A Surface Crack in a Graded

S. Dag
Assoc. Mem. ASME Medium Under General Loading
F. Erdogan
Conditions
Fellow ASME
In this study the problem of a surface crack in a semi-infinite elastic graded medium
Department of Mechanical Engineering and under general loading conditions is considered. It is assumed that first by solving the
Mechanics, problem in the absence of a crack it is reduced to a local perturbation problem with
Lehigh University, arbitrary self-equilibrating crack surface tractions. The local problem is then solved by
Bethlehem, PA 18015 approximating the normal and shear tractions on the crack surfaces by polynomials and
the normalized modes I and II stress intensity factors are given. As an example the
results for a graded half-plane loaded by a sliding rigid circular stamp are presented.
关DOI: 10.1115/1.1488661兴

1 Introduction fracture analysis of nonhomogeneous materials. Wang et al. 关13兴

and Nozaki and Shindo 关14兴 developed a multilayered interfacial
Graded materials, also known as functionally graded materials
zone model to simulate the arbitrarily varying properties of
共FGMs兲 are generally multiphase composites with continuously
FGMs. In addition to the references cited in 关1–14兴, the review
varying thermomechanical properties. Used as coatings and inter-
articles 关15,16兴 may be of particular interest.
facial zones they tend to reduce stresses resulting from the mate-
rial property mismatch, increase the bonding strength, improve the
surface properties and provide protection against severe thermal
and chemical environments. Thus, the concept of grading the ther- 2 Formulation of the Problem
momechanical properties of materials provides the material scien- The geometry of the crack problem is shown in Fig. 1. The
tists and engineers with an important tool to design new materials graded half-plane contains a surface crack of length d. The crack
having highly favorable properties in certain specific applications surfaces are assumed to be subjected to general mixed-mode load-
共关1– 6兴兲. ing. Because of the fact that main results of the crack problems in
To take full advantage of this new tool research is needed not graded materials are rather insensitive to the variations in Pois-
only for developing efficient material processing and characteriza- son’s ratio, in this study it is assumed that the elastic properties of
tion techniques but also for carrying out basic studies relating to the medium may be approximated by
the safety and durability of FGM components. Typical current and
potential applications for this new class of materials include ther-
␮ 共 x 兲 ⫽ ␮ 0 exp共 ␥ x 兲 , (1a)
mal barrier coatings and abradable seals in gas turbines, prepara- ␬ ⫽constant, (1b)
tion of wear-resistant surfaces in load transfer components such as
gears, bearings, cams and machine tools, various interlayers in where ␮ is the shear modulus, ␥ is a nonhomogeneity parameter,
microlectronic and optoelectronic devices, high-speed graded in- ␬⫽3⫺4␯ for plane strain and ␬⫽共3⫺␯兲/共1⫹␯兲 for generalized
dex polymer optical fibers, impact resistant components, and ther- plane stress, ␯ being the Poisson’s ratio. By using the Hooke’s law
moelectric cells 共Miyamoto et al. 关6兴兲.
The primary interest in this study is in initiation and propaga-
tion of surface cracks in graded materials. Initially it is assumed
␴ xx 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
␮共 x 兲
␬ ⫺1 再共 ␬ ⫹1 兲
⳵u
⳵x
⫹ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲
⳵v
⳵y
, 冎 (2a)

that the conditions of crack initiation on the surface of the un-

cracked graded medium have been met and a surface crack has
been initiatiated. Since the material on the surface of FGM is
␴ y y 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
␮共 x 兲
␬ ⫺1 再共 ␬ ⫹1 兲
⳵v
⳵y
⫹ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲
⳵u
⳵x
, 冎 (2b)

generally 100 percent ceramic and consequently rather brittle, this

can be verified by applying a simple maximum tensile stress cri-
terion. The main problem is, therefore, that of a surface crack
␴ xy 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ ␮ 共 x 兲 再 ⳵u ⳵v
⫹
⳵y ⳵x 冎 (2c)

subjected to general mixed-mode loading conditions. The corre- the equilibrium conditions ␴ i j, j ⫽0 can be expressed as
sponding mode I problem was considered by Erdogan and Wu
⳵ 2u ⳵ 2u ⳵v ⳵u ⳵v
关7,8兴. The more general mode I problem of a graded layer bonded 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 2 ⫹ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 ⫹2 ⫹ ␥ 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 ⫹ ␥ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲
to a homogeneous substrate was studied by Kasmalkar 关9兴. The ⳵x ⳵y2 ⳵x⳵y ⳵x ⳵y
interface crack problem for graded coatings under antiplane shear
⫽0, (3a)
loading is studied by Jin and Batra 关10兴 by assuming an exponen-
tial variation in elastic properties. The power-law variation in the ⳵ 2v ⳵ 2v ⳵ 2u ⳵v ⳵u
elastic properties of graded materials is considered by Wang et al. 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 2 ⫹ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 2 ⫹2 ⫹ ␥ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 ⫹ ␥ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲
⳵y ⳵x ⳵x⳵y ⳵x ⳵y
关11兴. A moduli-perturbation approach is used by Gao 关12兴 for the
⫽0. (3b)
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS for publication in the ASME JOURNAL OF APPLIED ME- Equations 共3兲 must be solved under the following external loads:
CHANICS. Manuscript received by the ASME Applied Mechanics Division, Apr. 2,
2001; final revision, Nov. 14, 2001. Associate Editor: H. Gao. Discussion on the ␴ xx 共 0,y 兲 ⫽0, ␴ xy 共 0,y 兲 ⫽0, ⫺⬁⬍y⬍⬁, (4a)
paper should be addressed to the Editor, Prof. Robert M. McMeeking, Department of
Mechanical and Environmental Engineering University of California–Santa Barbara, ␴ y y 共 x,0兲 ⫽⫺p 共 x 兲 , ␴ xy 共 x,0兲 ⫽⫺q 共 x 兲 , 0⬍x⬍d, (4b)
Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5070, and will be accepted until four months after final
publication of the paper itself in the ASME JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. ␴ i j 共 x,y 兲 →0 as 共 x ⫹y 兲 →⬁, 共 i, j⫽x,y 兲 ,
2 2
(4c)

580 Õ Vol. 69, SEPTEMBER 2002 Copyright © 2002 by ASME Transactions of the ASME
 1 1
n 4 ⫽ ␦ 1 ⫺ 冑4 ␻ 2 ⫺4i ␻ ␥ ⫹ ␦ 21 , R共 n 4 兲 ⬍0, (9d)
2 2

冕
2
1 ⬁
兺 C 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y⫹i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ ,
⫺
u 共1i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
2␲ ⫺⬁ j⫽1
j j

(10a)

冕
2
1 ⬁
兺 C 共 ␻ 兲 A 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y⫹i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ ,
⫺
Fig. 1 Surface crack in a graded medium v 共1i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
2␲ ⫺⬁ j⫽1
j j j

(10b)
for y⬍0, and

冕
where p(x) and q(x) are the crack surface tractions which are 4
1 ⬁
obtained from the solution of the original problem in the absence
兺 C 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y⫹i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ ,
⫹
u 共1i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
of the crack. We observe that the unknown functions that are 2␲ ⫺⬁ j⫽3
j j
convenient in this problem are the derivatives of the relative crack (11a)
opening displacements defined by

