Network Protocols 14 February 2018

Network Protocols
(Chapter 1)
Introduction
Idawaty Ahmad, PhD
(SKR3309)

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Network Protocols

Objectives

* Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

* Describe the concept of layered network models
* Define protocol
* Explain the functions of each OSI layer
* Explain the functions of each TCP/IP layer
* Understand the process of TCP/IP encapsulation
and de-encapsulation
* Understand the importance of standardization

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Contents

1. OSI Reference Model

2. TCP/IP Protocol Stack
3. Network Standardization
4. Summary

Recap
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Network Protocols

Introduction

* Communication networks are complex systems consisting

of many components and devices:
* Routers
* Switches
* Links of various media
* End hosts
* Protocols
* Applications

Recap
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Layered Network Model

Layer n

Layer n-1

Layer 2

Layer 1

* The layered network model is an efficient way to

manage this complexity Recap
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Layered Network Model (Cont.)

* Layered network model divides the communication

process into multiple layers which are each assigned
distinct and logically-grouped responsibilities
* This simplifies the maintenance and enhancement to
the system:
* Individual layers can then be simultaneously developed
* Components in each layer can be modified
independently of the others
Recap
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Network Protocols

* All communication activities in the Internet are governed

by protocols
* Protocols can be implemented in hardware, software, or a
combination of both
* A protocol defines :-
* Format, order of messages sent and received among
network entities, and actions taken on message transmission
and reception
* May include signaling, error detection and/or correction, or
other capabilities.
Recap
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Protocols and Standards

Protocol – set of rules that govern data communication.

For the simplicity -the protocol is the collection of rules- definition

on what, how and when it is communicated.

Standard –provides a model for development that makes it possible

for a product to work regardless of individual manufacturer

When no standards, difficulties arise.

Recap
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Examples of Network Protocol

* Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

(HTTP)
* File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
* Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP)
* Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
* Internet Message Access
Protocol (IMAP)
* Internet Protocol (IP)
* Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
* Routing Information Protocol
(RIP)
* Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF)
* Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
* And many more …

Recap
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Network Protocols

ISO standard

* Established in 1947, the International Standards

Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement on international standards.
* An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

ISO is the organization;

OSI is the model. Recap
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OSI Reference Model

* OSI : Open System Interconnection Reference Model

* OSI defines a 7-layer network model and the services
provided by each layer
* OSI has the following advantages
* To simplify related network operation
* To provide compatibility and standard interfaces
between devices
* To promote industry standardization
* Structure is separable (Layers are independent)
Recap
* Easy to achieve and maintenance
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OSI Layer Overview

Application Layer 7

Presentation Layer 6 Responsible for end-to-end

Session Layer 5 data transfer between the hosts

Transport Layer 4

Network Layer 3

Data Link Layer 2 Responsible for data

transmission between networks
Physical Layer 1
Recap
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Functions of OSI Layers

7 Application Layer Allow access to network resources

6 Presentation Layer Translate, compress, and encrypt data

5 Session Layer Establish, manage, and terminate session

4 Transport Layer Provide end-to-end message delivery

Provide internetworking: move data from

3 Network Layer
source to destination
Organize bits into frames; to provide node-to-node
2 Data Link Layer
delivery
Provide mechanical and electrical
1 Physical Layer
specification; transfer data in the form of bits
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Interactions Between OSI Layers

Recap
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Data Encapsulation/ Decapsulation

Recap
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Physical Layer (PHY)

* The physical layer (PHY) is responsible for

movement of individual bits from one network
device to the next device
Recap
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The Function of the Physical Layer

* Defines media types, interface types, signal types

* Specifies the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional

requirements for activating, maintaining, and deactivating a
physical link between end systems

* Specifies the features such as voltage, wire speed, maximum

transmission distance and connectors
LAN WAN
8 8 8
Physical F
0 0 0
(Bits, D
2 2 2 EIA/TIA-232
signals, . . .
D Recap
clocking) I
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PHY Media

