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DOI: 10.5923/j.instrument.20130202.01
Abstract A new analytical approach for calcu lation of the full-energy peak efficiency of NaI (Tl) is deduced. In
addition, self attenuation of the source matrix, the attenuation by the source container and the detector housing materials are
considered in the mathematical treat ment. Results are co mpared with those measured by two cylindrical NaI (Tl) detectors
with Resolution (FWHM ) at 662 keV equal to 7.5% and 8.5%. 152 Eu aqueous radioactive sources covering the energy range
fro m 121 keV to 1408 keV were used. By comparison, the calculated and the measured full-energy peak efficiency values
were in a good agreement.
Keywords Nai (Tl) Scintillation Detectors, Cy lindrical Sources, Fu ll-Energy Peak Efficiency, Self-Attenuation
2.1.1. The Intrinsic ( εi ) and the Geo metrical ( εg ) Where θ and φ are the polar and the azimuthal angles
Efficiencies respectively. d (θ,φ) is the possible path length travelled by
The intrinsic and geometrical efficiencies are represented the photon within the detector active volume.
by Eqs. (2) and (3) respectively. Ω =∫ ∫ sin θ dθ dϕ
(5)
ϕθ
ε i = 1 − e− µ d (2) There are two main cases to be considered for calculat ing
Ω the intrinsic and geometrical efficiencies of the detector with
εg = (3)
4π respect to point source, viz., (i) the lateral d isplacement of
Where d is the average path length travelled by a the source is smaller than or equa0l the detector circular
photon through the detector, Ω is the solid angle subtended face’s radius (ρ≤R) and (ii) the lateral distance of the source
by the source-detector and they are represented by Eqs. (4) is greater than the detector circular face’s radius (ρ>R). The
and (5) respectively. μ is the attenuation coefficient of the two cases have been treated by Abbas et al.,[16]. The values
detector material.
of the polar and the azimuthal angles based on the source to
∫ d (θ ,ϕ ) d Ω ∫ ∫ d (θ ,ϕ )sin θ dθ dϕ
ϕθ
detector configuration are shown in Table 1.
=d Ω=
Ω (4)
∫ dΩ
Ω
Table 1. The Values of the Polar and the Azimuthal Angles Based on the Source to Detector Configuration
The polar angles The azimuthal angles
R−ρ
θ1 = tan −1
h+ L
R−ρ
θ 2 = tan −1
h
θ3 = tan −1 R + ρ
2 2
ϕmax = cos−1 ρ − R + h tan θ
2 2
h+L
2ρ h tan θ
θ 4 = tan −1 R + ρ
2
h
ρ − R2 + (h + L)2 tan 2 θ
′ = cos−1
ϕmax
2ρ (h + L) tan θ
ρ 2 − R2
θc = tan −1
h + L
ϕc = sin −1 R
ρ
ρ − R
2 2
θc′ = tan −1
h
−1 ρ − R
2 2
=θT tan
= (ϕmax ϕmax
′ )
h (h + L)
where µ lay and µ cap are the attenuation coefficients of the detector dead layer and the end cap material, respectively.
