‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air-insulated outdoor  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Substation
Gas-Insulated  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KSubstation

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Transformer Substation‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Transmission substation‫א‬ -
Distribution substation‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air-‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kinsulated outdoor Substation
SF6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Gas-  ‫א‬‫א‬ ( Sulfur hexafluoride 
 ‫א‬)
 KInsulated Substation

 ‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ( 6.6kV, 11kV,13.8kV,20kV and 33kVF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

750kV, 400kV, 380kV, 220kV, 132kV,110kV and F      ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E66kV
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K(4.1)‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.1)‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ •

‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K(33kV,20kV,13.8kV,11kV 6.6kV, 380V and 220VF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
   Step-up or step-down transformers‫א‬‫א‬ -
 Bus-bars         ‫א‬ -
Circuit Breakers and Relays   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Disconnect switch and grounding switch ‫א‬‫א‬ -
Voltage and current transformers   ‫א‬ -
 measurement and protection instruments   ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Alert and protection instruments  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Batteries         ‫א‬ J
Earthling systems       ‫א‬ J
 Control systems        ‫א‬ J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 •

 
 W(4.2)‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
(a) Central tower design
 

 
‫א‬(b) Special layout for single busbars up to 145kV
 (a)WW(4.3)‫א‬

‫א‬(b)      
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    Generator transformers ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDistribution transformers‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
800kV‫א‬500MVA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPower transformers‫א‬
K36kV2500KVA50KVA‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬K(Delta ∆ dF EWye Y y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11 5-1-0F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  30o  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  11=11x30o=330o W F   30 o 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4.4)‫א‬KE‫א‬
 
  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.4)
 
   Dry-type transformers   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   
 E4.5) F Oil filled transformers ‫א‬     ،C2F6 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Silicone fluid‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W (4.5)EF
 
 

 
W(4.5)EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K4.5.EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K
 KONAN: Oil-natural, air-natural cooling ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Non-direct flow
‫א‬   direct flow ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 OFAF: Oil-forced, air-forced cooling‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   forced circulation  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 300oC (Flash point) O    
 300oC(Flash point) K  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  L E‫א‬F  ‫א‬
   
 (Natural Convection)‫א‬‫א‬ N  
 (forced Circulation)‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬
(Directed ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  D  E‫א‬F
flow)  
Air‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 Water ‫א‬ W E‫א‬F  
 (Natural Convection) N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (forced Circulation) F  E‫א‬F  

   

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KOil-natural, air-natural cooling‫א‬WONAN
 KOil-natural, air-forced cooling‫א‬WONAF
 
OAK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
KONAN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ODAF OFAF   ‫א‬ FOA  ONAF  ‫א‬  FA   
Multiple   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
   ONAN/ONAF ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ratings
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫– ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬4.2 ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

(Bus-bars Schemes)‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
 Single Bus‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Double bus, double breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Main and transfer (inspection) bus K٣
Double bus, single breaker‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
Ring bus K٥
 one-and-half circuit breaker bus‫א‬K٦
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 Single BusE 4.8 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻃﻊ‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬

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 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W4.8‫א‬
 
 Double bus, double breakerE4.9‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   K‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
(4.10)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.9)‫א‬
 
 
Main and transfer (inspection) busE4.10‫א‬FK٣
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  Bus tie breaker‫א‬ ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(tie breakerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬      ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Double bus, single breakerE4.11‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬
‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫راﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻗﻀﺒﺎن‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬
‫أﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬W(4.11)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Ring busE4.12‫א‬F K٥
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 
 
 Ring busW(4.12F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 one-and-half circuit breaker busE4.13‫א‬F‫א‬K٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٧٥٠٤٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ١ ‫داﺋﺮة‬

‫ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬
٢‫رﻗﻢ‬ ١‫رﻗﻢ‬
 
 one-and-half circuit breaker bus‫א‬W(4.13)‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

EF‫א‬ ƒ
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬
    J    ‫א‬  –    
   E‫א‬F‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 Single Bus
  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ –    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫ א‬  ‫א‬   J‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ Double bus, double breaker

