2017 2nd International Conferences on Information Technology, Information Systems and Electrical Engineering (ICITISEE)

Design of Embedded Zigbee Machine to Machine

Smart Street Lighting System

Djoko Adi Widodo1, Nur Iksan2, Alfa Faridh Suni3

1,2,3
Electrical and Informatics of Engineering Faculty
Universitas Negeri Semarang
E11 Building, the 2nd Floor – Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 40229, Indonesia.
djokoadiwidodo@mail.unnes.ac.id1, nur.iksan@mail.unnes.ac.id2, alfafs@mail.unnes.ac.id3

Abstract— Energy monitoring and controlling systems of
smart street lighting system were highly dependent on the
gateway in order to perform the communication between sensors
and actuators to the users. M2M technology allows the process of
device control more effectively because it is not centered on the
Gateway but on the devices to device related. Congestion, delays
and communication errors to be a challenge in the development
of M2M technology. This research proposed M2M technology to
make direct communication between devices and users with less
congestion, delays and communication errors. The design of
embedded zigbee using M2M technology was developed as
dimmer control for LED lights and communication between
devices. Furthermore, zigbee communication performance have
been evaluated using received signal strength (RSSI) and
network throughput. The ideal distance between zigbee in
barrier area is approximately 30m and -83 dBm of RSSI. In loss
area is approximately 65m and -80 dBm of RSSI. Performance of
zigbee device communications shows the use of direct
configuration is better than using a router. So that, on
configuration via router, the number of transmitting nodes
should be minimized.
Keywords—smart street light; machine to machine; energy
monitoring and controlling;
I. INTRODUCTION
Street Lighting play important role in providing comfort to
the public road users especially at night also for safety and
security. Management of street lighting in Indonesia was
managed by the official of streetlight to ensure the availability
of infrastructure and maintain the availability of power supply
through billing and payment obligations electricity providers.
Electricity providers always seek efficiency in the use of
electricity to reduce the increase in electricity bills.
Conventional street lighting is still using incandescent lamps
that consume more power and lead to wastage of the energy
used. In some cities (Jakarta, Bandung, Surakarta, Denpasar,
Bengkulu, Suramadu) through ESDM program become pilot
project to implement conservation techniques by applying
energy-saving lamps, such as LED (Light Emitting Diode) that
very efficient where it can save up to 70 % [1]. Besides it also
developed alternative energy to reduce the dependence of
energy consumption derived from fossils, one of them is by
utilization solar energy.
Street lighting control systems generally use an on-off
control system that works based on the conditions of ON and
OFF. Furthermore, this lighting system was also equipped with
LDR sensor (Light Dependent Resistant) for automatic on-off
setting that detects the presence of light that falls on the surface
of the LDR. Currently, street lighting control does not consider
the illuminated object and the light lumens level in each lamp
relatively equal. Street light control systems generally use an
ON-OFF regulatory system. Furthermore, this lighting system
is also equipped with LDR (Light Dependent Resistant) sensor
for automatic ON-OFF setting that detects the presence of light
that falls on the surface of the LDR. The use of street lighting
does not consider the illuminated object factor. Besides that,
the bright level of lighting in each lamp was relatively the same
both there was an object or not. In addition, streetlight
illumination also does not consider contributions from other
lighting sources such as sunlight. Therefore, the lumen level of
light was the same when there is no other source of light.
However, the absence of regulation at the light illumination
level will influence in inefficient use of electrical energy.
Therefore, it was necessary to adjust the lighting, which
considers the comfort factor and the efficiency of electric
power through the dim-light control (dimmer). To support
better control of street lighting devices, data communication
between street lighting devices was required, i.e. through the
development of the M2M communication model. M2M
technology allows the process of device control more
effectively because it not centered on the Gateway but on the
devices to device related.
This paper discussed the designing of smart street lighting
using M2M technology that allows communication between
devices in the street lighting area. The organization of the paper
was as follow: First, background and existing methods. Related
works ware described in Sec. 2. Street Lighting System was
describing in Sec. 3. Experiment and result was discussing in
Sec. 4. Conclusions were describing in Sec. 5.
II. RELATED WORKS
Energy monitoring and controlling systems of smart street
lighting were highly dependent on the gateway in order to
perform the communication between sensors and actuators to
the users. M2M technology has been used in previous studies
[2], [3], [4], [5] for energy management systems on smart

