TRAINING METHODS 2

ElectronicTraining (ET)
Electronic Training(ET)
• ET converts the methods into electronic form and delivers
training through electronic delivery system.
• It is different from traditional training because face to face
interaction with a human trainer is not required.
• Et may combine many different technique and processes
to provide the training experience.
Asynchronous and Synchronous Learning
Synchronous – trainers, experts, and learners
interacting with each other live and in real time; just like
face-to-face classroom instruction(webinars,
teleconference, Videoconference, Webcast). Works best
for people who can schedule set days and time for
learning with strong faculty interaction. NIIT IMPERIA’s
Executive Management programme offers such learning
in collaboration with Corporates in India
Asynchronous – non-real-time interactions; learners can
access information resources when they desire them(E-
learning, CD-ROMs)
 7-4

Basic Components for

Creating and Delivering ET
Learning
Delivery Systems
Management
System • Internet or intranet
•CD or DVD distribution
Authoring
& •LAN or local computer
Design
Tools

Knowledge Base
(provided by
content experts)

Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 Learning Management System(LMS) and
Learning Content management system(LCMS)
 LMSs can provide employees, managers, and trainers
with the ability to manage, deliver, and track learning
activities(Elearning manager, Moodle, or Dokeos…)
 The focus of an LMS is to deliver online courses or
training to learners, while managing students and
keeping track of their progress and performance across
all types of training activities. Can be integrated to HRIS
 LCMS focuses on the development, management and
publishing of the content that will typically be delivered
via an LMS.(Claroline, e-doceo solutions, Ganesha,)
 A set of standards called SCROM(Sharable Content
Object Referenced Model ) created for standardisation of
LMS
Electronic performance Support
Systems(EPSS)
• An electronic performance support system (EPSS) is an
electronic infrastructure that:
• captures, stores, and distributes individual and corporate
knowledge assets throughout an organization
• enables individuals to achieve required levels of performance in
the fastest possible time and with a minimum of support from
other people
• Online Help is closest to an EPSS, but because it does
not provide access to the tools needed to do a task, but
only information, it cannot be considered an EPSS
Why ET? Advantages
• Reduced learning time
• Reduced cost of training delivery
• Instructional consistency
• Privacy of learning
• Easy tracking of progress
• Self paced
• Safe to learn hazardous tasks
• Increased employee access to training
 The Electronic training methods
• CBT
• PI
• IM
• ITS
• Virtual Reality(VR)
• E-learning

• Degree of technological sophistication?

Traditional learning and CBT
• CD-ROMs, E-learning best suited for teaching facts,
figures, cognitive strategies and interpersonal skills
• Extension of methods like behaviour modelling,
apprenticeship and other on the job methods.
• VR and ITS are best suited for teaching complex
processes related to machinery and equipments. An
extension of simulation.
 7-10

Computer Based Training(CBT)

CBT Computer-based training is the term most often

used in private industry or the government for
training employees using computer assisted
instruction. It is a general term referring to
training provided in part or whole through the
use of a computer.
 7-11

Programmed Instruction(PI)
PI Programmed instruction (PI) is used in computer-based
programs consisting of text, graphics and perhaps
multimedia enhancements that are stored in memory and
connected to one another electronically. Self paced and
managed by trainee and learning system on the basis of
trainee response.

Material to be learned is grouped into chunks of closely

related information. Typically, the trainees are presented
with the information in the chunk and then tested on their
retention of the information. If the trainees have not retained
the material, they are referred back to the original
information. If they retained the information they are referred
to the next chunk of information to be learned. PI may be
computer-based, but is also found in printed material and
interactive videos.
 7-12

Programmed instruction for PI.

Example
Learning Stem Questions Instructions
1. Many people think it is 1.a Learning by Compare your
impossible to learn without making errors until
the right response is answers to these:
making a large number of errors. 1.a Trial and error
discovered is called:
Because trial and error learning learning.
is time consuming and creates 1.b What happens 1.b It decreases
frustration in the learner, most to people’s desire to
people don’t like this method. learn when they must
After making many errors, people use the trial and error
begin to lose their desire to learn. method?

Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Interactive Multimedia(IM)
 These programs integrate text, graphics,
animation, audio, and video to replicate a
complex training environment.
 The trainee can interact with the content
 PI methodology applied to learning chunks that
are converted into multimedia format
 IM used for airline industry, medical training.
 Marriot uses multimedia training for soft skills
 Interactivity is the Program’s ability to allow
trainees to respond to situations and receive
feedback.
 7-14

ICAI

ICAI Intelligent Computer-assisted Instruction (ICAI) system is a

CBT system that is able to provide some of the primary
characteristics of a human tutor. It is a more advanced form
of PI. Expert systems are used to run the tutoring aspect of
the training, monitoring trainee knowledge within a
programmed knowledge model and providing adaptive
tutoring based on trainee responses.
Intelligent Tutoring System(ITS)
• ITS
• Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) make use of artificial
intelligence to provide tutoring that is more advanced than ICAI
type tutoring. ITS “learns” the best methods of facilitating the
trainee’s learning based upon the trainee’s responses.
• Components:
• Expert knowledge base
• Trainee model(Stores & tracks trainee performance)
• Training session manager(Responds with more information,
coaching)
• Training scenario generator( sequencing problems as per
difficulty level)
• User interface(mouse, keyboard)
 7-16

Computer Simulations

Simulations Computer simulations provide a representation of a

situation and the tasks to be performed in the situation.
The representation can range from simple to fairly
complex (e.g., conflict resolution). Trainees perform the
tasks presented to them by the computer program and
the computer program monitors their performance.

Allows training for dangerous situations(police car

chases, hostage situations and where the real thing is
very expensive.
E.G . Chanakya, a decision making management game
developed by AIMA(All India Management Association)
 7-17

Virtual Reality: An extension of simulation

Virtual Virtual Reality is an advanced form of computer simulation,

Reality placing the trainee in a simulated environment that is
“virtually” the same as the physical environment. This
simulation is accomplished by the trainee wearing special
equipment such as head gear, gloves, and so on, that
controls what the trainee is able to see, feel, and otherwise
sense. The trainee learns by interacting with objects in the
electronic environment to achieve some goal.

The experience is three dimensional. E.g Second life a

computer simulated virtual world, hosts virtual training using
avatar for interaction.
E-learning
• E-learning refers to online learning through internet or
web.
• Basically the technology that enables people to learn any
time anywhere
• It can also be delivered through CD, Intranet.
• Uses different CBT methods
• Companies estimate around 60% of cost saving by using
e-learning.
 Advantages of E-Learning
• Training can be delivered faster and to more
employees in a shorter period of time
• Updating is easy
• Practice, feedback, objectives, assessment, and
other positive features of a learning environment can
be built into the program
• Learning is enhanced through use of multiple media
and trainee interaction
• Paperwork related to training management can be
eliminated
• It can link learners to other content, experts, and
peers
Other devices for dissemination of E T
• Mobile technology allows learning to occur anywhere at
anytime. Wireless transmission systems such as Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth that allow transmission of data without the
need for physical connections between devices or
between a device and an Internet connection.
• Mobile devices such as personal digital assistants
(PDAs), MP3 players, portable computers, iPods, global
positioning system (GPS) devices, and radio frequency
identification chips (RFID) are used
• Software applications related to processing audio files,
word processing, spreadsheets, Internet, e-mail, and
instant messaging
• Social Media: Facebook, Twitter etc
 Limitation
• High Development cost(an hour of ET requires 220 hours
of development time, cost $50000 to $100000 per hour)
• Infrastructure required to enable the electronic learning
environment
• Lack of personal touch
• Expert maintenance to prevent technology link failure
• Requires high level of self regulation by employees to
complete e-courses
• Requires computer self efficacy on the part of employees.
• Control passes to vendors, learning providers and IT
companies for maintaining the system.
•
The Learning Process?
• Attention

• Retention(Symbolic coding and Rehearsal)

• Behavioural reproduction(Skill Learning?)

Blended Learning
• Combines online learning, face-to-face
instruction, and other methods for distributing
learning content and instruction
• In comparison to classroom delivery, blended
learning provides:
• increased learner control
• allows for self-directedness
• requires learners to take more responsibility for their
learning
• Uses the classroom to allow learners to learn
together and to discuss and share insights