Coaxial Cable

Twisted Pair Cable

Fiber Optic
Electromagnetic Waves Recap
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PHY Devices

* Physical layer devices

* Repeater
* Network hub
* Modem
* Fiber media convertor

Recap
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Data Link Layer

* Data link layer main functions: organize bits into

frames and delivery frames over a network link
* Consists of two sublayers
* Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
* Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer

Network Layer
LLC sublayer
Data Link Layer
MAC sublayer
Recap
Physical Layer
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LLC and MAC Sublayers

* LLC functions:
* Identify and encapsulate frames to and from upper
and lower layers, respectively
* Provide flow and error control
* MAC functions:
* Interface with physical layer
* Provide link layer addressing
* Specify channel access control mechanisms for
multiple access networks
Recap
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Network Protocols

Protocols of the Data Link Layer

* Data link layer LAN, WAN protocols

LAN WAN

802.2 LLC
Data Link Dial
Frame
on SDLC HDLC PPP
(Frames) Relay
Demand
8 8 8
F
0 0 0
Physical D V.24
2 2 2
D G.703
(Bits, . . .
I
signals, 3 4 5 V.35 EIA/TIA-232
clocking) xDSL

l Data link layer device

[ Ethernet switch Recap

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Data Link Layer – Ethernet Address

* MAC address is composed of 48 bits. The vendor ID of Huawei
products is 0x00e0fc.

24 bits 24 bits

Vender Code Serial Number

00e0.fc01.2345
00e0.fc01.2345
Rom

Recap
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Network Layer Function and

Devices
* Provide network layer addressing (e.g. IP
address)
* Routing and forwarding of data packets from
source to destination across multiple
networks/links

D C Host B

Host A A
Application layer Application layer
B E
Transport layer Transport layer
Router A Router B Router C
Network layer Network layer
Data link layer Network layer Network layer Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer
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Recap
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The Working Process of a Router

Router Router

Network layer Routing protocol Network layer

conversion

Data link layer Data link layer

Physical layer Protocol Physical layer

De-encapsulation encapsulation

LAN1 LAN2
WAN
sending receiving
transmission

Recap
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Network Layer Protocols

Network IP/ICMP/ARP/RARP
(Packets)

802.2 LLC
Dial
Data Link Frame
on SDLC HDLC PPP
(Frames) Demand
Relay
8 8 8
F
0 0 0
Physical D V.24
2 2 2
D
(Bits, . . .
I G.703
signals, 3 4 5 V.35
EIA/TIA-232
clocking)
Recap
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Network Addresses

* Network addresses uniquely identify a device at

the network layer
* Network addresses include two parts
* Network ID
* Host ID
Network ID Host ID
IP Address
10. 8.2.48

Recap
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Transport Layer

* The transport layer’s main function is to provide

transparent end-to-end transfer of data between
end hosts:
* Accept data from upper layer
* Split the data into smaller segments (if necessary)
* Pass the segments to the network layer
* Ensure the segments all arrive correctly at the final
destination
* Port number identifies which application
Recap
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The Function of the Transport Layer

n Segment upper layer data

n Set up end to end connection

n Transmit data from end to end through

port number

n Ensure the reliability of the data

transmission with flow and error
control
Recap
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Main Protocols of the

Transport Layer
TCP UDP

nConnection-oriented nConnectionless
nReliable nUnreliable
nSuitable for the nSuitable for the
application which requires application that concerns
high reliability transmission efficiency
nHigh cost nReliability depends on
application layer

Recap
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Transport Layer Protocols

Transport TCP UDP
(Segments)

Network IP
(Packets)

802.2 LLC
Dial
Data Link Frame
on SDLC HDLC PPP
(Frames) Demand
Relay
8 8 8
F
0 0 0
Physical D V.24
2 2 2
D
(Bits, . . .
I G.703
signals, 3 4 5 V.35
EIA/TIA-232
clocking)
Recap
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Session Layer