冕
4
1 ⬁
2␮0 ⳵
兺 C 共 ␻ 兲 A 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y⫹i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ ,
⫹
共 v共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫺ v共 x,⫺0 兲兲 ⫽ f 1 共 x 兲 , v 共1i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
␬ ⫹1 ⳵ x
0⬍x⬍d, (5a) 2␲ ⫺⬁ j⫽3
j j j

(11b)
2␮0 ⳵
共 u 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫺u 共 x,⫺0 兲兲 ⫽ f 2 共 x 兲 , 0⬍x⬍d. (5b) for y⬎0. In Eqs. 共10兲 and 共11兲 C j ( ␻ ), ( j⫽1,2,3,4) are unknown
␬ ⫹1 ⳵ x and A j are given by
2.1 The Opening Mode Problem. In the graded half-plane n 2j 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 ⫹ 共 i ␻ ␥ ⫺ ␻ 2 兲共 ␬ ⫹1 兲
problem having a symmetry with respect to the y⫽0 plane in A j 共 ␻ 兲 ⫽⫺ , 共 j⫽1,2,3,4兲 .
geometry and material property distribution, the mode I 共or the n j 共 2i ␻ ⫹ ␥ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲
opening mode兲 and mode II 共or the sliding mode兲 problems turn (12)
out to be uncoupled. Therefore, the problems may be formulated Consider now the half-plane problem for x⬎0 without the crack.
separately. Furthermore, the solution to each problem may be ex- By observing that the problem has a symmetry with respect to y
pressed as the sum of two solutions, namely the infinite medium ⫽0 plane the solution may be expressed as

冕
with a crack and a half-plane x⬎0 without a crack.
⬁
We consider first the infinite medium with a crack. Defining the
u 共1h 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ U 共1h 兲 共 x, ␣ 兲 cos共 ␣ y 兲 d ␣ , (13a)
displacements by 0

u 共1i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
1
2␲ 冕 ⫺⬁
⬁
U 共1i 兲 共 ␻ ,y 兲 exp共 i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ , (6a) v 共1h 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ 冕 0
⬁
V 共1h 兲 共 x, ␣ 兲 sin共 ␣ y 兲 d ␣ , (13b)

v 共1i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
1
2␲ 冕 ⫺⬁
⬁
V 共1i 兲 共 ␻ ,y 兲 exp共 i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ , (6b)
where superscript h and subscript 1 refer to the half-plane and the
opening mode, respectively. From Eqs. 共3兲 and 共13兲 it follows that

from Eq. 共3兲 it follows that d 2 U 共1h 兲 dU 共1h 兲 dV 共1h 兲

共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 2 ⫹ ␥ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 ⫺ ␣ 2 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 U 共1h 兲 ⫹2 ␣
d 2 U 共1i 兲 dV 共1i 兲 dx dx dx
共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 ⫹ 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲共 ␥ i ␻ ⫺ ␻ 2 兲 U 共1i 兲 ⫹ 共 2i ␻ ⫹ ␥ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲
dy 2 dy ⫹ ␥ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲 V 共1h 兲 ⫽0, (14a)
⫽0, (7a) dU 共1h 兲 d 2
V 共1h 兲 dV 共1h 兲
2␣ ⫹ ␥␣ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 U 共1h 兲 ⫺ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲 2 ⫺ ␥ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲
dU 共1i 兲 d 2 V 共1i 兲 dx dx dx
共 2i ␻ ⫹ ␥ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲兲 ⫹ 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 ⫹ 共 ␬ ⫺1 兲共 ␥ i ␻ ⫺ ␻ 2 兲 V 共1i 兲
共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 V 共1h 兲 ⫽0.
2
dy dy ⫹␣ 2
(14b)
⫽0 (7b) Assuming the solution for Eq. 共14兲 of the form exp(px), we find
where superscript i and subscript 1 refer to infinite medium and 共 p 2 ⫹ ␥ p⫺ ␣ 2 ⫺i ␣ ␦ 1 兲共 p 2 ⫹ ␥ p⫺ ␣ 2 ⫹i ␣ ␦ 1 兲 ⫽0, (15)
opening mode problem, respectively. Assuming the solution of
Eq. 共7兲 in the form exp(ny), the characteristic equation, its roots, 1 1
and the displacements are found to be p 1 ⫽⫺ ␥ ⫹ 冑␥ 2 ⫹4 ␣ 2 ⫹4i ␣ ␦ 1 , R共 p 1 兲 ⬎0, (16a)
2 2
共 n 2 ⫺ ␦ 1 n⫹i ␻ 共 ␥ ⫹i ␻ 兲兲共 n 2 ⫹ ␦ 1 n⫹i ␻ 共 ␥ ⫹i ␻ 兲兲 ⫽0, (8a) 1 1
p 2 ⫽⫺ ␥ ⫹ 冑␥ 2 ⫹4 ␣ 2 ⫺4i ␣ ␦ 1 , R共 p 2 兲 ⬎0,
冑
(16b)
3⫺ ␬ 2 2
␦ 1⫽ ␥ , (8b)
␬ ⫹1 1 1
p 3 ⫽⫺ ␥ ⫺ 冑␥ 2 ⫹4 ␣ 2 ⫹4i ␣ ␦ 1 , R共 p 3 兲 ⬍0, (16c)
1 1 2 2
n 1 ⫽⫺ ␦ 1 ⫹ 冑4 ␻ 2 ⫺4i ␻ ␥ ⫹ ␦ 21 , R共 n 1 兲 ⬎0, (9a)
2 2 1 1
p 4 ⫽⫺ ␥ ⫺ 冑␥ 2 ⫹4 ␣ 2 ⫺4i ␣ ␦ 1 , R共 p 4 兲 ⬍0, (16d)
1 1 2 2
n 2 ⫽ ␦ 1 ⫹ 冑4 ␻ 2 ⫺4i ␻ ␥ ⫹ ␦ 21 , R共 n 2 兲 ⬎0, (9b)

冕
2 2 ⬁
u 共1h 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ 共 B 3 exp共 p 3 x 兲 ⫹B 4 exp共 p 4 x 兲兲 cos共 ␣ y 兲 d ␣ ,
1 1
n 3 ⫽⫺ ␦ ⫺ 冑4 ␻ 2 ⫺4i ␻ ␥ ⫹ ␦ 21 , R共 n 3 兲 ⬍0, (9c) 0
2 1 2 (17a)

Journal of Applied Mechanics SEPTEMBER 2002, Vol. 69 Õ 581

 v 共1h 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ 冕 ⬁

0
共 B 3 D 3 exp共 p 3 x 兲 ⫹B 4 D 4 exp共 p 4 x 兲兲 sin共 ␣ y 兲 d ␣ , 冕兺 ⬁

0 j⫽3
4

共 D j p j ⫺ ␣ 兲 B j 共 ␣ 兲 sin共 ␣ y 兲 ⫹
1
2␲ 冕 ⬁

⫺⬁ j⫽3
4

兺 共n j

(17b)
⫹i ␻ A j 兲 C j 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n j y 兲 d ␻ ⫽0, 0⬍y⬍⬁ (25b)
p 2j 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 ⫹ ␣ 2 共 1⫺ ␬ 兲 ⫹ ␥ p j 共 1⫹ ␬ 兲
D j ⫽⫺ , 共 j⫽3,4兲 where f 1 (x) is the new unknown function which is determined
␣ 共 2p j ⫹ ␥ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲 from Eq. 共23a兲. Because of symmetry in this problem it is suffi-
(18) cient to consider 0⬍y⬍⬁ only. Evaluating some of the integrals
where ␦ 1 is given by Eq. 共8b兲 and B 3 ( ␣ ) and B 4 ( ␣ ) are unknown in closed form by using the theory of residues, Eqs. 共25兲 may be
functions. We now express the solution of the mode I problem as reduced to
follows: 4

u 1 共 x,y 兲 ⫽u 共1i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫹u 共1h 兲 共 x,y 兲 , (19a) 兺 共共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 p ⫹D ␣ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲 B *共 ␣ ,t 兲 ⫽R

j⫽3
j j j xx1 共 ␣ ,t 兲 , (26a)