While δ lay and δ are the average path length travelled by a photon through the detector dead layer and end cap
cap
material, respectively. They are represented as follow:
International Journal of Instrumentation Science 2013, 2(2): 13-24 15
Table 2. The Possible Path Lengths and the Average Path Length Traveled by the Photon Within the Dead Layer for Cases ρ≤R and ρ>R
ρ≤R ρ>R
t DF
t1′ =
cos θ
(R +t )
2
ρ cos ϕ + DS − ρ 2 sin 2 ϕ
t t2′ =
t1′ = DF sin θ
cos θ
ρ cos ϕ + ( R) − ρ 2 sin 2 ϕ
2
−
sin θ
1+
ρ 2 sin 2 ϕ
tD S
2R2
≅
sin θ
Z1 Z3
δ lay = δ lay =
I2 I4
θ2 ϕmax
′ θc′ ϕmax
′
=Z3 ∫ ∫0 t2′ sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫0 t1′ sin θ dϕ dθ
θ1 θ2
( θ2 ≥ θ′ c )
θc ϕc θ4 ϕmax
π θ2
Z1 = ∫0 ∫0 t1′ sin θ dθ dϕ + ∫ ∫0 t1′ sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫0 t1′ sin θ dϕ dθ
θc′ θc
ϕmax θ4 θc′ ϕmax θ2 ϕc
′
+ ∫0 ∫ t1′ sin θ dθ dϕ t2′ sin θ dϕ dθ +
θ2
= Z3 ∫ ∫0 ∫ ∫0 t2′ sin θ dϕ dθ
θ θc′
1
( θ2 < θ′ c)
θc ϕc θ4 ϕmax
+ ∫ ∫0 t1′ sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫0 t1′ sin θ dϕ dθ
θ2 θc
Where t ′(θ , ϕ ) and t ′′(θ , ϕ ) are the possible path length travelled by the photon within the detector end cap
lengths travelled by the photon within the detector dead layer material for cases (ρ≤R) and (ρ>R) are shown in Table 3,
and end cap material, respectively. where t′′1 and t2′′ represents the photon path length
Consider the detector has a dead layer by covering its through the upper and the side surface of the detector end cap
upper surface with thickness t DF and its side surface with material, respectively. Fro m Table 4 we observe that, the
thickness tD S , (see Figure 1). The possible path lengths and case in which (ρ>R) has two sub cases which are (R < ρ ≤ Ra)
and (ρ > Ra), where Ra is the inner radius of the detector end
the average path length travelled by the photon within the cap. There is a very important polar angle (θcap ) which must
dead layer for cases (ρ≤R) and (ρ >R) are shown in Table 2, be considered when we study the case in wh ich (ρ > Ra)
where t1′ and t2′ represents the photon path length through which is θcap and this is given by:
the upper and the side surface of the dead layer respectively. ρ − Ra
θcap = tan −1 (9)
Consider the thickness of upper and side surface of the h−k
detector end cap material is ta and tw respectively, as shown Where k is the d istance between the detector end cap and
in Figure 1. The possible path lengths and the average path the detector upper surface.
16 Ahmed M . El-Khatib et al.: Calculation of Full Energy Peak Efficiency of NaI (Tl) Detectors by
New Analytical Approach for Cylindrical Sources
∫ ∫ ∫I 2 ( ρ ≤ R) ρ d ρ dα dh
(12)
εg = ho 0 0
2π
The new forms of the average path length travelled by the
photon through the detector dead layer and the detector end
cap material are given by Eqs. (13) and (14) respectively.
H + ho 2π S
∫ ∫ ∫ Z1 ρ d ρ dα dh
δ lay =
ho 0 0
H + ho 2π S (13)