* Session layer
* Allows processes on different hosts to establish,
manage, and terminate sessions between them
* Sessions offer services such as:
* Dialog control – keeping track of whose turn to it is to
transmit
* Token management – prevent two parties from
attempting the same critical operation at the same time
* Synchronization – check-pointing long transmissions to
allow recovery after a crash
Recap
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Presentation layer

* The presentation layer provides the syntax and

semantics of the information to be transmitted
* Specifically, this layer is responsible for data
translation, compression, and encryption

Recap
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Network Protocols

Application Layer

* The application layer provides a means for the user

to access information on the network through an
application
* Examples of OSI application layer protocols:
* File Transfer and Access Management Protocol
(FTAM)
* X.400 email protocol
* Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)
Recap
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The Function of the Application Layer

n Provide user interfaces and deal with specify applications

n Provide data encryption, decryption, compression

and decompression.

n Specify the standards of data presentation.

Recap
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Network Protocols

Application Layer Protocols

Application FTP TELNET HTTP
TFTP SNMP RIP DNS Radius
(Data) SMTP/POP3 DNS

Transport TCP UDP

(Segments)

Network IP
(Packets)

802.2 LLC
Data Link Dial Frame
on SDLC HDLC PPP
(Frames) Relay
8 8 8 Demand
F
0 0 0
Physical 2 2 2
D V.24
(Bits, D
. . . G.703
signals, I V.35 EIA/TIA-232
3 4 5
clocking)
Recap
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Contents

1. OSI reference model

2. TCP/IP protocol stack
3. Network standardization
4. Summary

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TCP/IP Protocol Suite

* The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to

the OSI model.
* Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite
do not match exactly with those in the OSI model.
* The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
four software layers built upon the hardware.
* Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-
layer model with the layers named similarly to the
ones in the OSI model.
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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

* The Internet is based on the TCP/IP protocol stack, not

the OSI model
* The OSI model was devised before the implementation of
the actual protocols
* TCP/IP: protocols first, model later
* OSI: tries to standardize the protocols before
implementation
* TCP/IP: implementation first, standardize later
* As OSI took too long to standardize, TCP/IP was already
in widely used

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TCP/IP model
OSI TCP/IP

7 Application layer

6 Presentation layer Application layer 5

VS
5 Session layer

Transport layer Transport layer 4

4

Network layer Network layer 3

3

2 Data link layer Data link layer 2

1 Physical layer Physical layer 1

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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Provide access to network
HTTP, Telnet, FTP resources; provide syntax
Application Layer
TFTP, SMTP and semantics

Provide end-to-end
Transport Layer TCP/UDP message delivery
Provide internetworking:
Network Layer IP move data from source to
destination
Data Link Layer Ethernet (802.3), PPP
Organize bits into frames; to
provide node-to-node
Physical Layer Interface and cables delivery
Provide mechanical and
electrical specification;
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14 February of
bits

TCP/IP Protocol Stack (Cont.)

* Application Layer
* Contains a set of application protocols, e.g., Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
* Transport Layer
* Two protocols at this layer: Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
* TCP provides reliable connection-oriented service
* UDP provides unreliable connectionless service

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TCP/IP Protocol Stack (Cont.)

* Network Layer
* The main protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP)
* Supporting protocols: Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
* IP transports TCP or UDP segments in packets, adds
in header which contains IP address used to route
the packets from the source to the destination
* IP provides unreliable and connectionless packet
delivery service
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TCP/IP Protocol Stack (Cont.)

* Data Link Layer and Physical Layer

* Functions as the corresponding layers in OSI model
* No specific protocols have been defined for these two
layers
* Hence, all standard and proprietary LAN or WAN
protocols/technologies are supported
* E.g., IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi),
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), etc.

