Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sample Preparation
- Measure the tea samples as shown in the table below in a beaker, label the beaker in
order to avoid confusion
- Notes: when measuring the tea, pour tea leaves out of the bags first in order to prevent
contamination.
ตรางูเหา่ 1.4411 -
OK 1.4579 -
รามั งกรบิน, ตรามือ (สีแดง), ตรามือ (สีทอง), ตรางูเหา่ , ตราหั วเสือ 3 ดาว, ตราสุนัขตาํ รวจ, OK
From left to right: ต
Observations:
- Retention factor of each of the TLC plate is not the same
- All samples show 1 similar color
- Sample #1 (มังกร) has another pale yellow spot
- Sample #4 (งูเหา่ ) has a red spot
- Sample #6 (สุนัขตาํ รวจ) has a red spot at relatively similar position as #4, but the spot is bigger.
Also, there is a yellow spot at a relatively similar position as shown in sample #1.
- The lines drawn were not very straight
- The sample dots were too wide (could be seen from the big splotches)
Changes for next meeting (25/10/17)
- Increase the concentration of the tea sample by 5 times
- (Tea 7 g: Water 30 ml)
- Either boil the tea or use preheated water in order to prepare the sample
- Instead of applying the sample only once, apply it repetitively on the same spot in order
to intensify and ensure that there was enough sample
- Find methods to decrease the spot size
__________________________________________________________________________
25/10/17
Plan:
● Make stock from standard → 0.1 g in 100 ml Distilled water
● Test TLC separation in different mobile phase. Choose a mobile phase with best
separation.
● Prepare different dilution of standards to generate a calibration curve
● If enough time, test samples
Mobile Phase
1. Ethyl acetate : ethanol: Distilled water (75:35:30)
2. Ethyl Acetate : Ethanol : Ammonia 30% (75 : 45 : 15)
3. Ethyl Acetate : Ethanol : Water (75 : 35 : 30)
4. Isopropyl alcohol : distilled water : ammonia 30% (10 : 1 : 1)
Dye Mass (g) Concentration (%w/v)
TLC
● Spot the mixture of all colors (1:1:1:1 v/v) onto the TLC plate (0.6 microlitres per dot,
using microsyringe)
○ 100%
○ 75%
○ 50%
○ 25%
● Spot the dyes with different dilution separately
● Let the TLC run for 5 cm on the 2.5 x 7 cm Silica Gel 60G F254. Use the four different
mobile phases mentioned in order to determine the mobile phase that would result the
best separation of the dyes.
Data
TLC plate ran with the first mobile phase: Ethyl Acetate : Isopropanol : Distilled water (75 : 35: 30)
From left to right : 25% ; 50% ; 75%; 100%
● From the TLC plate, it could be seen that the dyes haven’t separated entirely
○ Only 3 spots instead of 4 spots
○ Color is not very clear
● Most of the spots are nowhere near the solvent front
○ Either run the same system again, but with increased length of the solvent front
from the start line, or change the mobile phase
● In terms of time consumption, this mobile phase took approximately 15 minutes to run for
5 cm.
● Moreover, during the solvent preparation process, it could be seen that the solvents
didn’t mix entirely, creating a slight turbid solution.
TLC plate ran with the second mobile phase: Ethyl Acetate : Ethanol : Ammonia 30% (75 : 45: 15)
From left to right : 25% ; 50% ; 75%; 100%
● From the TLC plate, it could be seen that there’s no separation of dyes and there’s only
one dot per sample at the starting line, where the samples are originally dotted.
○ The mobile phase should be changed
● In terms of time, it took the solvent about 5 - 10 minutes to run 5 cm on the plate
● During the solvent preparation stage, it could be seen that the compounds couldn’t be
mixed
TLC plate ran with the third mobile phase: Ethyl Acetate : Ethanol : Distilled water (75 : 35: 30)
From left to right : 25% ; 50% ; 75%; 100%
● From the TLC plate, it could be seen that this mobile phase could be used to
successfully separate the four dyes present within the mixture
● However, there are tails
● Hence, it is not the best mobile phase to be used in the experiment
● During solvent preparation process, the compounds mixed together well and evenly
TLC plate ran with the fourth mobile phase: Isopropyl alcohol : Ammonia 30% : Distilled water (10 : 1: 1)
From left to right : 25% ; 50% ; 75%; 100%
● From the TLC plate, it could be seen that this mobile phase could be used to
successfully separate the four dyes present within the mixture and there’s no tail
● Hence, it is the best mobile phase to be used in the experiment
● During solvent preparation process, the compounds mixed together well and evenly
After the best mobile phase: Isopropyl alcohol : Ammonia 30% : Distilled water (10 : 1: 1) was determined,
