Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KADAKKAL
SEMINAR REPORT
On
CLOUD COMPUTING
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Of
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
SUBMITTED BY
ARUNSHARMA.S.P
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
2006-2010
S.H.M.ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
KADAKKAL
CERTIFICATE
First of all I thank the almighty GOD for providing me with the strength and
(Staff In Charge) for their kind co-operation for presenting the seminar.
ARUNSHARMA.S.P
CONTENTS
TITLE PAGENO:
1. LIST OF FIGURES 2
2. ABSTRACT 3
3. INTRODUCTION 4
4. HISTORY 5
5. WORKING 7
7. IBM CLOUDS 12
11. ADVANTAGES 21
13. CONCLUSION 25
14. REFERENCES 26
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 7.WEB OS 17
The client computers login to the servers using an interface and access data’s
information and even processing power from these servers.
HISTORY
The Cloud is a term that borrows from telephony. Up to the 1990s, data circuits
(including those that carried Internet traffic) were hard-wired between destinations.
Subsequently, long-haul telephone companies began offering Virtual Private Network
(VPN) service for data communications. Telephone companies were able to offer VPN
based services with the same guaranteed bandwidth as fixed circuits at a lower cost
because they could switch traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, thus utilizing
their overall network bandwidth more effectively. As a result of this arrangement, it
was impossible to determine in advance precisely paths traffic would be routed over.
The term "telecom cloud" was used to describe this type of networking, and cloud
computing is conceptually somewhat similar.
Cloud computing relies heavily on virtual machines (VMs), which are spawned
on demand to meet user needs. Because these virtual instances are spawned on demand,
it is impossible to determine how many such VMs will run at any given time. As VMs
can be spawned on any given computer as conditions demand, they are location in-
specific as well, much like a cloud network. A common depiction in network diagrams
is a cloud outline.
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960, when John
McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility";
indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus that date back to the 1960s. The
term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. Ill-fated startup General Magic
launched a short-lived cloud computing products in 1995 in partnership with several
telecommunications company partners such as AT&T, just before the consumer-
oriented Internet became popular. By the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud
computing" began to appear more widely, although most of the focus at that time was
limited to SaaS.
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and
their associates. They applied many technologies developed by companies such as
Google and Yahoo! to business applications. They also provided the concept of "On
demand" and SaaS with their real business and successful customers. The key for SaaS
is that it is customizable by customers with limited technical support required. Business
users have enthusiastically welcomed the resulting flexibility and speed.
In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the
development of web services. IBM detailed these concepts in 2001 in the Autonomic
Computing Manifesto, which described advanced automation techniques such as self-
monitoring, self-healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of
complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks,
security mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized across an
enterprise.
But after that project your company may didn’t receive any project for a long
time or the current project doesn’t requires that much computational needs like the
former one. In that case all the hardware and software resources that you bought for
you former project will be in vain. So here the cloud computing comes to help you.
Let’s imagine your company is using all the resources that it needed online. In
such case each user that has a computer with basic configuration (like a processor
having low processing power, basic os , a keyboard and a mouse)with having only one
application installed in it which will allow you to login to a server in the internet and
access all the data’s and application that you needed from that server. The company
that owns those servers are called cloud computing service providers and the computer
that login to those servers are called clients. By this the client company can largely cut
down their investment.
CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
Front End
Backend
Front End
Front End is the user end. This end consists of a computer with basic
configuration and a single application program installed in it. This application program
is much like a browser that act as an interface between the cloud system and the user
side. The user will login to the servers by using a username and a password that is
unique to the user. The user will be charged by the cloud service provider according to
his usage.
FIG 2.THE ASTRANOS OPERATING SYSTEM LOGIN SCREEN
After login the user will get a screen that is similar to his desktop. He can
access all the applications from that platform.
Back End
Back end is the heart of the cloud. This part consist of the all the
applications for the clients and the all the services that requires to satisfy users
computational needs. That means various computers, servers and data storage systems
that create the "cloud" of computing services. . In theory, a cloud computing system
could include practically any computer program you can imagine, from data processing
to video games. Usually, each application will have its own dedicated server.