4
v 1 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ v 共1i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫹ v 共1h 兲 共 x,y 兲 , (19b)
兺 共 D p ⫺ ␣ 兲 B *共 ␣ ,t 兲 ⫽R
j j j xy1 共 ␣ ,t 兲 , (26b)
␴ k j1 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ ␴ 共kij1兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫹ ␴ 共khj1兲 共 x,y 兲 ,
j⫽3
共 k, j⫽x,y 兲 (19c)
where

冕 冉冉 冊 冊
where displacements are given in terms of six unknown functions
C 1 , . . . ,C 4 , B 3 , B 4 which are determined from the following six ␬ ⫹1 d ␥
B j共 ␣ 兲⫽ B *j 共 ␣ ,t 兲 exp ⫺␭ 1 t f 1 共 t 兲 dt, (27)
conditions: 2␮0 0 2
␴ xx1 共 0,y 兲 ⫽0, (20a) and R xx1 , R xy1 , and ␭ 1 are given in Appendix A.
␴ xy1 共 0,y 兲 ⫽0, ⫺⬁⬍y⬍⬁, (20b) 2.2 The Sliding Mode Problem. Referring to Fig. 1, in this
section it is assumed that y⫽0 is a plane of antisymmetry. Con-
␴ y y1 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫽ ␴ y y1 共 x,⫺0 兲 , (21a) sequently, in Eq. 共4兲 p(x)⫽0 and in Eq. 共5兲 f 1 (x)⫽0. Thus, fol-
lowing a procedure similar to that of Section 2.1, the displace-
␴ xy1 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫽ ␴ xy1 共 x,⫺0 兲 , 0⬍x⬍⬁, (21b) ments for the graded infinite medium with a crack along the x-axis
may be written as
u 1 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫽u 1 共 x,⫺0 兲 , 0⬍x⬍⬁, (22)

冕
2
1 ⬁
兺 E 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y⫹i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ ,
⫺
␴ y y1 共 x,0兲 ⫽⫺p 共 x 兲 , 0⬍x⬍d, (23a) u 共2i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
2␲ ⫺⬁ j⫽1
j j

v 1 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫽ v 1 共 x,⫺0 兲 , d⬍x⬍⬁. (23b) (28a)

冕
2
⬁
The homogeneous conditions 共20兲–共22兲 may be used to eliminate 1
兺 E 共 ␻ 兲 A 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y⫹i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ ,
⫺
v 共2i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
five of the unknown functions. The mixed boundary conditions 2␲ ⫺⬁ j⫽1
j j j
共23兲 would then determine the sixth unknown. (28b)
By using the definitions given by Eq. 共5兲, observing that for the
mode I problem under consideration f 2 (x)⫽0 and q(x)⫽0, re- for y⬍0 and
placing the condition 共23a兲 by 共5a兲, and substituting from 共10兲,
冕
4
1 ⬁
共11兲, 共17兲, 共19兲, and 共2兲 into 共20兲–共23兲, we obtain the following
兺 E 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y⫹i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ ,
⫹
u 共2i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
expressions giving C 1 , . . . ,C 4 , B 3 , B 4 in terms of f 1 (x): 2␲ ⫺⬁ j⫽3
j j

冕
(29a)
␬ ⫹1 d

冕
C j共 ␻ 兲⫽ P 共␻兲 f 1 共 t 兲 exp共 ⫺i ␻ t 兲 dt, (24a) ⬁
4
2␮0 j 1
兺 E 共 ␻ 兲 A 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y⫹i ␻ x 兲 d ␻ ,
⫹
v 共2i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽
0
2␲ ⫺⬁ j⫽3
j j j
4 2

兺 共 i ␻ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲 ⫹A n 共 1⫹ ␬ 兲兲 P 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺ 兺 共 i ␻ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲
(29b)
j j j
j⫽3 j⫽1 for y⬎0. In Eqs. 共28兲 and 共29兲 E 1 ( ␻ ), . . . ,E 4 ( ␻ ) are unknown
and n j and A j are given by Eqs. 共9兲 and 共12兲, respectively. Simi-
⫹A j n j 共 1⫹ ␬ 兲兲 P j 共 ␻ 兲 ⫽0, (24b) larly, the general solution for the graded half-plane x⬎0 under
4 2 antisymmetric loading conditions may be expressed as
兺
j⫽3
共 n j ⫹i ␻ A j 兲 P j 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺ 兺 共 n ⫹i ␻ A 兲 P 共 ␻ 兲 ⫽0,
j⫽1
j j j (24c)
u 共2h 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ 冕 ⬁
共 G 3 共 ␣ 兲 exp共 p 3 x 兲 ⫹G 4 共 ␣ 兲 exp共 p 4 x 兲兲 sin共 ␣ y 兲 d ␣ ,

再兺 冎
0
4 2
(30a)
i␻ A j P j共 ␻ 兲⫺ 兺 A P 共␻兲 ⫽1,
冕
j j (24d) ⬁
j⫽3 j⫽1
v 共2h 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ 共 G 3 共 ␣ 兲 H 3 共 ␣ 兲 exp共 p 3 x 兲
P 4 共 ␻ 兲 ⫹ P 3 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺ P 2 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺ P 1 共 ␻ 兲 ⫽0, (24e) 0

⫹G 4 共 ␣ 兲 H 4 共 ␣ 兲 exp共 p 4 x 兲兲 cos共 ␣ y 兲 d ␣ (30b)

冕兺
4
⬁
共共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 p j ⫹D j ␣ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲 B j 共 ␣ 兲 cos共 ␣ y 兲 where G 3 ( ␣ ) and G 4 ( ␣ ) are unknown, the characteristic equation
0 j⫽3 and its roots p j , ( j⫽1, . . . ,4) are given by Eqs. 共18兲 and 共19兲 and
H 3 ( ␣ ) and H 4 ( ␣ ) are
冕
4
1 ⬁
⫹
2␲ ⫺⬁
兺 共 i ␻ 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 ⫹A n 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲 C 共 ␻ 兲
j⫽3
j j j
H j共 ␣ 兲⫽
␥ p j 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 ⫹ ␣ 2 共 1⫺ ␬ 兲 ⫹p 2j 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲
, 共 j⫽3,4兲 .
␣ 共 2p j ⫹ ␥ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲
⫻exp共 n j y 兲 d ␻ ⫽0, 0⬍y⬍⬁, (25a) (31)

582 Õ Vol. 69, SEPTEMBER 2002 Transactions of the ASME

 We now express the displacements and stresses in the cracked 4
half-plane under antisymmetric loading in terms of the following
sums:
兺 共 H p ⫹ ␣ 兲 G *共 ␣ ,t 兲 ⫽R
j⫽3
j j j xy2 共 ␣ ,t 兲 , (41b)

u 2 共 x,y 兲 ⫽u 共2i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫹u 共2h 兲 共 x,y 兲 , (32a) where

v 2 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ v 共2i 兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫹ v 共2h 兲 共 x,y 兲 ,

␴ k j2 共 x,y 兲 ⫽ ␴ 共kij2兲 共 x,y 兲 ⫹ ␴ 共khj2兲 共 x,y 兲 , 共 k, j⫽x,y 兲 .

