in this field.

between the slip of the embedded bar at end section s(O)
and of the naked one 8s(O).kc/2 is drawn as a function of
steel strain at end sections Es(0). It is interesting to
observe that the three models provide practically the
same results in the elastic range. While the largest differ-
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
As a consequence of these theoretical remarks, an
experimental program has been developed to investigate
the bond behaviour in tensile r.c. elements with steel in

509
Materials and Structures/Mat6riaux et Constructions, Vol. 29, October 1996

0.5

0.4

"~ 0.3 measured values t

corrected values with
"low pass b filter

Y
~0.2

0.1

I
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
abscissa (ram)
Fig. 6 - Specimen dimensions and details. Fig. 7 - Typical strain distribution along the specimen after
failure.
the post-yielding field. The simple, but reliable, proce-
dure used in this study is able to analyse this range of
behaviour.
The specimens are concrete prisms with an embed-
ded steel bar. The geometrical characteristics are equal to
those of the elements previously examined analytically. I
Therefore, the concrete element has a cross section of ~f
150 x 150 mm2 and is 600 lnm long; furthermore, ~ 0.08
cracks are preformed by means of transverse steel sheets. ~0.06 ~ Ac=lOOrara
The steel bar length is 1000 mm; the bar is reinforced at 0.04 o L~c=lOO ram (not centered bar)
the ends by two yokes attached with resin, to avoid steel Ac =150 ram
0.02
failure in the loaded zones of the specimen; around the
yokes, stirrups are used (Fig.6). 0 I I b [ I I I
10 20 3 40 50 60 70 80
Two different crack distances are considered (kc = 100 distance from crack (mm)
and 150 mm); moreover, in the case ofAc = 100 mm, the
bar is positioned either at the centre or at 30 mm from one Fig. 8 - Average strain distribution in steel bar.
of the faces of the concrete element. For each of the three
types of specimens, 3 elements are tested. In fact, during the test the crack width is measured at
The specimens are made with concrete of an average subsequent steps of loading up to steel yielding ; these
cylindrical resistance equal to 31 MPa in compression values represent the slip in the cracked section.
and 3.2 MPa in tension, as obtained by indirect testing. Another experimental output is the residual strain
The steel is a BTS 500 type characterised by the follow- distribution 8 in the steel after failure ; it can be evaluat-
ing average parameters: yielding stressfy = 540 MPa, ed as follows:
stress at failurefu = 625 MPa, uniform strata eu = 13.7%,
nf -n i
diameter ds = 14 mm. The load was applied using a uni- = (5)
versal testing machine; the load was transmitted by rigid ni
end fittings to the yokes of the steel bar. where ni is the distance between two notches before the
In order to measure the steel strains after failure, loading (5 mm) and nf the distance measured after the
accurate notches have been made on the naked steel bar steel rupture by an optical reader.
at a fixed distance; these notches have been carved by a By this method, it is possible to carry out a reliable
precise cutter every 5 mm. The position of these notches and accurate distribution ores along the bar in the failure
after failure allows defining the permanent strain; the condition that corresponds to the rupture of steel
measurement of this final position has been carried out (Fig. 7). It is worth noting that in the rupture section,
by an optical reader with a precision of 0.001 millime- the steel strain is greater than the eu of the naked bar, due
tres. Furthermore, crack width was measured during the to the necking phenomena. In the following analysis, all
test for different load steps. results refer to the part of the specimen where the neck-
ing is absent in order to ignore its influence on bond.
The average values of strains between cracks are calculat-
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ed considering the 3 equal specimens and the elements
between cracks of the same specimen where failure did
Experimental measurements can be summarised into not occur; these results are presented in Fig. 8.
two types: the cracks opening during the loading appli- These values of strains can be considered as not being
cation, and the strain distribution along the bar at steel influenced by necking; moreover, the elastic strain of the
failure. steel, which is lost after failure of the bar, and the tensile

510
Manfredi, Pecce

strain of concrete cannot be considered because these

values are negligible compared with the plastic strain at
failure. These results can therefore be taken as the strains 80 i~ ~
Qmm

at the ultimate condition.