∫ ∫ ∫ Z1′ ρ d ρ dα dh
1
d =
ho 0 0
H + ho 2π S (11) δ cap = ho
H + ho 2π S
0 0
(14)
∫ ∫
ho 0
∫ I 2 ( ρ ≤ R) ρ d ρ dα dh
0
∫ ∫0 ∫0 I 2 ( ρ ≤ R) ρ d ρ dα dh
ho
International Journal of Instrumentation Science 2013, 2(2): 13-24 1
Table 3. The Possible Path Lengths and the Average Path Length Traveled by the Photon Within the Detector End Cap Material for Cases ρ≤R and ρ>R
ρ>R
ρ≤R
R < ρ ≤ Ra ρ > Ra
ta
t1′′ =
cos θ
ta
t1′′ = ρ cos ϕ + ( Ra + tw ) − ρ 2 sin 2 ϕ
Z1′ Z 3′ Z 3′
δ cap = δ cap = δ cap =
I2 I4 I4
θ c′ ϕmax
′ θ c ϕc
θ c′ ϕ max
′
=Z 3′ ∫ ∫
θ 0
t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫ t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ
θ c′ 0 θ1 ≥ θcap
1
Z 3′ = ∫ ∫ t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ θ 4 ϕmax
π θ2
Z1′ = ∫ ∫0 t1′′sinθ dθ dϕ
θ1
θ c ϕc
0
+ ∫ ∫
θ 0
t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ
+ ∫ ∫ t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ
0 c
ϕmax θ4 θcap ϕmax
′ θc′ ϕmax
′
∫0 θ∫ t1′′sinθ dθ dϕ
+ θ c′ 0
2
θ 4 ϕ max = Z 3′ ∫ ∫ t2′′ sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫ t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ
+ ∫ ∫ t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ θ1 0 θ cap 0 θ c > θcap
′
θc 0 θ c ϕc θ 4 ϕmax
+ ∫ ∫ t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫ t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ
θ c′ 0 θc 0
17
2 Ahmed M . El-Khatib et al.: Calculation of Full Energy Peak Efficiency of NaI (Tl) Detectors by
18
New Analytical Approach for Cylindrical Sources
θ c′ ϕmax
′ θ cap ϕc
Ahmed M. El-Khatib et al.: Calculation of Full Energy Peak Efficiency of NaI (Tl) Detectors by New
2
θ1 0 θ c′ 0
θ c ϕc θ 4 ϕmax θcap ≥ θ′c
+
θ
∫ ∫ t ′′sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫
0
1
θ 0
t1′′sin θ dϕ dθ
cap c
θ c′ ϕmax
′ θ c ϕc
=Z 3′ ∫ ∫
θ1
t2′′ sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫ t ′′ sin θ dϕ dθ
θ c′ 0
2
θ c′ ϕmax
′ θ c ϕc
=Z 3′ ∫ ∫ t2′′ sin θ dϕ dθ + ∫θ ∫ t ′′ sin θ dϕ dθ
2
θ 1 0 c′ 0 θcap ≥ θ4
θ 4 ϕmax
+ ∫ ∫
θ 0
t2′′ sin θ dϕ dθ
c
International Journal of Instrumentation Science 2013, 2(2): 13-24 19
Figure 2. The possible cases of the photon path lengths through source –
detector system (S≤R)
There are three cases for the values of g 1 according to the values of the polar angle θi as follo w:
ⅰ. The case in which (θ4 > θ3 ′ and θ2 > θ1 ′)
θ1′ θ3′ θ2 π
g1 =π ∫ t1 sinθ dθ + ∫ ϕs t1 sinθ dθ + ∫ ∫ t2 sinθ dϕ dθ
0 θ1′ θ1′ 0
θ3′ ϕs θ4 ϕmax (21)
− ∫ ∫ t2 sinθ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫ t2 sinθ dϕ dθ
θ1′ 0 θ2 0
ⅱ. The case in which (θ3 ′ ≥ θ4 and θ1 ′ ≥ θ2 )
θ2 θ4
=g1 π ∫0 t1 sin θ dθ + θ∫ ϕmax t1 sin θ dθ (22)
2
ⅲ. The case in which (θ 3 ′ ≥ θ 4 and θ 1 ′ < θ 2 )
θ1′ θT θ4
g1 =π ∫ t1 sinθ dθ + ∫ ϕs t1 sinθ dθ + θ∫ ϕmax t1 sinθ dθ
0 θ1′ T
θ2 π
(23)
θT ϕs θT ϕmax
+ ∫ ∫ t2 sinθ dϕ dθ − θ∫ ∫0 t2 sinθ dϕ dθ + θ∫ ∫0
θ1′ 0
t2 sinθ dϕ dθ
1′ 2