(32b)
(33)
G j共 ␣ 兲⫽
␬ ⫹1
2␮0 冕 0
d
G *j 共 ␣ ,t 兲 exp 冉冉 冊 冊
␥
2
⫺␭ 1 t f 2 共 t 兲 dt, (42)

and R xx2 , R xy2 , and ␭ 1 are given in Appendix A.

In the surface crack problem under antisymmetric loading the
solution given by Eqs. 共32兲 and 共33兲 must satisfy the following
boundary and continuity conditions:
␴ xx2 共 0,y 兲 ⫽0, ␴ xy2 共 0,y 兲 ⫽0, ⫺⬁⬍y⬍⬁, (34)
3 The Integral Equations
By using the solution developed in Section 2 all stress and
␴ y y2 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫽ ␴ y y2 共 x,⫺0 兲 , displacement components can be expressed in terms of f 1 (x) and
f 2 (x) with appropriate kernels. Specifically, observing that the
␴ xy2 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫽ ␴ xy2 共 x,⫺0 兲 , 0⬍x⬍⬁, (35)
problem is uncoupled, using Eqs. 共22兲 and 共36兲, the conditions
v 2 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫽ v 2 共 x,⫺0 兲 , 0⬍x⬍⬁, (36) 共23a兲 and 共37a兲 which are yet to be satisfied may be written as

␴ xy2 共 x,0兲 ⫽⫺q 共 x 兲 ,

u 2 共 x,⫹0 兲 ⫽u 2 共 x,⫺0 兲 ,
0⬍x⬍d,
d⬍x⬍⬁.
(37a)
(37b)
␴ y y 共 x,0兲 ⫽ lim
y→0
冕 0
d
k 11共 x,y,t 兲 f 1 共 t 兲 dt⫽⫺p 共 x 兲 , 0⬍x⬍d,

(43)
Again, by replacing Eq. 共37a兲 by Eq. 共5b兲 and using the solution
given by Eqs. 共28兲–共31兲, the conditions 共34兲–共37兲 may be reduced
to a system of equations expressing the unknown functions
␴ xy 共 x,0兲 ⫽ lim
y→0
冕 0
d
k 22共 x,y,t 兲 f 2 共 t 兲 dt⫽⫺q 共 x 兲 , 0⬍x⬍d,
E j ( ␻ ), ( j⫽1, . . . ,4), G 3 ( ␣ ) and G 4 ( ␣ ) in terms of the new (44)
unknown function f 2 (x) as follows:

冕
where the kernels k 11 and k 22 are given in Appendix B. Note that
␬ ⫹1 d
unlike the homogeneous half-plane, in the graded medium with a
E j共 ␻ 兲⫽ Z 共␻兲 f 2 共 t 兲 exp共 ⫺i ␻ t 兲 dt, (38)
2␮0 j 0
surface crack k 11(x,0,t) and k 22(x,0,t) are not equal. The singular
nature of the integral Eqs. 共43兲 and 共44兲 and that of the solutions
4 f 1 and f 2 may be determined by examining the asymptotic behav-
兺 共 i ␻ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲 ⫹A n 共 1⫹ ␬ 兲兲 Z 共 ␻ 兲 j j j
(r)
ior of the integrands K ss , 共r⫽i, h; s⫽1,2兲 given in Appendix B.
j⫽3
After performing the necessary analysis the integral Eqs. 共43兲 and
2 共44兲 may be reduced to
兺 共 i ␻ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲 ⫹A n 共 1⫹ ␬ 兲兲 Z 共 ␻ 兲 ⫽0,
冕冋 册
⫺ j j j (39a) d 1 1
j⫽1
⫹h 11s 共 x,t 兲 ⫹h 11f 共 x,t 兲 f 1 共 t 兲 dt
4 2 0 ␲ t⫺x

兺 共 n ⫹i ␻ A 兲 Z 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺ 兺 共 n ⫹i ␻ A 兲 Z 共 ␻ 兲 ⫽0,
j⫽3
j j j
j⫽1
j j j (39b) ⫽⫺exp共 ⫺ ␥ x 兲 p 共 x 兲 , 0⬍x⬍d (45a)

兺 A Z 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺ 兺 A Z 共 ␻ 兲 ⫽0,
j⫽3
j j
2

j⫽1
j j (39c)
冕冋0
d 1 1
␲ t⫺x
⫹h 22s 共 x,t 兲 ⫹h 22f 共 x,t 兲 f 2 共 t 兲 dt 册
⫽⫺exp共 ⫺ ␥ x 兲 q 共 x 兲 , 0⬍x⬍d (45b)
i ␻ 兵 Z 4 共 ␻ 兲 ⫹Z 3 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺Z 2 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺Z 1 共 ␻ 兲 其 ⫽1. (39d)
where h 11s and h 22s are generalized Cauchy kernels 共of the order

冕兺
4
⬁ 1/t兲 that become unbounded as the arguments x and t tend to the
共共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 p j ⫺H j ␣ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲 G j 共 ␣ 兲 sin共 ␣ y 兲 end point zero simultaneously. The limits of these singular kernels
0 j⫽3
are found to be

冕
4
1 ⬁
lim h 11s 共 x,t 兲 ⫽ lim h 11s 共 x,t 兲
⫹
2␲ ⫺⬁
兺 共 i ␻ 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 ⫹A n 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲 E 共 ␻ 兲
j⫽3
j j j 共 x,t 兲 →0 ␥ →0

⫽ lim h 22s 共 x,t 兲

⫻exp共 n j y 兲 d ␻ ⫽0, 0⬍y⬍⬁, (40a) 共 x,t 兲 →0

冕兺
4
⬁ ⫽ lim h 22s 共 x,t 兲
共 H j p j ⫹ ␣ 兲 G j 共 ␣ 兲 cos共 ␣ y 兲 ␥ →0

冉 冊
0 j⫽3
1 1 2t 4t 2

冕 ⫽ ⫹ 2⫺ 0⬍ 共 t,x 兲 ⬍d.
4
1 ⬁ ,
⫹
2␲ ⫺⬁
兺 共 n ⫹i ␻ A 兲 E 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y 兲 d ␻ ⫽0,
j⫽3
j j j j
␲ t⫹x 共 t⫹x 兲 共 t⫹x 兲 3
(46)
0⬍y⬍⬁. (40b) The expressions for h kks and h kk f , (k⫽1,2) are given by Dag
In this problem, too, because of symmetry it is sufficient to con- 关17兴. It may be observed that 共46兲 is the standard expression found
sider y⬎0 half of the medium only. Also, by evaluating some of for edge cracks in homogeneous materials 共关17兴兲. Thus, the solu-
the integrals in closed form Eqs. 共40a,b兲 may be reduced to tion of the integral equations may be expressed as
4 f 1 共 x 兲 ⫽ 共 d⫺x 兲 ⫺1/2 f 1* 共 x 兲 , 0⬍x⬍d, (47a)
兺
j⫽3
共共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 p j ⫺H j ␣ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲兲 G *j 共 ␣ ,t 兲 ⫽R xx2 共 ␣ ,t 兲 , (41a)
f 2 共 x 兲 ⫽ 共 d⫺x 兲 ⫺1/2 f *
2 共 x 兲, 0⬍x⬍d, (47b)

