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Corrosion Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/corsci
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Electrochemical approaches are used to investigate the exfoliation corrosion (EFC) of a 7XXX series alu-
Received 10 June 2010 minium alloy that has undergone different tempering treatments. EFC was produced under an artificial
Accepted 8 January 2011 crevice at open circuit potential in neutral chloride solutions, and is found to be associated to current
Available online 18 January 2011
and potential transients. EFC was also produced under galvanostatic control conditions. Observations
made through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) suggest that these transients result from the progres-
Keywords: sion of inter-granular cracks. Last, over-ageing heat treatments that are known to decrease both metal
A. Aluminium
hardness and EFC sensitivity were found to decrease the number of transients.
B. Galvanostatic
C. Exfoliation corrosion
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
C. Hydrogen absorption
0010-938X/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2011.01.010
Author's personal copy
Fig. 2. Diagram of the two specimens taken from the sheet of metal. The arrows indicate the surfaces tested during the galvanostatic experiments. The acronyms L/LT and ST/
LT stand for longitudinal/long-transverse and short-transverse/long-transverse.
im
(a) (b)
ZRA
Crevice
-708 equal to that obtained at the end of the EXCO test [26–29] and also
corresponds to that of the crack tip solution measured during the
environmentally-assisted cracking of alloy AA7050 [30]. Prelimi-
8 -709 narily experiments were conducted to optimise the applied current
IG, in order to reduce experimental time and achieve noticeable
Potential (mV/SCE)
V(t) exfoliation corrosion morphologies. The IG value of 2.5 mA was
Intensity (µA)
4
-711 3. Results
incubation time
Fig. 6. SEM images of the early stages of exfoliation corrosion on the T6 specimen obtained during the OCP tests. Blisters generally take the form of ‘‘protuberances’’ as shown
in the close-ups.
Author's personal copy
(a) -600
Potential (mV/SCE)
-640
T6
-680
T76
-720
0 4 8 12
Time (h)
(b)
-620 3 min
T6
Fig. 9. Potential recorded during the galvanostatic experiments carried out for heat
Potential (mV/SCE)
treatments ranging from peak-aged temper T6 to over-aged temper T76. The details
-640 for the heat treatments are shown in Fig. 1.
-660
4000
T76
-680
3000
Cumulative transients
Fig. 7. (a) Evolution of the measured potential during the galvanostatic experi- 2000
ments for both the T6 and T76 specimens. Note the large fluctuations in potential
for the T6 specimen, as illustrated in close-up (b).
1000
of the potential stays relatively constant throughout the whole
test. For the T76 temper, no such transients were observed. This
transient behaviour was also observed in potentiostatic mode, with 0
applied potentials corresponding to the quasi-steady state values 10 100
achieved during the galvanostatic tests: 620 mV/SCE for T6 and Overaging time (h)
680 mV/SCE for T76. As expected, the recorded current is similar
Fig. 10. Impact of the ageing time on the total number of transients greater than
in both cases (with a mean value close to 2.5 mA), and well-defined 2 mV (threshold) recorded during the 24 h galvanostatic experiment.
current transients (1 min of lifetime) were observed only for the
T6 temper (Fig. 8).
From these initial observations, it is tempting to consider these investigate this possibility, galvanostatic experiments were carried
transients as characteristic of EFC susceptibility. In order to further out at intermediate ageing intervals between the T6 and T76 tem-
pers, specifically after different holding times during the 135 °C
heat treatment, which is known to modify the EFC sensitivity of
3.2 the alloy. The potential transients recorded during these experi-
ments are reported in Fig. 9. As with the previous experiments, it
was observed that both the average potential and the magnitude
2.8 -620 mV/SCE, T6 of the transients decrease as ageing time increases. Additionally,
a logarithmic decrease in the total number of transients, as a func-
Intensity (mA)
tion of time, is also observed (Fig. 10), i.e. as ageing time increases,
the number of transients and EFC sensitivity both decrease.