If t B is the source container bottom thickness and t K is the source container side thickness, so, there are two photon
possible path lengths to exit fro m the source container as follo w:
ⅰ. Ⅰ. To exit fro m the base
tB
t1′′′= (24)
cosθ
ⅱ. Ⅱ. To exit fro m the side
20 Ahmed M . El-Khatib et al.: Calculation of Full Energy Peak Efficiency of NaI (Tl) Detectors by
New Analytical Approach for Cylindrical Sources
( S + tK ) (S )
2
ρ cos ϕ + − ρ 2 sin 2 ϕ ρ cos ϕ + − ρ 2 sin 2 ϕ
2
=t2′′′ −
sin θ sin θ
tK 1 +
ρ sin 2 ϕ
2 (25)
2
2S
≅
sin θ
The polar and the azimuthal angles can take the values:
S +t − ρ
θ1′′= tan −1 K
h − h0
S +t + ρ
θ3′′ = tan −1 K
h − h0
(26)
ρ 2 − (S + t )2 + (h − h )2 tan 2 θ
ϕs′ = cos−1 K o
2(h − ho ) ρ tanθ
( R 2 − ( S + t K )2 ) ( R 2 − ρ 2 )
θT′ = tan −1 − (ϕS′ =
ϕmax at θ =
θT′ )
ho (h − ho ) h(h − ho )
Where φs ' is the maximu m azimuthal angle for the photon to emerge fro m the bottom of the source container. The
attenuation factor of the container material is given by:
− µc tc
Ssc = e (27)
Where μ c is the attenuation coefficient of the source container material and tc is the average path length travelled by a
photon inside the source container and is expressed as:
H + ho π S
∫ ∫ ∫ g1c ρ d ρ dα dh
tc = ho 0 0
H + ho π S (28)
∫ ∫0 ∫0 I 2 ( ρ ≤ R) ρ d ρ dα dh
ho
with
g1c = ∫ ∫ t ′′′(θ ,ϕ )sin θ dθ dϕ (29)
ϕθ
There are three cases for the values of g 1c according to the values of the polar angles θi as follo w:
ⅰ. The case in which (θ4 > θ3 ″ and θ2 > θ1 ″)
θ1′′ θ3′′ θ2 π
g1c =π ∫ t1′′′sinθ dθ + ∫ ϕs′ t1′′′sinθ dθ + ∫ ∫ t2′′′ sinθ dϕ dθ
0 θ1′′ θ1′′ 0
θ3′′ϕs′ θ4 ϕmax (30)
−∫ ∫ t2′′′ sinθ dϕ dθ + ∫ ∫ t2′′′ sinθ dϕ dθ
θ1′′ 0 θ2 0
ⅱ. The case in which (θ3 ″ ≥ θ4 and θ1 ″ ≥ θ2 )
θ2 θ4
=g1c π ∫ t1′′′sin θ dθ + ∫ ϕmax t1′′′sin θ dθ (31)
0 θ2
ⅲ. The case in which (θ3 ″ ≥ θ4 and θ1 ″ < θ2 )
θ1′′ θT′ θ4
g1c =π ∫ t1′′′sinθ dθ + ∫ ϕs′ t1′′′sinθ dθ + ∫ ϕmax t1′′′sinθ dθ
0 θ1′′ θT′
θ2 π θT′ ϕs′ θT′ ϕmax (32)
+ ∫ ∫ t2′′′ sinθ dϕ dθ − θ∫ ∫0 t2′′′ sinθ dϕ dθ + θ∫ ∫0
θ1′′ 0
t2′′′ sinθ dϕ dθ
1′′ 2
International Journal of Instrumentation Science 2013, 2(2): 13-24 21
2.2.2. Cy lindrical Source with Radius Greater than the where Z1 and Z 3 are as identified before in Table 2.
Detector’s Radius (S>R) H + ho 2π R S
∫ ∫0 ( ∫0 Z1′ ρ d ρ + R∫ Z3′ ρ d ρ ) dα dh
δ cap = H +h h o
(36)
o 2π R S
∫
ho
∫ ( ∫ I2 (ρ ≤ R)ρ d ρ + ∫ I2 (ρ > R)ρ d ρ ) dα dh
0 0 R
∫ ∫ (∫ Z1 ρ d ρ + ∫ Z3 ρ d ρ ) dα dh 3. Experimental Setup
δlay = H + ho 2π R
ho 0 0 R
S
35) The full-energy peak efficiency values are carried out for
∫ ∫0 (∫0 I2 (ρ ≤ R) ρ d ρ + R∫ I2 (ρ > R) ρ d ρ ) dα dh
ho
two NaI (Tl) detectors with resolutions 8.5% and 7.5% at the
662 keV peaks of 137 Cs labeled as Det.1 and Det.2
22 Ahmed M . El-Khatib et al.: Calculation of Full Energy Peak Efficiency of NaI (Tl) Detectors by
New Analytical Approach for Cylindrical Sources
respectively. The manufacturer parameters and the setup 4. Results and Discussion
values are shown in Table 4.