Journal of Applied Mechanics SEPTEMBER 2002, Vol. 69 Õ 583

where f * Table 1 Normalized mode I stress intensity factors
1 (x) and f *
2 (x) are unknown bounded functions. Note
that, there is no singularity at the crack mouth x⫽0, y⫽0 while
k 1 /( ␴ n d 1/2)
the standard square-root singularity is retained at the crack tip.
␥d ␴0 ␴ 1 (x/d) ␴ 2 (x/d) 2 ␴ 3 (x/d) 3 ␴ 4 (x/d) 4
⫺3.0 4.4345 1.9324 1.2148 0.8897 0.7076
4 On the Solution of the Integral Equations ⫺2.0 3.1238 1.4495 0.9525 0.7209 0.5879
⫺1.0 1.9846 1.0196 0.7152 0.5663 0.4774
The integral equations are solved by using a collocation tech- ⫺0.5 1.4988 0.8317 0.6099 0.4970 0.4274
nique. First the interval (0,d) in 共45兲 is normalized by defining ⫺10⫺1 1.1802 0.6690 0.5387 0.4498 0.3932
⫺10⫺2 1.1259 0.6847 0.5265 0.4417 0.3873
f i共 t 兲 ⫽ ␾ i共 r 兲 , i⫽1,2, ⫺1⬍r⬍1, (48a) ⫺10⫺3 1.1220 0.6831 0.5256 0.4410 0.3869
⫺10⫺4 1.1215 0.6829 0.5255 0.4410 0.3868
0 1.1215 0.6829 0.5255 0.4410 0.3868
d d 10⫺4 1.1215 0.6829 0.5255 0.4410 0.3868
t⫽ r⫹ , 0⬍t⬍d, ⫺1⬍r⬍1, (48b)
2 2 10⫺3 1.1210 0.6827 0.5254 0.4409 0.3868
10⫺2 1.1175 0.6812 0.5246 0.4404 0.3864
d d 10⫺1 1.0864 0.6690 0.5176 0.4358 0.3830
x⫽ s⫹ , 0⬍x⬍d, ⫺1⬍s⬍1. (48c) 0.5 1.0225 0.6439 0.5035 0.4264 0.3763
2 2 1.0 0.9930 0.6328 0.4974 0.4225 0.3735
2.0 0.9807 0.6289 0.4956 0.4215 0.3729
The solution may then be expressed as 3.0 0.9884 0.6329 0.4981 0.4233 0.3743

␾ 1 共 r 兲 ⫽ 共 1⫺r 兲 ⫺1/2
n⫽0
兺A 共 ⫺1/2,0 兲
1n P n 共 r 兲, (49a)
k 2 ⫽ lim 冑2 共 x⫺d 兲 ␴ xy 共 x,0兲
⬁ x→d⫹0
␾ 2 共 r 兲 ⫽ 共 1⫺r 兲 ⫺1/2 兺A 共 ⫺1/2,0 兲
2n P n 共 r 兲, (49b)
2␮共 x 兲 ⳵
n⫽0
⫽⫺ lim 冑2 共 d⫺x 兲 共 u 共 x,0⫹ 兲 ⫺u 共 x,0⫺ 兲兲 .
x→d⫺0 ␬ ⫹1 ⳵x
where P (n⫺1/2,0 ) (r), ⫺1⬍r⬍1, are Jacobi polynomials. Substitut-
ing 共49兲 in 共45兲, truncating the infinite series at N and regularizing (52b)
the singular terms, the integral equations become From 共49兲 and 共52兲 it then follows that

兺再
N N
⌫ 共 ⫺1/2兲 ⌫ 共 n⫹1 兲
n⫽0
⫺
2 1/2␲ ⌫ 共 n⫹1/2兲
F 共 n⫹1,⫺n⫹1/2;3/2; 共 1⫺s 兲 /2兲 k 1 ⫽⫺exp共 ␥ d 兲 冑d 兺A
n⫽0
共 ⫺1/2,0 兲
1n P n 共 1 兲, (53a)

冎
N

⫹m 11n 共 s 兲 A 1n ⫽⫺exp共 ⫺ ␥ d 共 1⫹s 兲 /2兲 p 共 d 共 1⫹s 兲 /2兲 , k 2 ⫽⫺exp共 ␥ d 兲 冑d 兺A

n⫽0
共 ⫺1/2,0 兲
2n P n 共 1 兲. (53b)

⫺1⬍s⬍1, (50a)
5 Results and Discussion

兺 再⫺
N The main results of this study are the variation of the stress
⌫ 共 ⫺1/2兲 ⌫ 共 n⫹1 兲
F 共 n⫹1,⫺n⫹1/2;3/2; 共 1⫺s 兲 /2兲 intensity factors as functions of the material nonhomogeneity pa-
n⫽0 2 1/2␲ ⌫ 共 n⫹1/2兲 rameter ␥. Some sample results are also obtained giving the crack

冎
opening displacements. Assuming that in practical applications the
⫹m 22n 共 s 兲 A 2n ⫽⫺exp共 ⫺ ␥ d 共 1⫹s 兲 /2兲 q 共 d 共 1⫹s 兲 /2兲 , crack surface tractions for the perturbation problem would be suf-
ficiently well-behaved continuous functions and may be approxi-
mated by fourth-degree polynomials with sufficient accuracy, the
⫺1⬍s⬍1, (50b)
input functions may be expressed as
where ⌫共 兲 is the Gamma function and F( ) is the hypergeometric 4
function. Expressions for m kkn (s), (k⫽1,2) are given in Appen-
dix B. Equations 共50兲 are solved numerically using a collocation
p共 x 兲⫽ 兺 ␴ 共 x/d 兲 ,
n⫽0
n
n
(54a)

technique. The following roots of the Chebyshev polynomials are 4

used as the collocation points:
q共 x 兲⫽ 兺 ␶ 共 x/d 兲 ,
n
n
(54b)

冉 冊
n⫽0
␲ 共 2 j⫺1 兲
s j ⫽cos , j⫽1, . . . ,N⫹1. (51) where the coefficients ␴ n and ␶ n are known constants. To facilitate
2 共 N⫹1 兲
the application of the results, the normalized stress intensity fac-
After solving the integral equations for f 1 and f 2 stress inten- tors are given in Tables 1 and 2 in tabular form. In the tables the
sity factors at the crack tip (d,0) may be evaluated by using the numerical results for the limiting case of ␥ d⫽0 are obtained by
results. The stress intensity factors are defined by and calculated solving the mixed mode surface crack problem in a homogeneous
from medium. As can be seen from the tables, for sufficiently small
values of the nonhomogeneity parameter 共i.e., 兩 ␥ d 兩 ⫽10⫺4 兲 results
k 1 ⫽ lim 冑2 共 x⫺d 兲 ␴ y y 共 x,0兲 obtained for a graded medium are in agreement with the results
x→d⫹0 obtained from the homogeneous formulation up to the last signifi-
cant digit calculated. In the special case of p(x)⫽ ␴ 0 and q(x)
2␮共 x 兲 ⳵ ⫽ ␶ 0 for 兩 ␥ d 兩 →0 the convergence of the stress intensity factors
⫽⫺ lim 冑2 共 d⫺x 兲 共 v共 x,0⫹ 兲 ⫺ v共 x,0⫺ 兲兲 ,
x→d⫺0 ␬ ⫹1 ⳵x calculated for a graded medium to the known homogeneous re-
sults k 1 /( ␴ 0 冑d)⫽k 2 /( ␶ 0 冑d)⫽1.1215 is shown in Fig. 2 as well
(52a) as in the Tables 1 and 2. For ␥ d⫽0 the problem does not have a

