Professional Documents
Culture Documents
QmxpressedAit
1
1
C
no
7
8
Micliaiuoal
Mabazine
X
Vol. XXVI, No. VIII London New York Paris 35 Cents a Copy
AUGUST, 1921
C Galloway. N. T.
^ ^-^—X ^^^^i-u^iir
[TABLE OF CONTENTS AND APVKKTI-!
"IT FLOATS"
Derives its HIGH COOLIXG EFFICIENCY from Vaporization of water from the shell.
Its small openings insure DUSTLESS OPERATION. Low speed and water borne weight
LOW POWER AND
cause UPKEEP COSTS. Cooling by Vaporization results in the
MINIMUM WATER REQUIREMENT.
USED BY SUCH CONCERNS AS :
the Compressed Air line as is common consumes about T.o horse power. The Blower uses only
practice, this
two feet per minute (one-third of one H. P.) and draws in the other 4.3 feet from the open air. This is "free
air" witli a new and profitable meaning. Depending on your power cost, the saving will run from SlO to
$25 per month per forge. Look over your ])rocesses and see what other applications you have for the "Air
Transformer." Then send us an order for a few samples. $10 each, complete with needle valve and in-
On request, we will send you a small section. We urge that you com-
pare it with a piece of ordinary pneumatic hose. The very feel will em-
phasize its quality, but
Goodrich
"Commander Tneumatic Hose
Please aid the Advertiser by mentioning Compressed Air Magazine when writing
Adv. 4 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
Use Only
"BULLDOG" STEEL
"It Reigns Supreme"
LIDGERWDQD
Steam, Electric, Compressed Air, Gasolene for All Types of Hoisting Service
HOISTS
The Lidgerwood Hoists
combine strcngtli and speed. ICvery
part is designed to witlistand the strain
falling upon it when the hoist is work-
ing to its inaxiniuiii capacity.
Speed Safety
Economy
y in operation
j
Cableways Derricks
Catalan upon request
STREET
LIDGERWOOD MANUFACTURING CO, 96 LIBERTY
NEW YORK
Philadelphia Pittsburgh Chicago Seattle Lot Angelei London. England
Please aid the Adirrtiscr by iiwiilioninij L'o.Mi'RLsstD Air .M.\uA(ii.\E uhcn uiiting
Adv. 6 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
No matter what else happens the mine pumps cannot be stopped. Your
drilling crew works full time, half time, or not at all, depending upon the
demand for tonnage, but the pumps must keep everlastingly at it. Should
they fail, the work of past years and the hope of the future may be lost.
Miners know Cameron Pumps —have learned to trust them because of sixty
Request Bulletins
7304, 7350 and 7351
Cameron Pumps
As a matter of reciprocal business (curtesy, help trace rcsulti
MAGAZINE Adv. 7
August, 1921 COMPRESSED .4 IK
Cameron Pumps are built in many sizes and types with capacities ranging
from 12 gallons per minute up to 60.000 gallons per minute.
Cameron Centrifugal Pumps, Class "DV," are built in single units for heads
up to 230 feet. Arranged in series these pumps are satisfactory for heads
as high as 460 feet. Class "DV" Pumps have capacities ranging from 90 to
20,000 gallons per minute.
Cameron Multi-stage Centrifugal Pumps, Class "MT" are built for pump-
ing against heads as high as 1400 feet. They have from two to five
stages in
a single unit and up to ten stages when two pumps are arranged
in series.
Cameron Direct Acting Pumps range in size from 6 inch stroke to 20 mch
stroke and in capacities from 12 to 610 gallons per minute. These pumps are
for general service work, not requiring too high a suction lift. They may be
operated with either steam or compressed air.
These engines have positive fuel injection without the use of compressed
air, and consequently avoid the complications incident to the use of high
air pressures.
If you are considering oil engine drive and you should be— you can
benefit by the experience of our engineers. In the meantime let us send
you complete information on Price Oil Engines. "Vertical, Multi-cylinder en-
gines are built in size* from
Ingecsoll -Rand
As a matter of reciprocal business courtesy, help trace results
CO\fPRESSED .UK MACAZISE Adv. 9
August, 1921
with a circulation which reaches the big men, the men with the final
"say so." It is read by Engineers, Architects and big Contractors,
experts who are constantly watching for material which they need in
You, with the stroke of a pen can send the story of your product
through the entire engineering field, because ENGINEERING
WORLD used as a handbook of information your story is con-
is
stantly before the eye of the buyer, your name will not be for-
gotten.
