EMERGING TECHNOLOGY AND

ETHICS
WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?
Cloud computing
 Hosting computers, or cloud providers, deliver
services to subscribers over the Internet
 Five general characteristics
 On-demand self-service
 Broad network access

 Resource pooling

 Rapid elasticity

 Measured service

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WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?
Cloud computing (con’t.)
 Hosting computers (servers) and subscribers (clients)
main components—just as with client/server network
 Three major differences:
 Delivery of services must be over the Internet
 Services are scalable

 Services are managed completely by the cloud provider, the owner,

or manager of the host

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CLOUD COMPUTING
SERVICE CATEGORIES
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
 Outsourcing of hardware—equipment used to sustain
the operations of a company or enterprise
 Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS)
 Virtual datacenter
 Main factors in the use of IaaS:
 Reduced budget outlay
 Fast time to market with programs and ideas

 Reassignment of IT personnel

 Replacement of unknown with known costs

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CLOUD COMPUTING
SERVICE CATEGORIES
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
 Permits subscribers to have remote access to:
 Application development
 Interface development

 Database development

 Storage and testing

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CLOUD COMPUTING
SERVICE CATEGORIES
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 Enables software to be deployed from provider,
delivered over the Internet, and accessed by subscriber
 Primary reason to subscribe:
 Limited risk
 Rapid deployment

 Fewer upfront costs

 Increased reliability

 Standardized backup procedures

 Lower total cost of ownership (TCO)

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CLOUD DEPLOYMENT METHODS
 Three basic types of deployment models:
 Private cloud
 Public cloud
 Hybrid cloud

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CLOUD DEPLOYMENT METHODS
 Type of cloud deployment may be directly
related to security.

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PROS AND CONS OF
CLOUD COMPUTING
Pros of cloud computing
 Scale and cost
 Organization doesn’t have to purchase equipment, license

software, and hire personnel

 Encapsulated change management
 Hardware and associated technology can be maintained,

redistributed, and redirected without major reconfiguration

 Choice and agility
 Subscriber deploys solutions that best suit current needs and

trends
 Next-generation architectures
 Innovation and foresight in IT are not a threat to the bottom

line or current operations

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PROS AND CONS OF
CLOUD COMPUTING
• Cons of cloud computing
– Lock-in
• Able to switch providers without losing ability to access data

– Reliability
• Provider could lose power, run into trouble, burn down, or
simply go out of business
– Lack of Control
• Control of resources is surrendered to someone in the cloud

– Security
• Concerns are centered on data being stored on servers
owned and controlled by the cloud provider
• Results in compromise between cost and risk management

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PROS AND CONS OF
CLOUD COMPUTING

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THE EFFECT OF CLOUD COMPUTING ON THE
ENTERPRISE
The effect of cloud computing:
 IT costs will be more directly related to value.
 IT departments will be more agile.
 The need to stay current with businesses and customer
demands and requests is pushing the cloud toward real-
time switching among cloud resources.
 Real-time switching is the seamless moving of workloads between
private and public clouds to maximize the best value available.

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TECHNOLOGY IN ACTION
Technology in Focus:
Information Technology Ethics
KEY ISSUES RELATED TO
TECHNOLOGY AND ETHICS
 Intellectual property rights
 Privacy

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 E-commerce
 Free speech
 Computer abuse

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WHAT IS ETHICS?
 Study of general nature of morals and moral choices
 Morals: conforming to established ideas of right and wrong

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 Difference between fairness and equity
 Principles are guidelines used to make decisions

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WHAT IS ETHICS?
DOESN'T EVERYONE HAVE THE SAME
ETHICAL VALUES?

• Relativism
• Divine Command

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• Theory
• Utilitarianism
• Virtue Ethics
• Deontology (Duty-Based)
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WHAT IS ETHICS?
AREN’T LAWS MEANT TO GUIDE PEOPLE’S
ETHICAL ACTIONS?