584 Õ Vol. 69, SEPTEMBER 2002 Transactions of the ASME

 Table 2 Normalized mode II stress intensity factors

k 2 /( ␶ n d 1/2)
␥d ␶0 ␶ 1 (x/d) ␶ 2 (x/d) 2 ␶ 3 (x/d) 3 ␶ 4 (x/d) 4
⫺3.0 1.6704 0.9273 0.6738 0.5437 0.4635
⫺2.0 1.4765 0.8398 0.6202 0.5063 0.4355
⫺1.0 1.2825 0.7534 0.5678 0.4700 0.4083
⫺0.5 1.1940 0.7144 0.5443 0.4539 0.3964
⫺10⫺1 1.1347 0.6885 0.5288 0.4433 0.3885
⫺10⫺2 1.1197 0.6825 0.5253 0.4409 0.3868
⫺10⫺3 1.1212 0.6828 0.5254 0.4410 0.3868
⫺10⫺4 1.1215 0.6829 0.5255 0.4410 0.3868
0 1.1215 0.6829 0.5255 0.4410 0.3868
10⫺4 1.1215 0.6829 0.5255 0.4410 0.3868
10⫺3 1.1216 0.6830 0.5255 0.4410 0.3868
10⫺2 1.1233 0.6833 0.5256 0.4411 0.3869
10⫺1 1.1094 0.6777 0.5224 0.4389 0.3853
0.5 1.0727 0.6620 0.5132 0.4327 0.3807
1.0 1.0429 0.6497 0.5062 0.4280 0.3773 Fig. 3 Normalized mode I stress intensity factors, ␬Ä2,
2.0 1.0164 0.6397 0.5008 0.4245 0.3749 ␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…
3.0 1.0128 0.6394 0.5011 0.4249 0.3753

The result given by 共57兲 was verified by Mahajan 关20兴 by using an

entirely different method.
closed-form solution and in the computer program one can not The calculated stress intensity factors for crack surface tractions
directly substitute ␥ d⫽0. Thus, the results given in Tables 1 and 共54兲 are also shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The figures are self-
2 and Fig. 2 indicate that to calculate the stress intensity factor for explanatory: as the material nonhomogeneity parameter ␥ de-
the limiting case of ␥ d⫽0 one can use ␥ d⫽10⫺4 . creases, both k 1 and k 2 tend to increase, k 1 and k 2 are much more
It should be pointed out that in a semi-infinite plane homoge- sensitive to the variations in ␥ for ␥⬍0 共for the ‘‘softening’’ ma-
neous elastic medium containing a surface crack of depth d and
subjected to uniform tension parallel to the surface 共␴ y y (x,⫿⬁)
⫽ ␴ 0 , Fig. 1兲, the closed-form solution for the stress intensity
factor k 1 (d) is given by Koiter 关18兴 in terms of an infinite integral
as follows:

k 1共 d 兲
␴ 0 冑d
⫽ 冑冑 2 共 B⫹1 兲
␲A
, (55)

log A⫽⫺
1
␲ 冕
0
⬁ 1
1⫹ ␣ 2
log 冉 冑B 2
␣ sinh共 ␲ ␣ 兲
⫹ ␣ 共 cosh共 ␲ ␣ 兲 ⫺2 ␣ 2 ⫺1 兲
2 冊 d␣

(56)
where B is an arbitrary real constant greater than 1 and the result
is independent of the choice of B. The numerical evaluation of
共55兲 and 共56兲 show that 共Kaya and Erdogan 关19兴兲
k 1共 d 兲
⫽1.12152226⫿10⫺8 . (57)
␴ 0 冑d Fig. 4 Normalized mode II stress intensity factors, ␬Ä2,
␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…

Fig. 5 Normalized modes I and II stress intensity factors for

Fig. 2 Convergence of the numerical results for small values fixed grip tensile and shear loading, ␬Ä1.8, ␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…,
of the nonhomogeneity parameter ␴ Ä8 ␮ 0 ⑀ 0 Õ„ ␬ ¿1…, ␶ Ä8 ␮ 0 ␥ 0 Õ„ ␬ ¿1…

Journal of Applied Mechanics SEPTEMBER 2002, Vol. 69 Õ 585

Fig. 6 The influence of Poisson’s ratio on the normalized Fig. 8 Normal crack opening displacement, v * „ x …Ä v „ x ,¿0…
mode I stress intensity factor in a graded half-plane with a sur- À v „ x ,À0…, p „ x …Ä ␴ 0 , q „ x …Ä0, ␬Ä2, ␮ Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…
face crack; the case of plane strain, p „ x …Ä ␴ 0 , q „ x …Ä0,
␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…
loading 共␶ 0 and ␶兲. These are all intuitively expected results. From
Figs. 8 –11 it may be seen that for the homogeneous half-plane
terial兲 than for ␥⬎0, and generally for a given ␥ the amplitude of 共␥⫽0兲 the calculated crack opening displacements in all four
k 1 is greater than that of k 2 . Figure 5 shows the results for fixed cases are identical. This may easily be shown analytically by us-
grip tensile ( ⑀ y y (x,⫿⬁)⫽ ⑀ 0 ) and shear ( ␥ xy (x,⫿⬁)⫽ ␥ 0 ) load- ing Eqs. 共45兲 and 共46兲. Figures 8 –11 also show that the crack
ing. Note that as the nonhomogeneity parameter ␥ increases, the opening displacement for the homogeneous medium is bracketed
normalized k 2 共dashed lines兲 monotonically increases, whereas k 1 by the results obtained for ␥⬍0 and ␥⬎0 and generally the crack
goes through a minimum near ␥⫽0. The figure also shows the opening displacements for the fixed grip loading 共⑀ 0 and ␥ 0 兲
mode I results for a graded half-plane under fixed grip loading ⑀ 0
obtained by Kasmalkar 关9兴 共full circles兲. Not only is the agree-
ment quite good, also somewhat paradoxial result concerning the
slight increase in k 1 for ␥⬍0 is independently verified.
Figures 6 and 7 show the influence of the Poisson’s ratio ␯ on
the modes I and II stress intensity factors in a graded half-plane
with a surface crack loaded by uniform crack surface tractions
p(x)⫽ ␴ 0 and q(x)⫽ ␶ 0 , respectively. As shown in the previous
studies, the effect of ␯ on k 1 does not seem to be significant.
However, particularly for large values of ␥, the influence of ␯ on
k 2 could be significant.
Figures 8 –11 show some sample results for the normalized
crack opening displacement. It may be observed that in all cases
as ␥ increases 共or as the stiffness of the medium increases兲, the
crack opening displacements decrease, the influence of ␥ on the
crack opening displacement is more significant for ␥⬍0 than for
␥⬎0, and generally for ␥⬍0 crack opening displacement under
mode I loading 共␴ 0 and ␴兲 is greater than that under mode II