The full-energy peak efficiency values for all NaI (Tl)
The sources are polypropylene (PP) plastic v ials of detectors are measured as a function of the photon energy
volumes 25 mL and 400 mL filled with an aqueous solution using the following equation
containing 152 Eu radionuclide which emits γ-ray in the N(E)
energy range fro m 121 keV to 1408 keV, Table 5 shows
ε (E) =
T A S P(E)
∏Ci (43)
sources dimensions. The efficiency measurements are Where N(E) is the number of counts under the full-energy
carried out by positioning the sources over the end cap of the peak that is determined using Genie 2000 software, T is the
detector. In order to minimize the dead time, the activity of measuring time (in second), P(E) is the photon emission
the sources is prepared to be (5048 ± 49.98 Bq). The probability at energy E, A S is the radionuclide activity and Ci
measurements are carried out to obtain statistically are the correction factors due to dead time and radionuclide
significant main peaks in the spectra that are recorded and decay. In these measurements of low activ ity sources, the
processed by winTMCA 32 software made by ICx dead time always less than 3%. So the corresponding factor
Technologies. Measured spectrum which saved as spectrum is obtained simp ly using ADC live time. The statistical
ORTEC files can be opened by ISO 9001 Genie 2000 data uncertainties of the net peak areas are s maller than 0.5%
acquisition and analysis software made by Canberra. The since the acquisition time is long enough to get the number
acquisition time is high enough to get at least the number of counts at least 20,000 counts. The background subtraction is
counts 20,000, wh ich make the statistical uncertainties less done. The decay correction Cd fo r the calibration source fro m
than 0.5%. The spectra are analy zed with the program using the reference time to the run time is given by:
its automatic peak search and peak area calculat ions, along
Cd = eλ ΔT (44)
with changes in the peak fit using the interactive peak fit
interface when necessary to reduce the residuals and error in Where λ is the decay constant and ΔT is the time interval
the peak area values. The peak areas, the live time, the run over which the source decays corresponding to the run time.
time and the start time for each spectrum are entered in the The main source of uncertainty in the efficiency calcu lations
spreadsheets that are used to perform the calcu lations is the uncertainties of the activities of the standard source
necessary to generate the efficiency curves. solutions. Once the efficiencies have been fixed by applying
the correction factors, the overall efficiency curve is
Table 4. The Manufacturer Parameters and the Setup Values obtained by fitting the experimental points to a polynomial
Items De t.1 De t.2 logarith mic function of the fifth order using a non linear least
Manufacturer Canberra Canberra square fit[18]. In th is way, the correlation between data
Serial Number 09L 654 09L 652 points from the same calib rated source has been included to
Detector Model 802 802
avoid the overestimation of the uncertainty in the measured
Type Cylindrical Cylindrical
Mounting Vertical Vertical
efficiency. The uncertainty in the full-energy peak efficiency
Resolution (FWHM) at 662 keV 8.5% 7.5% σε is given by:
Cathode to Anode voltage +1100 V dc +1100 V dc 2 2 2
∂ε ∂ε ∂ε
Dynode to Dynode +80 V dc +80 V dc σ=
ε ε σ A +
2
σ P +
2
σ N (45)
2
Cathode to Dynode +150 V dc +150 V dc ∂A ∂P ∂N
T ube Base Model 2007 Model 2007
Where σA , σP and σN are the uncertainties associated with
Shaping Mode Gaussian Gaussian
Detector Type NaI (T l) NaI (T l)
the quantities A S, P(E) and N(E) respectively. Figs. 4 and 5
Weight (kg) 0.77 1.8 show the full-energy peak efficiencies for both NaI (Tl)
Crystal Volume(cm3) 103 347.64 detectors (Det.1 and Det.2) wh ich include measured,
Crystal Diameter (mm) 50.8 76.2 calculated with S self and calculated without Sself for
Crystal Length (mm) 50.8 76.2 cylindrical sources (25 mL and 400 mL) p laced at the end
Top cover Thickness(mm) Al (0.5) Al (0.5) cap of the detector as functions of the photon energy.