 Laws are formal, written standards

 Designed to apply to everyone

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 Enforced by government agencies
 Interpreted by the courts
 Impossible to pass laws to cover every possibility
 Ethics provides a general set of unwritten guidelines

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WHAT IS ETHICS?
IS UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR THE SAME AS ILLEGAL
BEHAVIOR?

 Unethical Behavior
 Isn’t necessarily illegal

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 Not all illegal behavior is unethical
 Not conforming to approved standards
 Amoral Behavior
 No sense of right or wrong
 No interest in moral consequences

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WHAT IS ETHICS?
WHICH SYSTEM OF ETHICS WORKS BEST?
 No universal agreement
 Most societies use a blend

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 Ethical decision are greatly influenced by personal
ethics

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PERSONAL ETHICS
WHAT ARE PERSONAL ETHICS?
 Setof formal or
informal principles

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 Some people have
clear, well-defined
 Others’ are
inconsistent in
applying a set
 Can be challenging to TIF
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PERSONAL ETHICS
HOW DO A PERSON'S ETHICS DEVELOP?
 Family

 Cultural bias

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 Religious
affiliation
 Life experiences

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PERSONAL ETHICS
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS TO ETHICAL
LIVING?
 Society has established rules of conduct
 Ignoring or being inconsistent can have immediate impact

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 Consistent ethical living provides health benefits
 Inconsistent ethical decisions produce stress and anger

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PERSONAL ETHICS
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS TO ETHICAL
LIVING?
 Positive psychology
 Dr. Martin Seligman

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 Discover causes of happiness instead of treating
dysfunctions
 Identify personal strengths and values
 Align your life
 Can impact your health and happiness

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PERSONAL ETHICS AND YOUR WORK LIFE
HOW DO EMPLOYERS AFFECT PERSONAL
ETHICS?
 Do your ethics change when
you go to work?

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 Employers expect you to follow
ethics and rules of conduct
 Do not blindly follow unethical
practices

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TECHNOLOGY AND ETHICS:
HOW ONE AFFECTS THE OTHER

 Technology moves faster than rules can be

formulated

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 Use of technology is often left up to the individual
 Ethical considerations are never clear-cut
 Reasonable people can have different views

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ETHICS AND TECHNOLOGY
ISSUES
• Social justice
• Intellectual property

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• Privacy
• E-commerce
• Electronic communication
• Computer abuse
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INTERNATIONAL PIRATES
 Vigorous enforcement allows developers
to make a fair profit

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 Otherwise a disadvantage in marketplace
 Every country needs common understanding
 U.S. can’t tell other countries how to
conduct internal affairs

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PRIVACY
SHOULD EMPLOYERS PEER INTO YOUR PERSONAL
LIFE?
 Privacy is a basic human right
 Employers might misuse data or violate law

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 Privacy settings on social media sites should allow user the
ultimate control of data
 Business concerns outweigh privacy concerns
 In digital age, loss of privacy is inevitable

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E-COMMERCE
GEOLOCATION: WHO KNOWS WHERE
YOU ARE?
 People comfortable sharing
personal information

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 Without sharing, businesses lose
revenue
 Useful for public safety
 Society too complacent with
privacy issues
 Consumers to be educated and make
informed choices
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ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
DOES FREE SPEECH HAVE A PRICE?
 U.S. companies should comply
with local laws

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 U.S. company can have no impact
on reform
 Corporations should consider
country’s stand on human rights
 Financial and political incentives
put pressure on other countries

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COMPUTER ABUSE
CYBERBULLYING: WHO SHOULD PROTECT CHILDREN
FROM EACH OTHER?
 Individuals responsible for own
behavior

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 Parents are responsible to protect
children
 Education is key and needs to be
controlled by parents
 Society is affected
 Educators have more resources
than parents

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USING COMPUTERS TO
SUPPORT ETHICAL CONDUCT
 Can use technology to support ethical conduct
 Charitable organizations use Internet for fundraising

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 Web is a tool for organizing aid to areas in crisis

 Websites and Facebook can locate friends and family

members after disaster

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USING COMPUTERS TO
SUPPORT ETHICAL CONDUCT
 Google Crisis Response

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.