Fig. 9 Tangential crack opening displacement, u * „ x …Ä u „ x ,

¿0…À u „ x ,À0…, p „ x …Ä0, q „ x …Ä ␶ 0 , ␬Ä2, ␮ Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…

Fig. 7 The influence of Poisson’s ratio on the normalized

mode II stress intensity factor in a graded half-plane with a Fig. 10 Normal crack opening displacement for fixed grip
surface crack; the case of plane strain, p „ x …Ä0, q „ x …Ä ␶ 0 , loading, v * „ x …Ä v „ x ,¿0…À v „ x ,À0…, ␴ Ä8 ␮ 0 ⑀ 0 Õ„ ␬ ¿1…, ␬Ä2,
␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x… ␮ Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…

586 Õ Vol. 69, SEPTEMBER 2002 Transactions of the ASME

Fig. 11 Tangential crack opening displacement for fixed grip Fig. 14 Mode II stress intensity factors for a graded half-plane
loading, u * „ x …Ä u „ x ,¿0…À u „ x ,À0…, ␶ Ä8 ␮ 0 ␥ 0 Õ„ ␬ ¿1…, ␬Ä2, loaded by a sliding circular stamp as shown in Fig. 12,
␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x… „ b À a …Õ R Ä0.1, d Õ R Ä0.1, ␩Ä0.4, ␬Ä2, ␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…

共Figs. 10 and 11兲 are closer to the homogeneous values than the
crack opening displacements obtained from constant stresses 共␴ 0
and ␶ 0 兲.
Figure 12 describes a sample problem concerning a graded
half-plane with a surface crack loaded by a sliding rigid circular
stamp. It is assumed that along the contact area a⬍y⬍b the con-
dition of Coulomb friction is valid with ␩ as the coefficient of
friction. For the geometry and the direction of loading shown, the
results are given in Figs. 13–15. Figures 13 and 14 show the
modes I and II stress intensity factors, respectively. Figure 15
shows the normalized force P for a given contact area ((b

Fig. 15 Normalized force required for a given contact area

„ b À a …Õ R Ä0.1, d Õ R Ä0.1, ␩Ä0.4, ␬Ä2, ␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x…

⫺a)/R⫽0.1) as a function of the stamp location. As expected, P

increases with increasing material stiffness 共or ␥兲 and distance a.
However, for (a/R)⬎2, P is very nearly constant. For details and
extensive results see 关17兴.
It should be observed that since k 2 can be positive or negative
Fig. 12 A graded half-plane with a surface crack loaded by a
there are no restrictions on the signs and relative magnitudes of
sliding rigid circular stamp
shear loadings ␶ 0 , . . . , ␶ 4 . However, ␴ 0 , . . . , ␴ 4 must be such
that the resultant k 1 is positive. If k 1 is negative the results may
still be useful in superposition with additional external loads giv-
ing a sufficiently high k 1 so that again final k 1 is positive. In the
absence of such tensile loads the mode I problem has to be recon-
sidered as a crack closure or crack/contact problem in which near
the crack tip the crack surfaces are partially closed and the contact
region is determined by using k 1 (c)⫽0 as closure criterion,
where c(0⬍c⬍d) is the end point of the contact region.
Thus, in the sliding contact problem considered in Fig. 12, the
results given in Fig. 13 indicate that for small values of normal-
ized material nonhomogeneity parameter ␥ R and stamp distance
a/R, k 1 is negative and, as they stand, the results are not valid.
However, the results would be valid if the medium is subjected to
for example, an additional in-plane tension.

Acknowledgment
Fig. 13 Mode I stress intensity factors for a graded half-plane
loaded by a sliding circular stamp as shown in Fig. 12, This study was supported by AFOSR under the grant F49620-
„ b À a …Õ R Ä0.1, d Õ R Ä0.1, ␩Ä0.4, ␬Ä2, ␮ „ x …Ä ␮ 0 exp„␥x… 98-1-0028.

Journal of Applied Mechanics SEPTEMBER 2002, Vol. 69 Õ 587

Appendix A 4

Various Functions Used in the Solution of the Mixed-Mode

K 共11h 兲 共 ␣ ,t,x 兲 ⫽ 兺 共 p 共 3- ␬ 兲 ⫹D ␣ 共 1⫹ ␬ 兲兲 B *共 ␣ ,t 兲
j⫽3
j j j

Crack Problem.
⫻exp共 p j x⫹ 共 ␥ /2⫺␭ 1 兲 t 兲 , (B9)
1 ␬ ⫺1 ␣2
R xx1 共 ␣ ,t 兲 ⫽ 兵 ␥ ␭ 2 cos共 ␭ 2 t 兲
4
␲ ␬ ⫹1 ␭ 1 ␭ 2 共 ␭ 21 ⫹␭ 22 兲 K 共22h 兲 共 ␣ ,t,x 兲 ⫽ 兺 共 ␣ ⫹H p 兲 G *共 ␣ ,t 兲 exp共 p x⫹ 共 ␥ /2⫺␭ 兲 t 兲 .
j⫽3
j j j j 1

⫹ 共 ␥ ␭ 1 ⫺2 共 ␭ 21 ⫹␭ 22 兲 sin共 ␭ 2 t 兲兲 其 , (A1) (B10)

2 1 ␣ The terms used in Eq. 共50兲 are in the following form:

冕
R xy1 共 ␣ ,t 兲 ⫽⫺ 兵 ␭ 共 ␭ 2 ⫹␭ 22 ⫹ ␥ 2 /4兲
␲ ␬ ⫹1 ␭ 1 ␭ 2 共 ␭ 21 ⫹␭ 22 兲 2 1 1
m 11n 共 s 兲 ⫽ 共 1⫺r 兲 ⫺1/2H 11共 s,r 兲 P 共n⫺1/2,0 兲 共 r 兲 dr, (B11)
⫺1
⫻cos共 ␭ 2 t 兲 ⫺␭ 1 共 ␭ 21 ⫹␭ 22 ⫺ ␥ 2 /4兲 sin共 ␭ 2 t 兲 其 , (A2)

R xx2 共 ␣ ,t 兲 ⫽⫺
2 ␬ ⫺1 ␣3
兵 ␭ cos共 ␭ 2 t 兲
␲ ␬ ⫹1 ␭ 1 ␭ 2 共 ␭ 21 ⫹␭ 22 兲 2
冕
m 22n 共 s 兲 ⫽
1

⫺1
共 1⫺r 兲 ⫺1/2H 22共 s,r 兲 P 共n⫺1/2,0 兲 共 r 兲 dr, (B12)

⫹␭ 1 sin共 ␭ 2 t 兲 其 , (A3) H 11共 s,r 兲 ⫽

d
h再 冉d
2 11s 2
d d d d d d
s⫹ , r⫹ ⫹h 11f s⫹ , r⫹
2 2 2 2 2 2
d
2
, 冊 冉 冊冎
1 1 ␣ 2 (B13)