978-1-5386-0658-2/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE 392

 2017 2nd International Conferences on Information Technology, Information Systems and Electrical Engineering (ICITISEE)
home or building, smart grid, smart meter and others.
Researchers [2] developed smart meters on smart grids using
M2M technology that enables smart meters to collect not only
information related to energy usage data but also used to
analyze energy usage patterns and used to analyze energy
demand prediction. Congestion, delays and communication
errors became a challenge in the development of M2M
technology. Researchers [6] developed a model to determine
the optimal number of nodes on the Home Area Network
(HAN) for each concentrator. Researchers [7] propose a
technique to improve the performance of zigbee by combining
intelligence on smart meters and M2M devices. Researchers
[6] propose an intelligent network gateway on each type of
network protocol. However, Congestion, delays and
communication errors still emerge at the gateway level. This
research proposed M2M technology to make direct
communication between devices and users to address those
problem.
III. SMART STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM
Street lighting system has been using LED lamps that have
high illumination level and dynamic level of illumination.
Street lighting was develope by adding intelligence to be able
to perform control independently. For that, street lighting
should be able to perform sensing, understanding and
controlling. Smart street lighting has the capability of
intelligence and has its features and function, such as data
analisys, dimming, defect detection, energy saving and daily
consumption report. These functions must be supported with
the capabilities of the technology used, such as WSN, data
communications (PLC and Zigbee) and intelligent techniques,
such as fuzzy techniques.
Fig. 1. Smart Street Lighting Architecture
(http://analyticsindiamag.com)
Street lighting system was dividing into five main parts,
namely actuators, sensors, controllers, communication media
and access media. The arcehitecture of these system is shown
in Figure 1. The actuator can be a relay and a dimmer located
at each point of the lamp. The sensor consists of environmental
sensors, object sensors, light sensors, and current/voltage
sensors. Communication media can be wireline (PLC) or
wireless (GPRS, 3G, Zigbee). Controller consists of two types,
namely Street Light Controller (SLC) and Data Concentrator
Unit (DCU). SLC serves as a local controller that can adjust the
five-point light status. DCU acts as a gateway controller to
connect between a central server with multiple local
controllers. The local controller arranges multiple lamps with
393
different levels of ilmunination based on the surrounding
objects and weather. To detect the object and the weather
required several sensors at each point of light. Local controller
has three main parts, namely LED unit, sensor unit and access
point unit. Some of the tools and components used in
developing intelligent street lighting system systems are as
follows:
• Raspberry Pi, serves as DCU
• Sensors, such as temperature, currents, LDR, PIR
sensors
• Arduino Uno, serves as SLC
SLC can serve at least five points of street lighting system
with the ability to detect ambient environmental conditions
such as humidity, light level, object movement, energy
consumption measurement. Arduino Uno R3 connects to DHT
22, which is a humidity and temperature sensor. Between
points, one with another was connect through a zigbee
network.
Zigbee network on street light system using mesh topology.
This topology was chosen be caused by the distance between
the diffused light nodes and not adjacent to the node as the
coordinator. The widening distance will be a problem to
stabilize the zigbee signal power and affect the speed in
communication. Each zigbee node can have connections to
many other zigbee nodes. In street lighting systems, between
zigbee nodes one and the other approximately 50 meters and
interconnected directly without having to go through the zigbee
node coordinator.
IV. EXPERIMENT AND RESULT
This research developed prototype in the form of hardware
and software. The developed hardware is a microcontroller
consisting of an arduino, a zigbee module, an LED, and several
sensors as shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. LED dimmer circuit
Temporary testing was perform by controlling the dimmer
based on the detection of surrounding objects and weather as
well as testing of zigbee device communications. Testing of
dimmer control can be performed through simulation of
dimming controller circuit that designed using Proteus tool as
shown in Figure 3.
 2017 2nd International Conferences on Information Technology, Information Systems and Electrical Engineering (ICITISEE)

0
Where, is transmitter gain and are receiver gain. is a
wavelength and is the distance between sender and receiver.
LDR1
D1
LED-RED

RSSI can be defined as the ratio of the received power to the

www.TheEngineeringProjects.com
R1

TestPin
2 1
10k
TORCH_LDR

ARD1
reference power and can be formulated as:

Vcc OUT GND

ON
Reset BTN

www.TheEngineeringProjects.com
AREF
= 10 log (2)

13
PB5/SCK
PB4/MISO
12 PIR1
RESET 11 PIR SENSOR
~ PB3/MOSI/OC2A
10
~ PB2/OC1B
~ PB1/OC1A
9
8
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
RXD
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121

7 VT52, VT100, ANSI

ANALOG IN

Figure 5 shows the test of the magnitude of signal power

PD7/AIN1
6 TXD
A0 ~ PD7/AIN1
5
PC0/ADC0
A1 ~ PD5/T 1/OC0B
4
PC1/ADC1 RTS
A2 PD4/T0/XCK
3
PC2/ADC2

received by zigbee receiver in barrier area. The received signal

A3 ~ PD3/INT1/OC2B
2
Xmodem, Ymodem, Zmodem
PC3/ADC3 PD2/INT0 CTS
A4 1
PC4/ADC4/SDA PD1/TXD
A5 0
PC5/ADC5/SCL PD0/RXD