The experimental results in terms of strains allow ~so
evaluating slip s(x) and bond stress %(x) along the bar
using the following expressions:
0.
,(x)= s(X)aX;b(x)= 4<- ' <(x)
dx (6) 2O
/...........
//" I
naked bar
0
while neglecting the concrete deformation. 00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
crack opening (ram)

Table I - Experimental average values Fig. 9 - C r a c k opening in the elastic range :

C r a c k spacing 150 m m .
Crocks Bar em sliPcrack sm "rb,m
spacing position (%) (mm) (mm) (MPa)
ram
100 centred 10.90 5.45 2.10 0.51
[C.O.V.=0.181 0.14 ~: ,. ""~

100 eccentric 11.16 5.58 2.44 0.65

[C.O.V.= 0.041
150 centred 8.27 6.20 2.12 2.25 .S
[C.O.V. = 0.241 o ..........., , % 2 2 . . . . -..
006
In Table 1, the main experimental results at steel col- oo4
lapse are summarised. The values refer to the average of
three specimens in the sections without necking; the . . . .
results show low values of C.O.V. The slip in the pre- 20 40 60
cracked section obviously increases with the crack spac- distance from crack (ram)
ing, while the average strain 8m and the average slip Sm
between cracks decrease because the stiffening effect of Fig. 10 - Steel strain distribution : Crack spacing 150 m m .
bond increases with the embedded length as shown by
the average bond stress %,m. The effect of the bar posi-
tion is negligible, as presented in Table 1 and in Fig. 8;
in fact, the global behaviour is not dependent on the [
transverse position of reinforcement because the cover
depth is sufficient to avoid splitting. [ "%~ Elli~hausen 9

"'-, ----=--
5. THEORETICAL - EXPERIMENTAL
COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION

A theoretical-experimental comparison is developed,

using a monodimensional approach, with reference to
the three well-known bond-slip relationships described
above.
With respect to the elastic range of steel in Fig. 9, the
crack opening, which is an average value of the 3 equal
specimens, is plotted as a function of load in the case of
crack spacing equal to 150 mm for the centred bar; in
the same figure, the theoretical values are also reported,
including the behaviour of the naked steel bar.
It can be observed that all three models, practically
equivalent, provide results in good agreement with the
experimental ones. Therefore, the high reliability of
bond-slip models in the elastic range is confirmed as
previously discussed.
40 60
distance from crack (mm)
Fig. 11 - Slip distribution: Crack spacing 150 m m .
Concerning the post-yielding field, the evaluation of
the specimen's deformation at the failure of steel is very
dependent on the bond model as demonstrated in Figs.
10, 11 and 12. In these figures, the experimental values
of strain 8s, slip s and bond stress %, for both the tested
crack spacing distances, are shown together with the the-
oretical values obtained using the 3 previously-described