D If
SUBSCRIPTION
D for you.
D ENGINEERING WORLD
one of elex'en publications is
published by the Interna-
IMiMMMU^^^^MMMMMMMil
GARDNER
in works of Marine Engineering Co.,
'Boston, Mass.
Name
Company ..
Address
Please aid the Advertiser by mentioning Compressed Air Magazine when writing
Adv. 12 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
>-
'<::^Oi^
/is a vialtcr of reciprocal business courtesy. Uclf' trace results
August, 1921 COMPRF.SSr.D .I/A- M.ICAZIXE Adv. 13
ray
Iw
Adv. 14 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
MARK
Protects, Preserves and
Fireproofs
The cut shows the Kellogg Tunnel,
Concentrator Building and Change House
now Gunited at the mine yards of the
Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mines, Kellogg,
Idaho, where within the past few years
several fires have broken out with dis-
astrous results.
Gunited buildings present a neat
uniform appearance and turnish the high-
est degree of protection against fire and
weather.
Simplicity and ease of application,
as well as fire and water proofing
qualities, perfect insulation from
heat and cold, permanency and
economy, are outstanding features
of Gunite.
Let us tell you about the applications
of the "Cement-Gun." Write for our
booklet.
National Bank BldR.. Los Aneolcs 812 Va. Light & Pow-
;
«,i
—
Canada General Supply Co.. 360 Sparks St., Otta-
Mild S5 Water St.. Winnipeg. Man,
be fit for human consumption and which, be- sun. In short up-to-date methods of manu- ened condensed milk and evaporated milk,
sides, will remain good for a long while after facture place condensed milk, in a nutrition- which is unsweetened. Up to n point both
itspreparation? To the uninitiated, a modern al sense, on a par with fresh milk. It is both commodities are subjected to the same pre-
milk-condensing plant is a revelation; and a food and a medicine. paratory treatment, but the omission of sugar
a trip through one is bound to create a most Commercially speaking, the production of from the evaporated milk imposes some addi-
favorable impression. condensed milk dates from 1856, when Gail tional operations. Let us take the first pro-
The condensing of milk is by no means a Borden established his first factory for its cedure followed in turning out the older var-
simple undertaking. Judgment and caution making at Wolcottville, Connecticut The in- iety, i. e., sweetened condensed milk, and
must be displayed at every step; and just in dustry, then in an experimental stage, has imagine ourselves in the heart of one of
proportion to the measure of this supervision gone through various evolutional processes. New York State's richest agricultural dis-
the finished commodity will retain its original The continual adoption of new facilities and tricts.
10169
10170 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
Driving a herd from pasture to ually late in the afternoon aj ve grazed all day on the lush gra^ss
of the meadows.
The condensery is a substantial looking Milk is examined in other ways as well. pounds, a like number of times with hot
structure, and and centrally plac-
at the front For instance, samples are scrutinized at var- water, in which soda has been dissolved. The
ed is a receiving station which is conveniently ious intervals for the determination of sedi- cans issue from this apparatus perfectly ster-
linked with highway. An elevated ap-
the ment milk received. Every pos-
in the fluid ilized, and dry. After the milk has been weigh-
proach brings, one by one, the laden and wait- sible safeguard is thrown around the raw milk ed, and the producer has been duly credited
ing motor trucks and horse-drawn vehicles in order that there may be no doubt of its with the amount received, the fluid is fed to a
to a level where they can easily discharge fitness for human consumption when canned. big rectangular storage tank, where it is stir-
their loads of fresh milk carried in the big To this end, in many dairies, especially where red continually by power-operated paddles to
containers familiar to most of us. In the the herds are large, mechanical milking is prevent the butter fat from rising.
receiving room are white-clad workers, and resorted to. Apart from minimizing laboi With a long string of milk-laden vehicles
cleanliness manifested in every direction.
