CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Briquettes

According to Big Indonesian Dictionary Briquette is a blob of hardened soft
goods through combustion (Daryanto S.S, 1997:115). Briquettes are made from clumps
of hardened soft. Briquette is a fuel alternative that has good prospects for development.
Because apart from the production process is simple, the availability of raw materials
are also readily available.
Hearing the word briquettes, most people will immediately think of the coal.
Hearing the word briquettes, most people will immediately think to coal. Actually,
briquettes not identical with fuel because definition of briquettes is a substance in the
form of powder or chunks - small pieces of solidified by using a press machine with an
adhesive so into a solid form (http://saragihonline.blogspot.com/2009/08/konversi-
limbah-padat-menjadi-produk.html).
2.2 Kinds of Briquettes
The kinds of briquettes are:
1. Coal briquettes
Coal briquettes is a solid fuel with a certain shape and size, which is composed
of fine grains of coal that has undergone a process of compression with a certain
power press, so that the fuel is easier to handle and generate added value in their
utilization.
2. Charcoal briquettes
Alternative energy is made from coconut shells and wood. And it turns out the
price is much cheaper than kerosene, waste of coconut such as coconut shell can
be processed into high value products, one of which is a coconut shell briquettes
commonly used as a source of energy. As a replacement coal is a fuel that can
not be updated and generated a lot of negative impacts to health and the
environment, one of which can cause respiratory problems.

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 3. Biomass briquettes
Biomass is organic material produced by photosynthetic process, either product
or waste. Examples of biomass include plants, trees, grass, sweet, agricultural
waste, forest waste, feces and manure. Why material - biomass materials that go
through the processing of briquettes, why not burn it? The benefit is that the
processing of briquettes obtained a higher calorific value than if the material is
burned directly. Materials that have been through the process will become more
dense briquettes so calorific value could exceed 5000 cal. The more dense
briquettes are made then the higher value on the condition calorifin adhesive
composition should be appropriate.
Kinds of biomass briquettes:
1. Coconut shell briquettes
2. Palm shell briquettes
3. Sawdust briquettes
4. Twigs and dry leaves briquettes
(http://danangslax.blogspot.com/2010/08/macam-macam-briket.html.).
2.3 Factors that influence the characteristics of briquettes
The factors are:
1. Fuel density or specific gravity of charcoal powder
2. Fineness of powder
3. Temperature carbonization
4. Compression pressure
5. Mixing formula with briquettes
Processing of briquettes is the process of being subjected to grinding processing,
mixing raw materials, printing and drying in certain circumstances, to obtain briquettes
that have shape, physical size, and chemical properties of certain. The purpose of
processing briquettes are to improve the fuel quality, ease of handling and transport and
reduce the loss of material in the form of dust in the transport process.
Kinds of raw material which is commonly used as an adhesive for the
manufacture of briquettes are :

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1. Inorganic adhesive
Inorganic adhesive can maintain the resilience of the briquettes during combustion
process so that the base of undisturbed fuel permeability. Inorganic adhesive has a
disadvantage that the addition of ash coming from the adhesive so as to inhibit
combustion and lower calorific value. Examples of inorganic adhesive such as
cement, clay, sodium silicate.
2. Organic adhesive
Organic adhesives produce relatively little ash after burning briquettes and generally
is an effective binder. Examples of organic adhesives includes starch, tar, asphalt,
starch, molasses and paraffin.
a. Clay or often called clays is generally widely used as adhesives briquettes. The
kinds of clay that can be used for the manufacture of briquettes composed of
types clay reddish color, yellowish and gray.
b. Caustic Soda Tapioca and tapioca type of quality very depending on usage. The
kind of Caustic Soda used has a 98% concentrations and Flake-shaped. When
mixed with tapioca will form as adhesive
(http://bennaogest.blogspot.com/2012/01/pembuatan-briket-bioarang.html).
2.4 Definition of fuel
Fuel is anything that can burned such as: paper, cloth, coal, kerosene, gasoline,
etc. To burn the needed three elements are:
a. Fuel
b. Air
c. Temperature to begin burning
Heat or calorific arising from burning of fuel is called product of burn
(http://www.majalahpendidikan.com/2011/10/artikel-pengertian-dan-jenis-bahan.html)
2.5 Definition of coal
According to the dictionary of Indonesian, minerals taken from the earth.
(Daryanto S.S, 1997:80). Coal from woody plants that lived on earth millions of years
ago. Because of the age old giant trees were uprooted, and then buried in the ground. In
the land of the trees gradually change shape to be hard as a rock, colored black and can
be burned like charcoal. (Elly kusmanto,1992:16)

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 Coal is a fossil fuel. Definition of generally sedimentary rocks that are
combustible, formed from organic sediment, primarily the remains of plants and coal
are formed through the process of coaling. The main elements consist of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. Coal is also an organic rock that has the properties of complex
physical and chemical that can be found in various forms.

(http://batubaraasalan.blogspot.com/)

2.6 Types of coal

1. Peat
2. Young of coal
3. Sub-bitumen
4. Bituminous
5. Anthracite (nationalinks.blogspot.com/2009/01/jenis-jenis-batu-bara.html).