the dyes (0.1 g dye in 100 ml distilled water) was spotted separately
TLC plate ran with the fourth mobile phase: Isopropyl alcohol : Ammonia 30% : Distilled water (10 : 1: 1)
From left to right: Carmoisine ;Ponceau 4R ; Sunset Yellow FCF; Tartrazine (spotted once)
TLC plate ran with the fourth mobile phase: Isopropyl alcohol : Ammonia 30% : Distilled water (10 : 1: 1)
From left to right: Carmoisine ;Ponceau 4R ; Sunset Yellow FCF; Tartrazine (spotted twice)
● It could be seen that Ponceau 4R has the least retention factor, followed by tartrazine,
carmoisine, and sunset yellow FCF respectively
○ Hence, from most to least polarity: Ponceau 4R > Tartrazine > Carmoisine >
Sunset Yellow FCF
● Errors:
○ The mobile phase has tail on it, and was not as accurate as it is supposed to be
○ It did not run straightly
Teas
1. Weigh the teas as shown in the table in beakers
Tea Mass (g) Concentration (%w/v)
OK 6.9893 17.47325%
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 7.0493 17.62325%
From left to right: Standard color mix, ตรามั งกรบิน, ตรามือ (สีแดง), ตรามือ (สีทอง), ตรางูเหา่ , ตราหั วเสือ 3 ดาว, ตราสุนัขตาํ รวจ,
OK
From left to right: Standard color mix, ตรามั งกรบิน, ตรามือ (สีแดง), ตรามือ (สีทอง), ตรางูเหา่ , ตราหั วเสือ 3 ดาว, ตราสุนัขตาํ รวจ,
OK
From left to right: Individual standard dyes (spotted twice), Individual standard dyes (spotted once), standard dye
mix with different dilution (spotted twice), standard dye mix with different dilution (spotted once), standard dye mix
and the tea samples
Observations:
● The dyes from the teas were successfully separated
● The concentration of the standard dye mix might be too high
● The two dyes, Ponceau 4R and Sunset Yellow FCF weren’t completely separated; for one plate,
sunset yellow appears to be at the top of Ponceau 4R and vice versa for the other plate
● There are some dyes that could be ponceau 4R. However, more experiments would be needed in
order to determine it.
● The shape of the dyes are different when spotted individually and spotted as a mixture
● The retention factor of different TLC plate with same mobile phase was different
● The other sample ran in a curved way, might be because the TLC plate was too big or because
the plate wasn’t not placed straightly into the beaker/chamber.
● There seems to be another color on two within the tea, next meeting check other color as our
standard too
Changes/researches for next meeting (9/11/17)
- Why the TLC ran differently?
- Why is the spot of sunset yellow look sickle-shaped?
- Using more color as standards
- (Maybe) another mobile phase to be used in the experiment
- Quantitative determination of dyes using computer programs
9/11/17
Process of Quantifying
1. Select image, open it in ImageJ program
2. Convert image to grayscale, by selecting image → type → 32 bit
3. Adjust brightness by selecting image → adjust → brightness contrast
4. Select the rectangular tool, draw around the band (make sure that it covers the whole
thing)
5. Select analyze → gels → select first lane (command 1)
6. Then draw the box from the first lane to second band of the gel
7. Select analyze → gels → select next lane (command 2)
8. Repeat steps 6 & 7 until all of the bands are completed
9. To finish select analyze → gels → plot lanes (command 3)
10. Then select straight line tool from the tool menu and draw the line from a side of a peak
base to another.
11. Repeat step 10 until all is completed
12. Select wand tool from the tool menu, select each band peak (they will outline peaks into
yellow color)
13. Another window called results will appear, showing the peak area
14. Copy and paste results into a spreadsheet
0.1542grams 1
100mL × 4 = 0.0003855g/mL → 385.5μg/mL
25% = 0.25 × 385.5 = 96.375 µg/mL
50% = 0.5 × 385.5 = 192.75 µg/mL
75% = 0.75 × 385.5 = 289.125 µg/mL
100% = 385.5 µg/mL
Tartrazine
0.1887grams 1
100mL × 4 = 0.00047175g/mL → 471.75μg/mL
25% = 0.25 × 471.75 = 117.9375 µg/mL
50% = 0.5 × 471.75 = 235.875 µg/mL
75% = 0.75 × 471.75 = 353.8125 µg/mL
100% = 471.75 µg/mL
Carmoisine
0.1721grams 1
100mL × 4 = 0.00043025g/mL → 430.25μg/mL
25% = 0.25 × 430.25 = 107.5625 µg/mL
50% = 0.5 × 430.25 = 215.125 µg/mL
75% = 0.75 × 430.25 = 322.6875 µg/mL
100% = 430.25 µg/mL
Sunset Yellow
0.1310grams 1
100mL × 4 = 0.0003275g/mL → 327.5μg/mL
25% = 0.25 × 327.5 = 81.875 µg/mL
50% = 0.5 × 327.5 = 163.75 µg/mL
75% = 0.75 × 327.5 = 245.625 µg/mL
100% = 327.5 µg/mL
____________________________________________________________________________
20/11/17
Observation: Ponceau 4R and tartrazine are not separating while sunset yellow and
carmoisine are separating well
2. Isopropyl Alcohol : Ammonia : Distilled Water → (10:1:3)