is thisprocedure makes for cleanliness and obvi- steadily discharging at the receiving station,
One expert opens and smells every can; and ates contact with human hands. These me- the quantity of milk exceeds the capacity of
if the odor betrays the slightest taint the chanical milkers are all of them adaptations the tank mentioned, and from that reservoir
milk is rejected and returned to the producer. of the suction pump, and much ingenuity has it is drawn off and led to a battery of circular
If the milk be acceptable then another at- been exercised in bringing them up to their tanks where rotary sweeps keep the milk in
tendant takes one or more samples from each present stage of effectiveness. There are motion. All of these tanks can be chilled by
wagon or truckload of milk and tests are ; thousands of these apparatus now in ser- cold water circulating through an enveloping
made therefrom to ascertain the average but- vice. jacket.
ter-fat content. The measure of butter fat es- The arriving milk is dumped into a large The next stage of the process is to feed the
tablishes the price to be paid for the milk measuring tank, and the containers are then cool milk to hot wells. These are large, open-
delivered. The higher the percentage of but- put immediately through a washing machine topped cylindrical vessels wherein tlie milk
ter fat or cream, as it is commonly known, the where they are twice cleansed with cold water is heated to the required degree by means of
more the farmer gets for his product. and then sprayed, at a pressure of about 150 steam. The hot wells are only partly filled
of the milk and regulate the use of the several Md., showing iimiimdiic device for milking
cows.
coils accordingly. When the apparatus is in
full swing the milk tumbles about violent-
Fig. 1. The machitus that stamp out the lo;i.s, bottoms ami rai>.i of cans. S.urlion rup.i pick up Ihr blanks of tin platr and handle Ihcm tike
ao many human fingers. Fig. 2. A heading machine which squecsca the tops and bottoms of the cans into place upon the bodies of the containers
prior to their being put through the soldering machine. Fig. 3. To the left is the machine that bends the blanks for the can bodies prior to their
soldering, which is also done mechanicallu. Fig. i. The finishing stage in the can-making shop. The hot cans, after issuing from the last of th«
machines, are cooled by an air blast as they travel on the way to the testing apparatus before passing into the filling room. Fig. 5. Before the
newly made cans are passed on to the filling department they are subject to a test for tightness. In this case the cans make the circuit of a vacuum
testing apparatus, and cans that leak automatically drop into a chute and are discarded. Fig. 6. Placing the cans in boxes ready for shipment.
10174 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
which pumps the milk and forces it, under a is designed to hold just enough milk to charge stations beneath the plungers, the discs are
pressure of 3500 pounds, through a series of the waiting empty container. They are filled dropped over the filling holes by releasing the
of butter fat so that these very fine particles has its tubular glass lining exposed so that a near-by soldering machine, and at the right
remain thereafter distributed throughout the the attendant can see when it is exhausted. moment multiple gas-heated irons are lowered
milk and do not tend to combine again. Other- The outlet of that cylinder is slightly smaller which melt the solder and then, by rotating
wise, the lighter solids would go to the top than the exhaust nipples of the other cylinders, upon their vertical axes, make sure that every
and the heavier ones to the bottom of the con- and, therefore, the milk takes a little longer to point on the rim of the disc is sealed.
tainer —a condition that is distasteful to a escape. In the case of sweetened condensed milk
purchaser. Accordingly, when the index cylinder is nothing more is necessary except to label the
Leaving the homogenizer, the evaporated empty the watcher knows that the other cans cans pack them in cases, and
mechanically,
milk is carried through water-cooled coils by must be filled, and then allows the tray to pass run them directly into waiting cars for ship-
which the temperature is brought down to 60 onward to the machines that seal the con- ment. But evaporated milk, before the labels
degrees Fahrenheit and the next stage of its
;
tainers. In this fashion lot after lot of the are pasted on, must undergo a concluding
journey takes it to the brine cooler, where its cans are duly charged. treatment to insure its keeping qualities. That
The sealing operation is effected by three is to say, the cans of evaporated milk are sub-
temperature drops to 45 degrees Fahrenheit.