2.4
1.5 min
3.3. Micrographic observations
2
After the galvanostatic treatment, the specimens were im-
mersed for 24 h in a large volume of pure water before being ob-
-680 mV/SCE, T76 served with SEM. Fig. 11 shows the cross sections of the T6 and
T76 specimens after 90 min of galvanostatic testing. The corrosion
3.38 3.4 3.42 3.44 morphologies are significantly different; they are quite localised
Time (h)
for the T6 temper specimen, and more uniform for the T76 temper
Fig. 8. Transient current recorded during the potentiostatic tests for the T6 and T76 specimen. The corrosion is deeper for the T6 specimen: 100 lm
samples. below the surface of the sample, compared to 50 lm for the T76
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Fig. 11. (a) FEG-SEM images of a cross section of the T6 sample after 3/2 h of galvanostatic testing, evidencing long inter-granular cracks with non-dissolved precipitates
(indicated by arrows) revealed using the chemical contrast imaging mode; (b) FEG-SEM images of a cross section of the T76 sample after 3/2 h of the same test, evidencing
more diffuse inter and inter-sub-granular corrosion.
1800
1200
T76
600
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (h)
Fig. 12. (a) Illustration of the corrosion depths measured on the cross sections of both the T6 and T76 samples for statistical analysis of EFC kinetics. (b) Variation of the mean
value as a function of time.
specimen. The long cracks observed in the T6 sample extend in the though there were less events than in the longitudinal tests (L/LT
rolling direction, along the grain boundaries with non-dissolved plane). SEM images of the cross section reveal band-like corrosion
precipitates. In these backscattered electron images, grain bound- zones with some long inter-granular cracks (200–300 lm) that ex-
aries are dark in colour due to the presence of precipitate-free tend far into the unaffected metal (Fig. 13). Moreover, when these
zones with bright spots caused by grain boundary precipitates. samples were aged under air (50% humidity ratio) after the test,
By contrast, the corrosion morphology of the T76 specimen con- cracks still propagated in the rolling direction until they crossed
sists of inter- and inter-sub-granular corrosion paths, which re- the whole sample after 15 days, as shown in Fig. 14a. Fractographic
veals preferential anodic dissolution of the grains (Fig. 11b). No investigations (Fig. 14b, and images at a higher magnification in
visible cracks can be observed. Thus, it appears that the over-aged Fig. 14c and d) show that the damage consists of mostly brittle, in-
T76 specimen is sensitive only to inter- and inter-sub-granular cor- ter-granular cracks with no evident corrosion attack.
rosion. Lastly, a statistical analysis of the average corrosion depth,
as measured on the cross section of both the T6 sample and T76
4. Discussion
sample, was performed and the mean depth was found to be much
less for the T76 specimen than for the T6 specimen (Fig. 12).
Our results show that the appearance of exfoliation corrosion,
either under OCP conditions underneath an artificial crevice or un-
3.4. Effect of surface orientation der galvanostatic or potentiostatic control, systematically corre-
lates with the presence of well-defined voltage or current
In order to evaluate the possible effects of lift-out stress caused transients. The magnitude of these transients, as well as their
by the corrosion products formed during EFC, corrosion tests were amplitude, is shown to be a major parameter that parallels im-
performed under the same conditions along the transverse orienta- proved EFC susceptibility when prolonging heat treatment beyond
tion of the T6 specimen, on the LT-ST plane. In this scenario, grains T6. For the future, this type of measurement opens the door to the
would, presumably, be less prone to lift up since the elongated quantitative evaluation of EFC susceptibility for a wide range of al-
grains are normal to the grain surface (see Fig. 2b for the geometric loys and corrosion media. However, it is first necessary to under-
configuration of the sample). The potential transients recorded stand the mechanisms giving rise to these transients and their
(not reported here) still exhibit well-defined transients, even relation to exfoliation events.
Author's personal copy
Fig. 14. (a) Images of a cross section of the T6 sample after 6 h of transverse galvanostatic testing followed by 30 days under air (50% humidity ratio), showing the extension
of thin cracks throughout the entire sample; (b) shows the fractograph after fracturing the sample in (a); (c) and (d) are magnifications of (b).
Author's personal copy
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