ARDUINO UNO
power varies according to the distance between the zigbee. The
ideal distance between zigbee is approximately 30m with
Fig. 3. Dimming Controller Circuit
signal power of -83 dBm. At that distance, the average traffic
Testing of dimmer control can be shown in Figure 4 below. delay was still 0 ms. The distance between zigbee extended to
The LED illumination level reached the highest value of 255 40m then signal power will be weak that is equal to -95 dBm
that indicated the LED was in a bright. This level occurs when and causing the delay of traffic with average delay at 1200ms.
an object detected with value 1 and the ambient lighting
detected by LDR is dark or 0 lux. A value of 100 at the LED
illumination level occurs when the ambient lighting detected
lower than100 lux where it is usually on daytime in dark
cloudy conditions. A value of 100 on the LED illumination
level also occurs at night where the LDR value shows 0 lux and
no object detected. A value of 0 at the LED illumination level
indicates that the LED on OFF condition and occurs during the
day where the LDR value more than 100 lux.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 5. Received signal’s power Zigbee versus distance between transmitter

in barrier area

Fig. 4. Testing of Light Diming Controlling. (a) Signal of PIR sensor; (b) Figure 6 shows the test of the magnitude of signal power
Signal of LDR sensor; (c) LED illumination level (0-255) received by zigbee receiver in loss area. The ideal distance
between zigbee is approximately 65 m with signal power of -80
Zigbee device communication testing was performed by dBm. At that distance, the average traffic delay was still 0 ms.
getting the minimum acceptable power level to be met so that After the distance between zigbee extended to 85m then signal
the zigbee can communicate in real time. The minimum power will be weak that is equal to -95 dBm and causing the
acceptable level to be achieved so that the zigbee can be used delay of traffic with average delay at 1200ms.
for real time applications according to the ITU-T with the good
category is -83 dBm with a maximum distance of 30 meters.
The rest of the zigbee can still receive data but the resulting
delay is large. The acceptable power levels were acquired by
measuring the signal level strength of the measured zigbee
device in -dBm known as Received Signal Strength Indicator
(RSSI). Ratio of the received power Pr to transmission power
Pt can be formulated as:

= × × (1) α + β = χ. (1) (1)

394
 2017 2nd International Conferences on Information Technology, Information Systems and Electrical Engineering (ICITISEE)
Fig. 6. Received signal’s power Zigbee versus distance between transmitter
in loss area
Testing of zigbee device communications can be performed
through simulation. In this research we use OMNET ++ as
simulator tool. Performance testing consists of throughput
measurement and packet delay as conducted by researchers [8].
The throughput was determined by the speed and size of the
data packet. The throughput can be formulated as follows.
=
× performed with dimmer control on smart street light lamps
( )
To simulate this, we determine the delivery of packets by
10 bytes to 80 bytes every 5 second to the zigbee device. We
use two possible topology such as direct transmission between
the coordinator and the End Device; transmission through
Router. First scenario for this experiment is to measure the
throughput of the zigbee device in point to point link at
different baud rate. This scenario is to know the influence of
the baud rate to the latency over zigbee protocol. The
measurement result of this scenario can be shown in Figure 7.
Fig. 7. Throughput measurement at different baud rates and packet length on
direct transmission between the coordinator and the End Device
The second scenario is a performance test on a larger area
using a router. The results of this test compared with the
performance with a direct configuration between the
coordinator and end device. The testing result can be shown in
Figure 8.
395
Fig. 8. Throughput measurement at different baud rates and packet length on
direct transmission between the coordinator and the End Device
V. CONCLUSION
This paper has been discussed about the development of
embedded zigbee. The development of embedded devices were
based on object detection and environmental conditions and the
use of environmental sensors enables control of electrical
equipment automatically. Performance testing was on a zigbee
device as a communication between end devices. In the RSSI
test, the maximum distance reached is 30 meters for the barrier
area and 60 meters for the area without obstacles. The
minimum power level must be reached for real-time
communication is -85dBm to -90dBm with less than 150ms
delay. Performance of data communication testing shows the
use of direct configuration is better than using a router. So that,
on configuration via router, the number of transmitting nodes
should be minimized
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank to Semarang State University
(UNNES) for their assistance in facilitating research.
REFERENCES
[1] "ESDM," 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.esdm.go.id/siaran-
pers/55-siaran-pers/6671-peresmian-pilot-project-penerangan-jalan-
umum-pju-pintar-di-6-kota-dan-jembatan-suramadu.html.
[2] N. Sahu, "Intelligent Machine to machine communication in Home area
network for Smart grid," in ICCCNT, India, 2012.
[3] G. Suciu, "Machine-to-Machine Communications for Cloud Based
Energy Management," in International Symposium for Design and
Technology in Electronic Packaging, Romania, 2016.
[4] K. Kamel, "On Design of M2M Smart Energy Control and Managemant
Architecture Using Smart Matering Technology," 2016.
[5] Z. Wang, "Smart Home M2M Networks Architecture," in International
Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, 2013.
[6] D. Niyato, "Machine-to-Machine Communications for Home Energy
Management System in Smart Grid," in IEEE Communications
Magazine, 2011.
[7] Zubair, "Toward Intelligent Machine-to Machine Communications in
Smart Grid," in IEEE Communications Magazine, 2011.
[8] R. Piyare and S.-r. Lee, "Performance Analysis of XBee ZB Module
Based Wireless Sensor Networks," International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, vol. 4, no. 5, 2013.