Porto PHD Course

DC MICROGRIDS
Prof. Josep M. Guerrero

Microgrid Research Programme – Aalborg University
 Microgrid Research Programme in AAU
 Microgrid Definition and Operation
 Microgrids Projects
 DC Microgrid Control Architectures
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 2

 Residential Microgrids - 2013 DK Smart Grid Strategy
(2015 hourly electricity pricing)
 Hydrogen Communities (Vestenkov, Lolland) – IRD

 Small remote/isolated Microgrids
 Large remote Microgrids:
Geographical islands
(70 habited islands in DK)

MICROGRID RESEARCH PROGRAMME
 Modeling
 Control & Operation
MicroGrid Research AC MicroGrids  Energy Storage
Programme Areas
 Protection
DC MicroGrids
 Power Quality
Figures:  Standard-based ICT
6 Post Docs
 Networked Control
12 PhDs
5 Visiting scholars  EMS & Optimization
 Multi-Agents

6
MICROGM ICROGRID
RID RESEARCH
RESEARCH TEAM @TEAM
AALBORG
Yajuan Guan
Tomislav Dan Wu
Ancillary
Dragicevic Primary
services for MGs
DC MGs Control
Josep M.
Guerrero Qobad
Fabio Shafiee Nelson Diaz
Andrade Secondary Energy storage
Juan C. MGs stability Control for MicroGrids
Vasquez Lexuan Meng
Min Chen
Tertiary Chi Zhang
Power
Control LVDC
Ernane Electronics
distribution MGs
Coelho
MGs
Yang Han Chendan Li Hengwei Lin
PQ & MV MGs Management
modelling
MGs Agents and Protection
for Microgrids
Javier Valerio
Roldan Mariani Xin Zhao Bo Sun
LVRT & Nonlinear AC/DC EV Charging
PQ Control Hybrid MG Stations

7
Every setup is able to emulate a multi-converter low-
voltage Microgrid, local and energy management control
programmed in real-time control platforms.
Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 8 8

8
Every setup is able to emulate a multi-converter low-voltage Microgrid, local
and energy management control programmed in real-time control platforms.
MGCC Labview, communication systems, control, 24 DC-AC inverters

Ethernet
Communication
DC Power Line
AC Power Line
The laboratory is
based on 6 workstations
• 4 DC-AC converters,
• LCL-filters,
• ABB Motorized change-over switches
• Kamstrup Smart-meters.

11 11
Workstation 2
Workstation 1
power supply
Bidirectional
Panelboard
Electric
Workstation
Cabine
3
t
Workstation
4
Workstation 5
Workstation 6
AC power line SmartMeters

DC power line Communication Nodes

12

Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
What is a Microgrid?
Household appliances and electronics
PCC
DC Coupled Subsystem
Main
Utility Grid

14
15
16

16
 Phase I: Design, modelling and control.
 Phase II: Coordination control schemes between microgrid elements, including
communication systems and energy management systems for DC microgrids.
 Phase III: Creation of two Living Labs as a user-centred research concept, to test
innovation systems and elements that can conform a DC microgrid for different
applications.
• Home DC Microgrid Living Lab, at AAU

to research and test DC distribution for
1-2 family houses
• 工业微网设计 Industrial DC Microgrid Living

Lab,
At North China Electrical Power University (China),
for research, demo and test of energy solutions
for commercial buildings.

Danish
18
Danish

19
380Vdc
Powered Home
Phase 1.
Phase 2.
Phase 3

20
1. Vdc consumer electronics
2. 12/24 Vdc wall sockets
3. 12 Vdc LED lighting
4. 24 Vdc home entertainment system
5. 12 Vdc coffee maker
6. 12 Vdc refrigerator
7. 24 Vdc vacuum cleaner
8. 48 Vdc washing machine
9. 48 Vdc air conditioner
10. 12 Vdc hair dryer
380Vdc 11. 48 Vdc whisper wind turbine
12. PVs connected in 380vdc bus bar
Powered Home 13. 380vdc charger
14. 380vdc busway distribution system 21
22
23
Functionalities of the EVCS
 P/Q coordination
 Frequency participation
 Voltage support
 Unbalance compensation
 Harmonics sharing


Advantage of DC transmission systems
 no reactive power loading of the transmission line
 complete control of energy flow
 no reactive power loading of the transmission line
 reduced losses
Why Back to Back links?