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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Provide network interfaces

Application layer HTTP, Telnet, FTP for application program
TFTP, Ping

Transport layer Establish end to end

TCP/UDP
connection
Addressing and
Network layer IP route selecting

Data link layer Ethernet, 802.3, PPP Access to physical media

Physical layer Interfaces, wires Binary data flow transmission

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Communication between Layers of

TCP/IP Model and Data Encapsulation
Host A PDU

Upper layer Application

data layer
Upper layer Transport layer Segment
TCP header
data

Upper layer
IP header
data Network layer Packet
Upper layer
LLC header FCS
data
Data link layer Frame
Upper layer
MAC header FCS
data

0101110101001000010
Physical layer Bit
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Data De-encapsulation.

Host B

Application
Upper layer data
layer
Transport
layer Upper layer data

Network TCP+ upper layer data

layer
IP+TCP+ upper layer data
Data link
layer
LLC header+ IP+TCP+ upper layer data
Physical
layer 0101110101001000010

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Data Encapsulation and De-

encapsulation

Application Application
data layer layer data
Transport Transport
upper layer segment
TCP header layer layer upper layer data
data

upper layer Network Network

IP header packet
data layer layer TCP+ upper layer data

upper layer
LLC header FCS IP+TCP+ upper layer data
data Data link Data link
frame
layer layer
upper layer
MAC header FCS LLC header +IP+TCP+ upper layer data
data
Physical Physical
bit
0101110101001000010 layer layer 0101110101001000010

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The Encapsulation Process of TCP/IP

Protocol Stack
user data

Application

App header User data

TCP
TCP Segment TCP header User data

IP Packet IP header TCP header User data IP

Ethernet header IP header TCP header user data Ethernet trailer

Application drive
14B 20-64B 20-60B 4B
Ethernet Frame

46-1500 bytes
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TCP Segment
Ethernet Frame

Ethernet header IP header TCP header User data Ethernet trailer

14B 20-60B 20B-60B 4B

Source Dest.
Seq Num Ack Num …... Option
Port Port
16b 16b 32b 32b 64b

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IP Packet

Ethernet header IP header TCP header User data Ethernet trailer

14B 20-60B 20B-60B 4B

0 15 16 31
Message
version Service type Total length
length
identification Flag Fragment offset
Fixed
message Time to live protocol Message header checksum 20B
header
Source IP address

Destination IP address

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IP 51options 14 February 2018

Contents

1. OSI reference model

2. TCP/IP reference model
3. Network standardization
4. Summary

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Protocols and Standards

Protocol – set of rules that govern data communication.

For the simplicity -the protocol is the collection of rules-

definition on what, how and when it is communicated.

Standard –provides a model for development that makes it

possible for a product to work regardless of individual
manufacturer

When no standards, difficulties arise.

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Standards

* A standard is a published document that contains a

technical specification or other precise criteria designed
to be used consistently as a rule, guideline, or definition
* A standard often contains a prescribed set of rules,
conditions, or requirements concerning the following:
* Definition of terms, classification of components,
specification of materials, performance, operation,
delineation of procedures, systems, services, or practices

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Benefits of Having Standards

* To end users
* Standards enable equipment from different vendors
to be used for the same tasks
* Create competition
* Lower product price
* Product diversity and wide availability of services
* Users do not have to buy multiple services to meet
multiple needs

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Benefits of Having Standards (Cont.)

* For network providers

* Profit from advantages of competition as equipment
can be selected from different suppliers
* Standards support universality and a larger potential
market for services
* For manufacturers
* Can focus R&D on technical applications and be assured
that a broad potential demand exists

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Networking Standards
* To promote inter-operability between network equipment from various vendors
* Define specifications & protocols

* Networking standardization bodies

* International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

* Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

* Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA )

* International Telecomm Union (ITU)

* Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

* 3GPP 3rd Generation (3G) mobile system, Long Term Evolution (LTE), etc.

