indian institute of technology indore

MA 106 Linear Algebra and Differential Equations-I

Tutorial Sheet 13

DEFINITION: Let A be any square matrix. A scalar λ is called an eigenvalue of A if there

exists a nonzero (column) vector v such that Av = λv. Any vector satisfying this relation is called
an eigenvector of A belonging to the eigenvalue λ.

1. Find an LU factorization of the matrices:

 
−5 3 4
M =  10 −8 −9 .
15 1 2

Hint: We start by using row operations to obtain a matrix in echelon form associated with
M . First, we have to get zeros in the entries a21 and a31 of the matrix M , then in the entry
a32 .
     
−5 3 4 −5 3 4 −5 3 4
 10 −8 −9 →  0 −2 −1 →  0 −2 −1 = U.
15 1 2 0 10 14 0 0 9

And we have  
1 0 0
L = −2 1 0 .
−3 −5 1

2. Solve the system Ax = b using LU-decomposition, where

   
2 1 1 3
A = 2 2 −1 and b = 0  .
  
4 −1 6 11

Hint:    
1 0 0 2 1 1
L = 1 1 0 and U = 0 1 −2 .
2 −3 1 0 0 −2
Solving Ly = b by forward substitution, we get y = [3, −3, −4]T . Solving U x = y by back
substitution, we get x = [0, 1, 2]T .

3. Solve the system Ax = b by Gaussian elimination method, where

   
2 1 1 9
A = 2 2 −1 and b = 9  .
  
4 −1 6 16

Hint: In order to solve this system, we form the augmented matrix

 
2 1 1 : 9
[A|b] = 2 2 −1 : 9 
4 −1 6 : 16

R2 − R1 → R2 , R3 − 2R1 → R3 :
 
2 1 1 : 9
0 1 −2 : 0 
0 −3 4 : −2
 R3 + 3R2 → R3 :  
2 1 1 : 9
0 1 −2 : 0  .
0 0 −2 : −2
We can now solve the system by solving
    
2 1 1 x1 9
0 1 −2 x2  =  0 
0 0 −2 x3 −2
by back substitution. Doing so, we find that x3 = 1, x2 = 2, and x1 = 3.
4. Use the Gauss-Jordan Method to solve the system of equations Ax = b(if there is a solution),
where    
3 −6 3 11
A = 2 1 −1 and b =  2  .
5 −5 2 6

Hint: The augmented matrix for the given system of equations is

 
3 −6 3 : 11
[A|b] = 2 1 −1 : 2 
5 −5 2 : 6
2R1 − 3R2 → R2 , 5R1 − 3R3 → R3 :
 
3 −6 3 : 11
0 −15 9 : 16
0 −15 9 : 37
R3 − R2 → R3 :  
3 −6 3 : 11
0 −15 9 : 16
0 0 0 : 21
The last row of the above matrix says 0 = 21, which is impossible. Thus the given system is
inconsistent and there is no solution.
5. Row reduce the matrix
 
1 2 4 8
M = 2 4 6 8  .
3 6 9 12
to reduced echelon form. Circle the pivot positions in the final matrix.
Hint:
     
1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8
M = 2 4 6 8  → 0 0 −2 −8  → 0 0 1 4 .
3 6 9 12 0 0 −3 −12 0 0 0 0
6. Find the characteristic polynomial of each of the following matrices:
   
5 3 5 −2
M= ;N = .
2 10 4 −4

Hint: If M is a square matrix of order n, then |M − λI| is a polynomial in λ and is called

the characteristic polynomial of M .
Hence characteristic polynomial of M = λ2 − 15λ + 44.
Characteristic polynomial of N = λ2 − λ − 12.

2
7. Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the given matrices:
   
5 −1 −2 1
M= ;N = .
3 1 1 −2

Hint: Eigenvalue of M are 2, 4 and eigenvalue of N are −1, −3.

8. Let A ∈ Cn×n . Then use the characteristic equation to show that A and AT have the same
eigenvalues.
Hint: The matrix (A − λI)T is the same as the matrix (AT − λI), since the identity matrix
is symmetric.
Thus:
det(AT − λI) = det((A − λI)T ) = det(A − λI).
From this it is obvious that the eigenvalues are the same for both A and AT .

9. Is [11, 2, 6]T an eigenvactor of  

3 6 7
3 2 7?
5 6 4
If so, find the eigenvalue.
Hint It is not an eigenvector because
      
3 6 7 11 5 1
3 2 7  2  = 13 6= λ −2 for any λ ∈ R.
5 6 4 6 1 2

———– × ———–