 Different system frequencies
 No additional short circuit power contribution to connected networks
 Fully controllable power flow

Problems in AC microgrids:
 Synchronization of distributed generators
 Inrush current (transformers, Induction motors, Induction generators)
 Three-Phase Unbalance (single-phase loads, single-phase generators such as
photovoltaic)
Recent Trends
 Introduction of many Inverter loads (AC/DC and DC/AC conversions are included)
 Introduction of distributed generations with DC output (photovoltaic, fuel
cell,variablespeed type wind turbine, microturbine, gas engine)
 Needs for higher quality power
DC-Coupled Microgrids
 DC microgrids/nanogrids
 DC distributed power systems (DPS)
 Applications: VRM, -48 V telecom systems, DC-link for UPS systems
 Isolated systems: avionic, automotive, marine…

Demonstrations of 300-400V DC MicroGrids in the world
300-400V DC Operational and Demo Sites Worldwide (Europe, USA and Japan)

DC Microgrid topology
AC Residential system
AC commercial system

The key application areas for
standardization of dc power use in
buildings include: 24 VDC 380 VDC
✔Interiors and occupied spaces where

lighting and control loads dominate the
need for dc electricity
✔Data centers and telecom central
offices with their dc powered
information and communications
technology (ICT ) equipment
✔Outdoor electrical uses, including
electric vehicle charging and outdoor
light-emitting diode (LED ) lighting
✔Building services, utilities, and HVAC
with variable-speed drive (VSD ) and 380 VDC 24 & 380 VDC
electronic dc motorized
equipment.
DC 24V- Infrastructure
EMerge Alliance dc standard as implemented for building interiors

EA’s dc standards as implemented in a data center

Barriers: The Challenges of Increased DC Use in Buildings
The use of dc power is not without it challenges. These fall into 5 major categories:
1) lack of application and equipment standards for dc power distribution
2) lack of common understanding and basic application knowledge of building
distribution-level dc
3) differences in safety and power protection device application
4) lack of a robust ecosystem to support the use of dc in building-level electrification
5) unclear pathway for moving from ac-centric power distribution to dc-inclusive
distribution schemes.
The first 3 challenges are being addressed with increasing resources by such standards
and trade organizations as:
EA , the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI ), the International

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC ), IEEE , NE MA, NFPA, the Power Sources
Manufacturers Association (PSMA), the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGI P) of the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST ), UL , and others.

DC Microgrid at Xiamen University, China
 150 kWp PV
 System
 DC Lighting
 Energy Storage
 Air Conditioning
 Electric Vehicle
 Charge Station
 Data Center
 Home
 And Office
 Appliances
Cloud-based energy monitor,

management, and control system
Optimal equipment choice and
operation of direct-current
MicroGrids
Efficiency Comparison:
 DC vs. AC
 Lighting: 92% vs.78%
 AC: 93%vs. 87%
 Data Center: 78% vs.64%
 EV Charger: 94% vs.76%
DC Building (EPARC, Taiwan) DC 380 V
 150 kWp PV
 System
 DC Lighting
 Energy Storage
 Air Conditioning
 Electric Vehicle
 Charge Station
 Data Center
 Home
 And Office
 Appliances
Cloud-based energy monitor,

management, and control system
Optimal equipment choice and
operation of direct-current
Efficiency Comparison:
microgrids
 DC vs. AC
 Lighting: 92% vs.78%
 AC: 93%vs. 87%
 Data Center: 78% vs.64%
 EV Charger: 94% vs.76%

DC Building (EPARC, Taiwan) DC 380 V

Green Home (Korea) DC 380 V
 LVDC 380 V
 MV Distribution level 22.9 kV

Fukuoka Smart House DC 380 V (Japan)
 Home Energy
Management
Systems
 Bidirectional
Meters

DC microgrids for data centers & servers
Supplying digital loads. A classical solution:
Four power conversions can result in a poor efficiency of the Data server
system. Online UPS system is easily available in the market

DC microgrids for data centers & servers
PDU -. Power Distribution Unit.