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ISO

* ISO – multinational body whose membership is drawn mainly from the

standards creation committees of various governments throughout
the world.
* Aim – to facilitate the international exchange of goods and
services by providing models for compatibility
* contributes to the standardization of large networks, such as
Internet standard.
* developed the OSI model : describes the principles of networks,
constructing a simple and clear architecture for computer
network.
* ISO
* ISO/IEC 13239:2002, ISO/IEC 21481:2005
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Examples of ISO standard

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ITU-T

* International Telecomm Union- Telecommunication

* formerly known CCITT – Consultative Committee for International
Telecommunication Union
* ITU is committed to standardizing large telecom networks, such as
X.25 and frame relay.
* Standards
* H.323, G.hn, X.25, Signaling System Number 7 (SS7), etc.
* ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One)
* Coding of still images JPEG T.80 and JPEG 2000 T.800 series
* Coding of video coding H.262/MPEG2-Video, H.264/MPEG-4
AVC and H.265/HEVC
* ISDN and PSTN/3G videoconferencing systems, H.320 and H.324
* (x)DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) series of standards for broadband
telecoms
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IEEE

Provides standard of network hardware. Based on the standards,

hardware manufacturers produce compatible product. IEEE
formulated 802. project for LAN including ethernet,token ring,WLAN
etc
* The largest professional engineering society in the world
* Develops standards for computing, communication, electrical
engineering and electronics
* Sponsored an important standard for LAN called Project 802
* IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), etc.

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IEEE Specification

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3GPP

3GPP
* 3rd Generation Partnership Project
* Collaborative project aimed at developing globally acceptable
specifications for third generation (3G) mobile systems
* The 3GPP caters to a large majority of the
telecommunications networks in the world. It is the standard
body behind UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System), which is the 3G upgrade of GSM. Most cellular
networks on the planet are based on GSM
* 3rd Generation (3G) mobile system, Long Term Evolution
(LTE), etc.

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EIA

* EIA
* Association of electronics manufacturers in US
* defines the standard of network cables, such as
CAT5, RS232 etc
* Responsible for developing the EIA-232-D and EIA-530
standards – define serial transmission between two
digital devices. (computer to modem)

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Organizations for standardization—

Types of IETF Standards

* IETF creates two types of documents, one is Internet Draft, and

the other is RFC.
* Any one can refer Draft, no any special limit, and other
member can take a indifferent attitude, but many important
documents of IETF begin with Draft
* RFC is more official, and it would be kept in the archives in the
history. Generally, if it is sanctioned to come on, the contents
will not be changed.
* RFC (Request For Comments)
* It almost includes all the important documents of internet
* Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), etc.
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Contents

1. OSI reference model

2. TCP/IP protocol stack
3. Network standardization
4. Summary

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Summary

* Layered network models are used in networking

stack, specifically OSI and TCP/IP reference models
* Standardization promotes interoperability and bring
benefits to users, vendors and service providers

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Overall Protocol Overview

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Application layer: FTP, TELNET, SMTP, SNMP, HTTP PC4

Routing Protocol: BGP, OSPF, RIP -> Multicast PC3

Transport layer: TCP, UDP, SCTP

Router R3
IP, ICMP, IGMP, RSVP (QoS)
ARP, DHCP
Routing
Protocol L2
Switch

Router R1
ARP:
IP->MAC addr X.25 ATM

Router R2

Ethernet Ethernet
Hub Hub

Bridge

PC2 IPsrc IPdst Upper layer

PC1 DHCP
DHCP
Server MACsrcMACdst IP Packet

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Interconnected
Ethernet
L1, Repeater Hub Device Collision Domain

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4

PC1 PC4
PC2 PC3 Subnet Broadcast Domain
Collision Collision
Domain Domain
PC1 PC3
L2 Device
Bridge L2 Switch PC2 PC4
Collision Collision
Domain Domain

Subnet Subnet
L3 Device
Router R1

Subnet Subnet

All-layer Device
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Firewall

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References

HCNA Networking Study Guide TCP/IP Protocol Suite -Forouzan

(2016) (2009)

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Thank you J

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