A central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client demands
to ensure everything runs smoothly. It follows a set of rules called protocols and uses a
special kind of software called middleware. Middleware allows networked computers
to communicate with each other. We can’t say that the current protocols fully support
the cloud system. New protocols like XMPP (Extensible messaging and presence
protocol) are used.
At the back end cloud computing system uses a number of technologies like the
following
GRID COMPUTING
SERVER VIRTUALIZATION
UTILITY COMPUTING
In a grid computing system, networked computers are able to access and use the
resources of every other computer on the network. Thus there is a significant work load
shift. Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lift when it comes running the
applications.
Most of the time, servers don't run at full capacity. That means there's unused
processing power going to waste. It's possible to fool a physical server into thinking it's
actually multiple servers, each running with its own independent operating system. The
technique is called server virtualization. By maximizing the output of individual
servers, server virtualization reduces the need for more physical machines.
The applications of cloud computing are practically limitless. With the right
middle ware the cloud computing system could execute all the programs a
normal desktop computer can run. The services that a cloud provides computer
comes under three sections.
I. Software as a service
II. Hardware as service
III. Platform as a service
FIG 5.CLOUD COPMPUTING APPLICATIONS
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE(SaaS)
The companies doesn’t have to bother about the cost, updates and maintenances of the
softwares.
HARDWARE AS A SERVICE(HaaS)
The client company can use these service on a pay and use method.
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE(PaaS)
What exactly do Web operating systems do? Keep reading to find out.
Calendars
E-mail
File management
Games
Instant messaging programs
Photo, video and audio editing programs
RSS readers
Spreadsheet programs
Word processing programs
With traditional computer operating systems, you'd have to install applications to
your own computer. The applications would exist on your computer's hard disk drive.
They would run by accessing the processing power of your computer's central
processing unit (CPU) by sending electronic requests to your computer's OS.
Web operating systems can't replace your computer's native OS -- in fact, they
depend on traditional computer operating systems to work. The user side of Web OS
software, whether it's a Web browser or a system-specific client, runs on top of your
computer's OS. But programmers design Web operating systems to look and act like a
desktop OS. A Web OS might look a lot like a traditional OS, but it doesn't manage
your computer's hardware or software.
CLOUD STORAGE
Users can store their personal data in cloud storage, access and updates this, from any
where.
The client have to pay according to the space they use.
ADVANTAGES
Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at
any time. They could access the cloud computing system using any computer
linked to the Internet.
It could bring hardware costs down. You wouldn't need to buy the fastest
computer with the most memory.
Since the cloud computing system's back end is a grid computing system, then
the client could take advantage of the entire network's processing power.
Clients wouldn’t have to worry about the patches and updates of softwares.
• Bandwidth
• Since cloud computing does not allow users to physically possess the storage of
their data (the exception being the possibility that data can be backed up to a
user-owned storage device, such as a USB flash drive or hard disk) it does leave
responsibility of data storage and control in the hands of the provider.
• Cloud computing has been criticized for limiting the freedom of users and
making them dependent on the cloud computing provider, and some critics have
alleged that is only possible to use applications or services that the provider is
willing to offer. Thus, The London Times compares cloud computing to
centralized systems of the 1950s and 60s, by which users connected through
"dumb" terminals to mainframe computers. Typically, users had no freedom to
install new applications and needed approval from administrators to achieve
certain tasks. Overall, it limited both freedom and creativity. The Times argues
that cloud computing is a regression to that time.
• Similarly, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, believes
that cloud computing endangers liberties because users sacrifice their privacy
and personal data to a third party. He stated that cloud computing is "simply a
trap aimed at forcing more people to buy into locked, proprietary systems that
would cost them more and more over time."
• Further to Stallman's observation, It would be a challenge for hosting/deploying
intranet and access restricted (for Govt., defense, institutional, etc) sites and
their maintenance. Commercial sites using tools such as web analytics may not
be able to capture right data for their business planning etc.
• Perhaps the biggest concern about cloud computing is security and privacy.
• The idea of handling over important data to another company of course worries
the clients.
• Data security is another main problem. The cloud service providers have to
protect data from unauthorized access.
Bandwidth
CONCLUSION
Cloud computing is still in early development.Market researches , financial
analysis, all wantto assess its potential markets and business impact.Cloud
Computing holds a lot of promise and believes that it is likely to be a major influence
on hosting and application development.
REFERENCES
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.wikipedia.com