   –    –  

   E‫א‬F‫ א‬‫א‬    ‫ א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬ Main and transfer  
 (inspection) bus
   –      – ‫א‬   
   E‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
Double bus, single breaker
   –   ‫א‬–  
     E‫א‬F  K‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Ring bus

   –   ‫א‬‫א‬–  

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ one-and-half circuit
breaker bus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Voltage and current transformers‫א‬

 
 Current transformer ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (Ammeter and Wattmeter)
 KE4.14)‫א‬E400/1AF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.14)‫א‬
 
voltage transformer ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    E‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Voltmeter and Wattmeter)

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W Induction transformer ‫א‬ ‫א‬  -
 KE4.14‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     WCapacitive transformer ‫א‬ ‫א‬  -
K
F‫א‬‫א‬WOptical transformer ‫א‬‫ א‬-
 (Pockels effect
 KE110000/100VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Circuit Breakers and Disconnectors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Circuit Breakers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      E‫א‬ F    ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، SF6،‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Electrical arcF
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
Air magnetic circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Oil circuit breaker ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Air blast circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 Vaccuum circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Gas circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEFW(4.15)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF  
 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ EoC)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE4.15EF‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(SF6 technology)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Dead tank Breakers) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ Elive tank Breakers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬      ،‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ (SF6 breakers)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.16)‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬     (Vacuum circuit breaker) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Sulfur hexaflouride) SF6
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ SF6 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SF6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Compressor‫א‬ -
K‫א‬،63kA‫א‬ -
EEHV)(Cycles) 2.52،‫א‬ -
K25‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 Disconnect switch‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 Vertical break‫א‬‫א‬ J
Double break switches J
 (V switchesFV J
(Center-break switches) J
 (Grouding switchesF‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Grounding switch‫א‬
 
K(4.17)‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K63kA‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺾ‬
( ‫ ﻣﻔﺘ ﻮح‬on)

‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺾ‬
( ‫ ﻣ ﻐﻠﻖ‬off)

 
 
 110kV W(4.17)‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     K‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Fire protection measures)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Active   ‫א‬‫א‬  (passive measures)  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  measures)
IEEE  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬979
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K      ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 ، (Deluge valves) ‫א‬   (Sprinklers valves) ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    IEEE 979  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Batteries ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  UPS system ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 K
 W‫א‬
W    ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

disch arg e
Pb + PbO2 + 2 H 2 SO4 ↔
ch arg e
2 PbSO4 + 2 H 2 O

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫أﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮدد‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
 

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬(4.18)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  JW‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫א‬  -
 KE JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE21F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
  JW‫א‬
 ‫א‬ JW‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ JW‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ JW
 K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Substation Earthing‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    Kearthing impedances  ‫א‬  transformer neutrals
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTouch Voltage‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (4.19)‫א‬
K
 
‫ﻧﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺤﻮ ل‬
‫ﺒﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻄﻮة‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪ‬

‫ﻤﺲ‬

‫ﺪﺷ‬

‫ﺪﻣ‬
‫اﻟ ﺨ‬

‫ﺪ اﻟﻠ‬
‫ﻦ‬

‫ﺟﻬ‬
‫ﺟﻬ‬
‫ﺲ ﺑﻴ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬

‫ﺟﻬ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻤ‬
‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻬ‬

‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬1

‫اوﺿﺎع اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.19)‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Step Voltage‫א‬  J
 K4.19  J4.20‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     W Mesh Voltage ‫א‬    J
 KE4.19‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻرﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.20‫א‬
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 :Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬      K‫א‬   ground resistivity
 KEarthing voltage‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Earthing MaterialsW‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WConductors ‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ 95mm2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K3-7m‫א‬0.25-0.50 m
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    WConnections ‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬W Earthing Rods‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W Switchyard Fence Earthing‫א‬  J
K‫א‬K1.5 m 0.5m‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ground grid‫א‬ J
Overhead ground wires‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 Neutral conductorsE‫א‬F‫א‬-
 Underground cables ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Foundations‫א‬ J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Step  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Touch voltage‫א‬voltage
 W‫א‬
ρ.K .K .I
  Em = m i G
L
m
 W
 WStep voltage‫א‬WEm
 WSoil resistivity‫א‬‫א‬Wρ
 The geometrical factor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WKm
 The correction factor‫א‬WKi
The average current in the   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W IG(p.u)
 grounding system
The length of the conductor that makes up the ‫א‬‫א‬W Lm
 grounding system
(IEEE-80 Guide for safety in AC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   substation grounding
 K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Components of a substation automation system‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs)      J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ,(PLC)‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.Conventional remote terminal unit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (RTU)
 K‫א‬
SCADA System Master Station    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   :SCADA   J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.21)‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.22)‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.23)‫א‬
 (Gas Insulated Switchgear for substation)‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE4.27 4.25  ‫א‬F SF6

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬SF6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 

 
 
GIS substation‫א‬‫א‬W4.25‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 KGas Insulated Switchgear for substation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.26‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.27‫א‬
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    ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬12‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬K‫א‬48VI=4A‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.5‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ٢٤‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  12VZ‫א‬G 1.5AZ‫א‬G

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  E24EF9AEF2AEFW‫א‬F
 
 ،Υ‫א‬ J٢
P=10MW
‫א‬KXS=0.66Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KU=11kV(Lag.)P.F.=0.85
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 30.5%Z‫א‬ J
18000kWZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
7500kW, 5000kW, 3400kW, 4600kW, 2800 kWW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  K‫א‬‫א‬ J
E1.3EF48.09x106 kWhEFW‫א‬F
 
 

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    ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

10MW, 5MW, 8MW W

 ‫א‬ J٤
 WK٪60‫א‬‫א‬1.5‫א‬‫א‬K7MW
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
     K‫א‬‫א‬ J
E105.12x106 kWhEF20MWEFW‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬ ، 43000kW ‫א‬ J٥
 W‫א‬K61500000kWh‫א‬‫א‬20000kW
 K‫א‬E
 K‫א‬E
 E35.1%EF46.5%EFW‫א‬F          
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
200W a.m.6 p.m.12
3000W  noon12a.m.6
100W p.m.1noon 12
4000W p.m.4p.m.1
2000W p.m.9p.m.4
1000W p.m.12p.m.9
 
 ‫א‬E
 E46.1%EFW‫א‬F

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    ٢٦٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Symbols‫א‬

 
Temperature, Cycle ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ : T  Ampere or area‫א‬ : A
Voltage per phase‫א‬ : V Capacitance‫ א‬: C
Line to line Voltage ‫א‬ : U Diameter, Distance‫א‬،‫א‬: D
Reactance‫ א‬: X Voltage of cell‫א‬‫א‬ : E
Admittance‫ א‬: Y Frequency‫ א‬: f
Impedance‫ א‬: Z Farad‫א‬ : F
Angular Velocity‫א‬‫א‬ : ωm Conductance‫א‬‫ א‬: G
Ohm ‫ أوم‬: Ω Head, Henry،‫א‬،‫ א‬: H
Efficiency‫ א‬: η Current‫ א‬: I
 WStep voltage‫א‬WEm Vector operator ‫א‬‫ א‬: j
 WSoil resistivity‫א‬‫א‬Wρ Permittivity of air‫א‬‫א‬ : εο
The ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W Km Relative permittivity‫א‬‫ א‬: εr
 geometrical factor
Inductance‫ א‬: L
 The correction factor‫א‬WKi
Length‫ א‬: l
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W IG(p.u)
Mass‫ א‬: m
The average current in  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 the grounding system  Speed‫ א‬: n
The   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W Lm Active power‫א‬‫ א‬:P
length of the conductor that makes up Number of ‫א‬‫א‬ : p
 the grounding system
poles
 
Reactive power،‫א‬‫ א‬: Q
Resistance‫ א‬: R
Radius‫ א‬: r
 Apparent power‫א‬‫ א‬: S
 