再 冉 冊 冉 冊冎
R xy2 共 ␣ ,t 兲 ⫽⫺ 兵 ␥ ␭ 2 cos共 ␭ 2 t 兲
␲ ␬ ⫹1 ␭ 1 ␭ 2 共 ␭ 21 ⫹␭ 22 兲 d d d d d d d d d
H 22共 s,r 兲 ⫽ h s⫹ , r⫹ ⫹h 22f s⫹ , r⫹ .
⫹ 共 2 共 ␭ 21 ⫹␭ 22 兲 ⫹ ␥ ␭ 1 兲 sin共 ␭ 2 t 兲 其 , (A4) 2 22s 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(B14)

␭ 1⫽ 冑 R 1 ⫹R 2
2
, (A5a) References
关1兴 Yamanouchi, M., Koizumi, M., Hirai, T., and Shiota, I., eds., 1990, FGM-90,

冑
Proc. 1st International Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials, Func-
R 1 ⫺R 2 tionally Graded Materials Forum, Tokyo, Japan.
␭ 2⫽ , (A5b) 关2兴 Holt, J. B., Koizumi, M., Hirai, T., and Munir, Z. A., eds., 1993, FGM-92,
2 Proc. 2nd International Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials, The

R 1 ⫽ 冑共 ␥ 2 /4⫹ ␣ 2 兲 2 ⫹ ␣ 2 ␥ 2 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲 / 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 ,
R 2 ⫽ ␥ 2 /4⫹ ␣ 2 .
Appendix B
Expressions for the kernels k 11„x,y,t… and k 22„x,y,t….
k 11共 x,y,t 兲 ⫽k 共11i 兲 共 x,y,t 兲 ⫹k 共11h 兲 共 x,y,t 兲 ,
k 22共 x,y,t 兲 ⫽k 共22i 兲 共 x,y,t 兲 ⫹k 共22h 兲 共 x,y,t 兲 ,
American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH.
(A6) 关3兴 Ilschner, B., and Cherradi, N., eds., 1995, FGM-94, Proc. 3rd International
Symposium on Structural and Functional Gradient Materials, Presses Poly-
(A7) techniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, Switzerland.
关4兴 Shiota, I., and Miyamoto, Y., eds., 1997, FGM-96, Proc. 4th International
Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
关5兴 Kaysser, W. A., ed., 1999, FGM-98, Proc. 5th International Symposium on
Functionally Graded Materials, Trans Tech Publications, NH.
关6兴 Miyamoto, M., Kaysser, W. A., Rabin, B. H., Kawasaki, A., and Ford, R. G.,
eds., 1999, Functionally Graded Materials: Design, Processing and Applica-
(B1) tions, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA.
关7兴 Erdogan, F., and Wu, B. H., 1997, ‘‘The Surface Crack Problem for a Plate
(B2) With Functionally Graded Properties,’’ ASME J. Appl. Mech., 64, pp. 449–
456.

k 共11i 兲 共 x,y,t 兲 ⫽
␬ ⫹1 exp共 ␥ x 兲
␬ ⫺1 4 ␲ 冕
⫺⬁
⬁
K 共11i 兲 共 ␻ ,y 兲 exp共 i ␻ 共 x⫺t 兲兲 d ␻ ,
关8兴 Erdogan, F., and Wu, B. H., 1996, ‘‘Crack Problems in FGM Layers under
Thermal Stresses,’’ J. Therm. Stresses, 19, pp. 237–265.
关9兴 Kasmalkar M., 1997, ‘‘The Surface Crack Problem for a Functionally Graded
Coating Bonded to a Homogeneous Layer,’’ Ph.D. dissertation, Lehigh Uni-
(B3) versity, Bethlehem, PA.

冕
关10兴 Jin, Z. H., and Batra, R. C., 1996, ‘‘Interface Cracking Between Functionally
␬ ⫹1 exp共 ␥ x 兲 ⬁
Graded Coatings and a Substrate Under Antiplane Shear,’’ Int. J. Eng. Sci., 34,
k 共11h 兲 共 x,y,t 兲 ⫽ K 共11h 兲 共 ␣ ,t,x 兲 cos共 ␣ y 兲 d ␣ ,
␬ ⫺1 2 0
pp. 1705–1716.
关11兴 Wang, X. Y., Wang, D., and Zou, Z. Z., 1996, ‘‘On the Griffith Crack in a
(B4) Nonhomogeneous Interlayer of Adjoining Two Different Elastic Materials,’’

冕
Int. J. Fract., 79, pp. R51–R56.
exp共 ␥ x 兲 ⬁ 关12兴 Gao, H., 1991, ‘‘Fracture Analysis of Non-Homogeneous Materials via a
k 共22i 兲 共 x,y,t 兲 ⫽ 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 K 共22i 兲 共 ␻ ,y 兲 exp共 i ␻ 共 x⫺t 兲兲 d ␻ , Moduli Perturbation Approach,’’ Int. J. Solids Struct., 27, pp. 1663–1682.
4␲ ⫺⬁ 关13兴 Wang, B. L., Han, J. C., and Du, S. Y., 2000, ‘‘Crack Problem for Non-
(B5) Homogeneous Composite Material Subjected to Dynamic Loading,’’ Int. J.

冕
Solids Struct., 37, pp. 1251–1274.
exp共 ␥ x 兲 ⬁ 关14兴 Nozaki, H., and Shindo, Y., 1998, ‘‘Effect of Interface Layers on Elastic Wave
k 共22h 兲 共 x,y,t 兲 ⫽ 共 ␬ ⫹1 兲 K 共22h 兲 共 ␣ ,t,x 兲 cos共 ␣ y 兲 d ␣ , Propagation in a Fiber Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composite,’’ Int. J. Eng. Sci.,
2 0 36, pp. 383–394.
关15兴 Erdogan, F., 1995, ‘‘Fracture Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials,’’
(B6) Composites Eng., 5, pp. 753–770.
where the integrands are given as 关16兴 Erdogan, F., 1998, ‘‘Crack Problems in Nonhomogeneous Materials,’’ Frac-
ture, A Topical Encyclopedia of Current Knowledge, G. P. Cherepanov, ed.,
4 Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL, pp. 72–98.
K 共11i 兲 共 ␻ ,y 兲 ⫽ 兺 共 i ␻ 共 3⫺ ␬ 兲 ⫹A n 共 1⫹ ␬ 兲兲 P 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y 兲 ,
j⫽3
j j j j
关17兴 Dag, S., 2001, ‘‘Crack and Contact Problems in Graded Materials,’’ Ph.D.
dissertation, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA.
关18兴 Koiter, W. T., 1965, discussion of ‘‘Rectangular Tensile Sheet With Symmetri-
(B7) cal Edge Cracks,’’ Trans. ASME, J. Appl. Mech. 87, pp. 237–238.
4
关19兴 Kaya, A. C., and Erdogan, F., 1987, ‘‘On the Solution of Integral Equations

兺 共 n ⫹i ␻ A 兲 Z 共 ␻ 兲 exp共 n y 兲 ,
With Strongly Singular Kernels,’’ Q. Appl. Math., XLV, pp. 105–122.
K 共22i 兲 共 ␻ ,y 兲 ⫽ j j j j (B8) 关20兴 Mahajan, R., 1991, ‘‘Crack Problems for an Elastic Film Bonded to an Ortho-
j⫽3 tropic Substrate,’’ Ph.D. dissertation, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA.

588 Õ Vol. 69, SEPTEMBER 2002 Transactions of the ASME