511
Materials and Structures/Mat6riaux et Constructions, Vol. 29, October 1996
10
ex/~'/m~mta/
,g
Ellgehausen c.
,Q
0--2
. . . . - _,/L,-,----7 --
20 40 60
distance from crack (mm)
Fig. 12 - B o n d stress distribution: Crack spacing 150 m m .
bond-slip models. The strain is the average value mea-
sured on the bar for the 3 specimens, while s and % are
calculated from equation (6).
In Fig. 10, the 8 shape displays that near cracks there is
a small variation of strains but not a perfect debonding;
moreover, along the whole bar, the yielding strain is
exceeded. The Eligehausen-type models show a perfect
debonding zone near the crack, and therefore the experi-
mental strain distribution is not well-fitted. On the con-
.trary, the Okamura model does not present the debond-
ing zone but globally is too stiff.
In Fig. 11, better agreement among the different
models has been obtained when comparing slips. The
confined Eligehausen model provides good results for
the crack spacing distances of 100 and 150 mm. In fact,
the error in the fitting of slip in the cracked section is
about 3% and 2%, respectively. The unconfined
Eligehausen model is quite flexible, and the error is
about 7% and 30%, respectively, and quickly increases
with the dimension of the specimen due to the overesti-
mated debonding near the crack. The Okamura model is
too stiff and the error is about 20% and 7%, respectively,
and decreases with crack spacing.
The results in terms of slip are obviously related to
the results in terms of%, whereas these are not generally
satisfactory. Experimental and analytical % values are
shown in Fig. 12; the Okamura model yields poor
results, while the Eligehausen-type models are able to fit
shapes of the experimental bond stress, although the
assessment of values is not good.
In conclusion, for all the models, the best agreements
with experimental results are in terms of slip values and
shapes along the bar; this parameter is the most stable
because it has been obtained as an integration of strain;
therefore, it depends on an average value of the strain
8s(X). Moreover, it is important to observe that whichever
bond-slip model is assumed, the values of strains, stresses
and bond tensions along the bar in the post-yielding
range are very sensitive to the steel constitutive relation-
ship and to the &bonding model. In fact, in the large
post-yielding field, a small variation in steel stress induces
a large variation in steel strain, which greatly influences
512
the conditions of equilibrium and compatibility. In addi-
tion, the results are highly dependent on debonding near
cracks, which is a local phenomenon and, therefore, very
difficult to model.
6. CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The theoretical analyses and the experimental tests
display the following results about bond-slip behaviour
in post-yielding tensile elements :
9 The monodimensional approach is very reliable in
the determination of strains, stresses and slip along the
bar in a problem with prefixed crack spacing. The bidi-
mensional model allows carefully evaluating the behav-
iour of concrete in tension and defining the "effective
area" around the bar where the concrete is more heavily-
loaded, which is an important topic in the study of
cracking in r.c. elements.
9 In the theoretical analysis on r.c. prisms, the three
examined bond-slip models provide practically the same
results in the elastic range, while large differences result
for steel in the post-yielding field. This remark under-
lines the importance of researching this field, where the
models are distinctly more uncertain and the available
experimental tests are very limited.
9 The simple and cheaper experimental method,
used in this test, is reliable in obtaining an accurate dis-
tribution of the plastic strain along the bar at failure,
without any influence of the measurement instruments
on bond behaviour.
9 In the elastic range, the experimental values of
crack width are well-fitted using all bond-slip relation-
ships, without considerable differences.
9 For the tested specimens, the bar position has a
negligible influence on the deformation ofr.c, elements;
in fact, the global behaviour is poor depending on the
transverse position of the reinforcement, if the ratio
between the bar diameter and the cover depth is suffi-
cient to avoid the splitting.
With reference to the reliability of bond-slip rela-
tionships at steel failure, it is possible to observe that:
9 The confined Eligehausen model provides better
overall results apart from specimen dimension, although
it is not able to fit the steel strain distribution very well:
this aspect probably depends on the characteristics of
experimental data, i.e. external slip on the specimens
used in obtaining the analytical formulation.
9 The unconfined Eligehausen model is globally not
stiff enough, while the Okamura model seems too stiff,
although it is more capable of fitting steel strain distribu-
tion due to its direct functioning Of Ss; this model under-
estimates the degradation of bond for large slips near
cracks, and this characteristic probably depends on the
range of experimental strain used in the development of
the formulation.
In conclusion, direct experimental tensile tests are
necessary in order to evaluate the reliability of existing
Manfredi, Pecce
analytical formulations in the post-yielding field, which
is very critical to the assessment of ductility capacity of
reinforced concrete elements; moreover, simple and
cheaper tests, such as those described in this paper, are
also very useful.
REFERENCES
[1] Cosenza, E., Greco, C. and Manfredi G., 'Theoretical evaluation
of inelastic rotations and displacements in the reinforced concrete
monodimensional elements', (in Italian), Ani dell'Accademia
Nazionale dei Lintel, S.IX, 2, 3 (1991) 249-258.
[2] Eligehausen, R. and Langer, P., 'Rotation capacity of plastic
hinges and allowable degree of moment redistribution', CEB,
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