PSU -. Power Supply Unit

Example of distributed power architecture
IBC
PIBC PBUS PPOL

Source: Intechopen
Typical AC distribution architecture
(dotted components are optional)
 Commercial UPS system solution

 Two AC buses (AC main & critical AC bus)
 High number of conversions (until 5)
Source: Leonardo Energy

Typical DC distribution architecture
 Front ends are

used
 High voltage DC
bus
 Low number of
conversions

DC distribution architecture with intermediate bus
 Intermediate low
voltage bus

DC – AC Demonstration Facility
Small scale demonstration comparing conventional a high efficiency AC architecture

(on right) with 380V DC facility-level distribution (on left).
Overhead lights operated on 380Vdc as well.

DC – AC Demonstration Facility
Small scale demonstration setup for AC (top) and DC (bottom)

7% improved efficiency and 6% savings with DC

Sendai Microgrid Project



Fukushima

Fukushima

Events timeline for a microgrid in Sendai, Japan, after the March 11, 2011 earthquake.
K. Hirose, “Performance of the Sendai Microgrid During the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami”

Japan residential DC microgrid

DC Microgrid Ring (Japan)

Comercial DC Microgrid
REbus™ is an open standard for DC electricity distribution.
REbus™ microgrid is a flexible energy network that lets you make and use clean
renewable energy for home, business, school, or neighbourhood. (400V)

Comercial DC microgrid
Primary Source Units (PSU)
Load Units (LU)

Powerline Communication
• Robust narrowband FSK modulation
• Programmable transmission data rate up to 30kbps
• Programmable communication frequency from
50kHz to 500kHz
• Complete Media Access Control (MAC) logic
• CSMA/CD type collision detection and resolution
• Programmable automatic preamble generation
• Programmable automatic packet-priority
management with four levels
• Error detection (CRC 16) REbus™
f/V Droop Control DC droop
Resistive line P-V droop P-V droop
Resistive virtual impedance I-V virtual resistance
Virtual inertia f-P DC inertia V-P
Virtual synchronous gen Virtual dynamo
www.microgrids.et.aau.dk 58 58
COORDINATED CONTROL FOR
ISLANDED MICROGRIDS
DC Low voltage MicroGrid coordinated

control:
DC Microgrids: Bus voltage signaling
www.microgrids.et.aau.dk 60
PRIMARY CONTROL OF A DC
www.microgrids.et.aau.dk 61
SECONDARY CONTROL OF A DC
TERTIARY CONTROL AND EMS IN
 DC System Optimization ---- Local Generation Control
Objective
• System Overall Efficiency
Constraints
• Capacity
• DC Bus Voltage
• System Dynamics
Typical Efficiency Curve
Output Current (A)
System efficiency
System Damping
Adaptive VR
 The research is based on droop controlled paralleled dc-dc converters.
 In primary control level, adaptive virtual resistance method is proposed and

implemented for changing the load sharing ratio among converters.
 Secondary control for system damping is proposed to achieve desirable system

damping level when tertiary control shifts virtual resistance.
 Tertiary control for system efficiency optimization is proposed and

demonstrated to be capable of improving system level efficiency.
 Centralized Optimization Method
Central Controller
Adv.:
1. Reliable solution Tertiary
2. Strong supervision
3. Easy implementation. Secondary
Communication Links
Dis-Adv.:
1. Failure on comm. and central controller Primary
may cause the failure of the whole system
2. Low flexibility and expandability
3. Not suitable for sighly distributed system. Primary
Obstacle of Distributed Optimization:

Optimization requires reliable global information
Solution: Consensus Algorithm
 Tertiary Agent based Distributed Hierarchical Control
 DC System Optimization ---- Local Generation Control
Study Case
 Multi-agent Based Distributed Optimization
#1
#2
#3
#4
 Complete control architecture
 Conclusion
 Consensus algorithm is used for distributed information sharing
 Genetic Algorithm is implemented in tertiary level for obtaining optimal

output current of each converter considering the operation sequence of
each converter
 Virtual resistance is adjusted so as to follow the optimal current reference

given by tertiary control
 Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, however,

the system stability considering the impact of communication and
consensus algorithm need to be further analyzed
Dragicevic, Tomislav; Pandžić, Hrvoje; Škrlec, Davor; Kuzle, Igor; Guerrero, Josep M.; Kirschen, Daniel ” Capacity
Optimization of Renewable Energy Sources and Battery Storage in an Autonomous Telecommunication Facility.
I E E E Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2014.
Dragicevic, Tomislav; Shafiee, Qobad; Wu, Dan; Meng, Lexuan; Vasquez, Juan Carlos; Guerrero, Josep M. / Modeling
and Control of Flexible HEV Charging Station upgraded with Flywheel Energy Storage.
Proceedings of the 11th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, SSD 2014. IEEE Press, 2014.
El Fadil, Hassan; Giri, Fouad; Guerrero, Josep M. / Modeling and Nonlinear Control of Fuel Cell / Supercapacitor
Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles.
In: I E E E Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2014.
Dragicevic, Tomislav; Vasquez, Juan Carlos; Guerrero, Josep M.; Skrlec, Davor / Advanced LVDC Electrical Power
Architectures and Microgrids : A Step towards a New Generation of Power Distribution Networks.
In: I E E E Electrification Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 1, 03.2014, p. 54-65 .
Dragicevic, Tomislav; Guerrero, Josep M.; Sucic, Stepjan / Flywheel-Based Distributed Bus Signalling Strategy for the
Public Fast Charging Station. In: I E E E Transactions on Smart Grid, 2014.
Gouveia, C.; Moreira, C.L.; Lopes, J.A.P., "Microgrids emergency management exploiting EV, demand response and
energy storage units," PowerTech (POWERTECH), 2013 IEEE Grenoble , vol., no., pp.1,6, 16-20 June 2013
J.A. Peças Lopes, Silvan A. Polenz, C.L. Moreira, Rachid Cherkaoui, Identification of control and management
strategies for LV unbalanced microgrids with plugged-in electric vehicles, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume
80, Issue 8, August 2010, Pages 898-906.
75
Industrial/PhD course on
EMS and Optimization in
Microgrids - In Theory
and Practice
Oct. 14 – Oct. 15 Nov. 26 – Nov. 27
2013 2013 Oct. 28 – Oct. 30
Oct. 16 – Oct. 17
2013 2013

www.microgrids.et.aau.dk
Microgrid
research and
activities

77
www.microgrids.aau.dk
Juan C. Vasquez juq@et.aau.dk
Josep M. Guerrero joz@et.aau.dk

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DC MICROGRIDS

Prof. Josep M. Guerrero

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 2

 Hydrogen Communities (Vestenkov, Lolland) – IRD

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 5

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 6

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 7

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 8 8

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 9 9

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 10 10

AC power line SmartMeters

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 12

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 13

Household appliances and electronics

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 14

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 16 16

• Home DC Microgrid Living Lab, at AAU

• 工业微网设计 Industrial DC Microgrid Living

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 17

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 19

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 20

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 24 24

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 25

Why Back to Back links?

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 27

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 28

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 29

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 30

✔Interiors and occupied spaces where

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 32

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 33

EA , the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI ), the International

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 34

Cloud-based energy monitor,

Cloud-based energy monitor,

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 36

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 37

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 38

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 39

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 40

PDU -. Power Distribution Unit.

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 41

PIBC PBUS PPOL

 Commercial UPS system solution

Source: Leonardo Energy

 Front ends are

Source: Leonardo Energy

Source: Leonardo Energy

Small scale demonstration comparing conventional a high efficiency AC architecture

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 46

Small scale demonstration setup for AC (top) and DC (bottom)

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 47

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 48

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 49

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 50

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 51

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 52

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 53

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 54

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 55

Microgrid Research Programme – ET – AAU 56

Load Units (LU)

DC Low voltage MicroGrid coordinated