3. Isopropyl Alcohol : Ammonia : Distilled Water → (12:1:1)
Observation: sunset yellow and carmoisine are not separating while ponceau 4R and tartrazine
are separating well
Tea sample
OK 7.3134 18.2835%
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 7.3594 18.3985%
Dilution of standards
50% 0.6 0.19275 µg/µl 0.23588 µg/µl 0.21513 µg/µl 0.16375 µg/µl
75% 0.9 0.28913 µg/µl 0.35381 µg/µl 0.32269 µg/µl 0.24563 µg/µl
100% 1.2 0.3855 µg/µl 0.47175 µg/µl 0.43025 µg/µl 0.3275 µg/µl
125% 1.5 0.48188 µg/µl 0.58969 µg/µl 0.53782 µg/µl 0.40938 µg/µl
150% 1.8 0.57825 µg/µl 0.70863 µg/µl 0.64538 µg/µl 0.49125 µg/µl
ISO-OH : NH3
Tartrazine
Number Intensity Substance
3 943.648 งูเหา่
4 0 มังกรบิน
5 0 สุนัขตาํ รวจ
6 0 OK
7 0 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว
มังกรบิน 0 0
สุนัขตาํ รวจ 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
Carmoisine
Number Intensity Substance
3 453.276 งูเหา่
4 233.234 มังกรบิน
6 0 OK
7 360.092 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 360.092 Error (-2.1617)
Substance Intensity Concentration (g/µl)
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 360.092 0.0771
Ponceau 4R
Number Intensity Substance
3 17457.735 งูเหา่
4 0 มังกรบิน
6 0 OK
7 0 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว
มังกรบิน 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
มังกรบิน 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
Sunset Yellow
Number Intensity Substance
3 22846.856 งูเหา่
4 31433.09 มังกรบิน
6 23543.856 OK
7 22018.584 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว
OK 23543.856 15.3105
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 22018.584 14.0487
Substance Intensity Concentration (g/µl)
OK 23543.856 error
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 22018.584 0.5757 / 0.5129
ISO-OH : NH3 : DI
Tartrazine
Number Intensity Substance
3 12244.423 งูเหา่
4 0 มังกรบิน
5 0 สุนัขตาํ รวจ
6 0 OK
7 0 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว
มังกรบิน 0 0
สุนัขตาํ รวจ 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
Substance Intensity Concentration (g/µl)
มังกรบิน 0 0
สุนัขตาํ รวจ 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
Carmoisine
Number Intensity Substance
3 544.548 งูเหา่
4 649.77 มังกรบิน
6 0 OK
7 2276.291 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 2276.291 Error (-0.1506)
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 2276.291 error
Ponceau 4R
Number Intensity Substance
3 7973.723 งูเหา่
4 7012.673 มังกรบิน
6 0 OK
7 0 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
Sunset Yellow
Number Intensity Substance
3 23485.22 งูเหา่
4 28784.141 มังกรบิน
6 21002.028 OK
7 20484.371 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว
OK 21002.028 Error(-2.7897)
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 20484.371 Error(-2.6860)
Substance Intensity Concentration (g/µl)
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 20484.371 0.577 / 0.2345
26/12/17
Substance Dilution Concentration
(µg/µl)
Tartrazine 50% 0.23588
75% 0.35381
100% 0.47175
125% 0.58969
150% 0.70863
Ponceau 4R 50% 0.19275
75% 0.28913
100% 0.3855
125% 0.48188
150% 0.57825
Substance Intensity Concentration (µg/µl)
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
Substance Intensity Concentration (µg/µl)
ชาตรามือ (สีแดง) 0 0
ชาตรามือ (สีทอง) 0 0
มังกรบิน 0 0
สุนัขตาํ รวจ 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0 0
75% 0.24563
100% 0.3275
125% 0.40938
150% 0.49125
75% 0.32269
100% 0.43025
125% 0.40938
150% 0.49125
Substance Intensity Concentration (µg/µl)
ชาตรามือ (สีแดง) 0 0
ชาตรามือ (สีทอง) 0 0
งูเหา่ 0 0
มังกรบิน 0 0
สุนัขตาํ รวจ 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 6928.497 0.07654278
Sunset Yellow
Substance Intensity Concentration (µg/µl)
OK 57812.103 0.74572159
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 34425.141 0.40785248
27/12/17
งูเหา่ 7.0690
มังกร 7.0464
OK 7.0038
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 7.0178
OK 57812.103 0.74572159
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 34425.141 0.40785248
Substance Intensity Concentration (µg/µl)
ชาตรามือ (สีแดง) 0 0
ชาตรามือ (สีทอง) 0 0
งูเหา่ 0 0
มังกรบิน 0 0
สุนัขตาํ รวจ 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 6928.497 0.07654278
9/03/18
งูเหา่ 7.1754
มังกร 7.0816
OK 7.0126
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 7.2370
ชาตรามือ (สีแดง) 0 0
ชาตรามือ (สีทอง) 0 0
งูเหา่ 0 0
มังกรบิน 0 0
สุนัขตาํ รวจ 0 0
OK 0 0
หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 5684.759 0.0060
Intensity Brand/ Standards Concentration
82223.704 OK 1.523155091
45507.952 หัวสิงหส
์ ามดาว 0.748315965