Side cover Thickness(mm) Al (0.5) Al (0.5)
Obviously, the non inclusion of the self attenuation factor in
Reflector – Oxide (mm) 2.5 2.5
Outer Diameter(mm) 57.2 80.9
the calculations caused an increase in the fu ll energy peak
Outer Length(mm) 53.9 79.4 efficiency values. So to get correct results; the self
attenuation factor must be taken into consideration. The
Table 5. Parameters of the Sources percentage deviations between the calculated (with and
Source Volume (mL) without S self ) and the measured full-energy peak efficiency
Items
25 400 values are calculated by:
Outer diameter (mm) 32.1 113.89 εcal-with S -ε meas
Height (mm) 36.21 42.25
Δ1 % = self ×100
Wall thickness (mm) 1.2 2.03 εcal-with S (46)
Activity (Bq) 5048 ± 49.98 5048 ± 49.98 self
International Journal of Instrumentation Science 2013, 2(2): 13-24 23
ε cal-without S -ε meas
Δ2 % = self
×100
ε cal-without S (47)
self
where εcal-with Sself, εcal-without Sself and ε meas are the calculated
with / without self attenuation factor and experimentally
measured efficiencies, respectively. Table 6 shows the
comparison between the percentage deviations Δ1 % and Δ2 %
for different volu mes placed at the end cap of NaI (Tl)
detectors.
5. Conclusions
A direct analytical approach for calcu lating the fu ll-energy
peak efficiency has been derived. In addition, the self
attenuation factor of source matrix, the attenuation factors of
Figure 4. The full-energy peak efficiencies of a NaI(Tl) detector (Det.1); the source container and the detector housing materials have
measured, calculated with Sself and calculated without Sself for different been calculated. The discrepancies between calculated with
cylindrical sources placed at the end cap of the detector as functions of the
S self and measured full-energy peak efficiency values were
photon energy
found to be less than (1.5%) wh ile, between calculated
Table 6. The comparison between the percentage deviations Δ1% and without S self and measured full-energy peak efficiency values
Δ2% for different volumes placed at the end cap of different NaI (T l)
detectors were found to be less than (32%). The examination of the
present results as given in tables and figures reflects the
Source Volume (mL)
importance of considering the self attenuation factor in
De tector Ene rgy (ke V) 25 400
studying the efficiency of any detector using volu metric
Δ1 % Δ2 % Δ1 % Δ2 % sources.
121.78 0.11 20.30 -0.20 30.45
244.69 0.25 16.91 0.71 26.10
344.28 -0.48 14.47 -1.31 21.91 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
443.97 1.33 14.80 0.10 21.19
De t.1 The authors would like to exp ress their sincere thanks to
778.90 -1.05 9.87 -0.54 16.43
Prof. Dr. Mah moud. I. Abbas, Faculty of Science,
964.13 1.51 11.19 0.51 15.82 Alexandria Un iversity, for the very valuable pro fessional
1112.11 0.44 9.60 -1.52 13.14 guidance in the area of radiation physics and for his fruitful
1408.01 0.34 8.50 0.48 13.32 scientific co llaborations on this topic.
121.78 0.03 20.31 -0.06 31.34 Dr. Mohamed. S. Badawi would like to introduce a special
244.69 0.14 16.87 -0.43 25.94 thanks to The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
344.28 0.01 14.93 0.02 23.57 in Braunschweig, Berlin, Germany for fru itful help in
443.97 -0.63 13.14 -0.55 21.27
preparing the homemade volu metric sources.
De t.2
778.90 0.10 10.93 -1.36 16.24
964.13 0.80 10.58 -0.07 15.78
1112.11 -0.39 8.88 -1.37 13.70
1408.01 0.40 8.58 0.45 13.67 REFERENCES
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New Analytical Approach for Cylindrical Sources
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