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Opportunities and Challenges of 

integrating
Renewable Energy in the Indian Grid

The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian
Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent.
ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their
use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
India at a glance 
• The 7th largest country by area in the world and 
the 2nd most populous country
• Per capita power consumption is about 40% of 
the world average
• Roughly 1/4th of population not using electricity 
(a $2.5bn scheme to electrify those 40 million 
families)
• A large grid of about 333 GW capacity 
– Thermal 66% (coal‐58%)
– Hydro 14%
– Nuclear 2%
– 63 GW RES (18%)
India at a glance 
• One nation‐one grid‐one market
– Robust national grid since 2013
– Grid frequency in narrow band through AGC as a 
secondary control to match demand & supply in the grid
– IR capacity ~ 78 GW 
• Federal structure: electricity is a concurrent subject
– Centre: perspective planning, inter‐State transmission 
network, generation, system operation
– Provinces: generation, intra‐State transmission, 
distribution to all types of consumers
Policy and regulatory mechanisms
• Indian Electricity Act, 2003 ‐ RPO
• National Electricity Policy, 2005‐competition & development of 
RE technologies
• Tariff Policy, 2016‐competitive bidding for RE procurement, 
micro‐grids, mandating smart meters
• Framework for Forecasting, Scheduling & Imbalance Handling for 
Renewable Energy Generators at Inter‐State Level‐
• 15 min bidding in power exchanges, 24x7 RTC session
• Forum of Regulators  ‐ Model Regulations on Forecasting, 
Scheduling and Deviation Settlement of Wind & Solar Generating 
Stations at the Province Level
Developing International Interconnections
Indian Power System : Paradigm shift in Generation
2018 2022
Renewable
19%
32%
2% 13%

Generation  8% 11%
2%
Generation
333GW 4% 534GW

58%
51%
Renewable  Renewable
62.8GW 175GW
Coal 
Renewable Hydro Nuclear Gas Coal

Source CEA : Draft NEP report and 19TH EPS report 
Indian Grid – Present and Envisaged

Present IR Capacity: 78 GW

NR

33,720 MW
NER
15,920MW

12,790 MW
WR ER
21,190 MW

Envisaged IR Capacity by 2022
‐ 118 GW
SR

Picture does not include various 132kV lines aggregating 600 MW of IR capacity
Initiatives for RE integration
• 34 Solar Parks in 21 Provinces (20GW)
• Comprehensive Transmission Plan for evacuation  trans. 
capacity Augmentation and strengthening
• Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Control power flow and improve transient stability on 
power grids
• 11 Renewable Energy Management Centres
Single source information repository and coordination point
Forecasting , Real time tracking of generation from 
renewable sources
Advanced decision‐making and control systems
Challenges and Opportunities
• Grid balancing ‐ large‐scale RE integration based on accurate 
forecasting of Load, RE/Hydro/Net Load
• System flexibility  redefining roles of generators, 
Transmission & Distribution system operators
• Development in new energy storage technologies & EVs, 
smart interconnections  seamless and multiple or changing 
preferences of customers
• Envisaging decentralised energy system keeping in mind 
many small‐scale generators (smart metering)
• Technical Standards, Regulations and Provisions in Grid Code
• Data Communication and Situational Awareness
• Institutional and Capacity Building
Way Forward
Power systems are flexible and designed to accommodate variable & 
uncertain load.
• Improve efficiencies to reduce C footprints 
• Need for ‘Flexible’ Systems
– Flexible Generation ‐ Adopt waste to energy technologies‐new players in RE
– Flexible Transmission – FACTS, HVDC
– Flexible Distribution – Smart Grids
– Flexible Markets ‐ more frequent market operation,  Ancillary services, 
Demand response
• Improved control – artificial neural network and other digital 
technologies
• Use of AI for analyzing patterns to find out most optimized operating 
conditions
• Policy / Regulatory Framework for Flexibility 
Thank You

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