The brine is chilled by the expansion of liquid apparatus. One is equipped with a group of jected to sterilizing by being exposed for a
ammonia from the ammonia compressor. When small hollow plungers or rods that move verti- while to the heat of live steam.
thus cooled, the milk is discharged into callyand which are connected with a suction The sterilizers are big cylindrical affairs of
enamel-lined tanks, from which it flows by pump, and there is a rod or pneumatic finger steel capable of dealing at one time with 6,720
gravity to the can-filling machines. One of for every can in the tray. The first action of The cans are
cans, the contents of 140 cases.
these fillers will handle 100,000 sixteen-ounce the plungers, in advance of the arrival of the set inmetal crates and run into a series of
cans a day. The cans are fed into the ap- laden containers, is to descend and pick up a compartments in a revolving framework some-
paratus in tray lots and are run under a cor- likenumber of little tin discs or caps. A mo- thing like a Ferris wheel. When the sterilizer
responding number of cylinders each of which ment later, when the cans have taken their is thus loaded, its door is closed and the re-
Fif/. 1. The rrrcivitio rnnvi of n viilk rondcnnrrj/, where thr ntn-ifinp fnmlstuff i.^ rnrr/uiiy inspected ami then trciphrti hp an automatir mn-
rhtne. Fig. 2. Clcaninu '"'"'' ulrriUsing tnllk coim brfnrr reluming Ihrm In Ihc ftairgtiirn. Fig. 3. .No mnlirr how rarrfullg ninnnfarlured, or
how exact the technique cmploj/crf in that work, the real teat of the ijualilu of milk, is after all, in the laboratory. Fig. i. So milk m allowed to
enter the supply sent to a condenser]/ until after each cow has been carefully examined by a competent veterinarian. This insures that no milk <«
used which is not safe and wholesome for hvmtyn oonsumptioty.
August, 1921 COMPRESSED AIR MAdA/INE 10175
tort is almost filled with hot water. The tem- course, arc carried on and are duly delivered ands of the pojmlation. Fresh milk is not
perature of this fluid is raised to the desired to the fillers. available to a great many of these people be-
point and maintained there as long as neces- Canned milk was a liiHin to the army and cause of the climate and the difficulties of
sary by the admission of steam. All the while the navy during the recent cunflict, and it has distribution, but condenseil milk can be deliv-
the lranicwi>rk. with its burden of cans of played a conspicuous part in succoring the ered there and kept without fear of spoil-
evaporated milk, slowly revolves. The maxi- sick and the under-nourished in <listresscd ing until needed.
mum temperature and the duration of ex- Kurope, not to mention the afflicted in the Agoodly number of us may not be aware of
posure to it vary agreeably to the seasonal famine-stricken districts of China. Indeed, it, but condensed milk makes it possible to
character of the milk, and the sterilizing is, sick or well, millions are benefited the world satisfy the ever-increasing demand for ire
for that reason, under the supervision of an over by canned milk. Recently, governmental cream. The milk for this purpose is concen-
expert. medical experts have shown that condensed trated without the use of cane sugar, and is
It will be noted that from the moment the milk is likely to help us potently at home in sold in bulk. This commodity is shipped to
raw milk is first received and dumped into the preventing pellagra and in curing the pella- the market in 40-quart cans and it will re-
;
weighing tank until it is condensed and packed grins in certain of our Southern States where main unaffected week or two if stored
for a
In the cans it is dealt with mechanically and this disease levies its toll upon tens of thou.>- al a proper temperature. The advantage of
untouched by the hands of the operatives.
t'leanlii\ess prevails on all sides and sanitary
precautions are exercised at every step to pre-
vent contamination by microorganisms. This
story would not be complete without reference
to the can-making department of the con-
densery, where the tins are turned out at the
rate of 180 a minute. The manufacture of the
cans is, in the main, a machine proposition, and
labor reduced to a minimum.
is From the
original sheets of tin arestamped and cut the
bodies, the bottoms, the tops with their filling
holes, and the small caps that seal the cans.
Suction cups on the ends of hollow spindles
pick up the metal sheets and feed them to the
cutters and stampers.
The body strip of tin is run through a ma-
chine that bends it into a cylinder, and from
there the part is delivered by a conveyer to
the soldering apparatus. Next, the soldered
body moves on to the assembling mechanism
where the top and bottom, with their edges
crimped, are forced into position. The suc-
ceeding operations alternately solder first one
end and then the other — the slightly tilted can
and then through
rolling first through the flux
a shallow V-shaped trough filled with molten
solder. So far, so good, but the cans must be
tested to make sure that they will not leak
when filled with milk.
As the containers leave the last soldering
machine they speed down a runway and into
recesses set between the double rims of a
vertical wheel. Here each can is caught and
held by a pair of oppositely-facing rubber discs.
and at the same time air under pressure is
forced into the can through its filling aper-
ture. Gripped in this manner, the revolving
wheel plunges the containers successively into
a tank of water. If the soldering has not been
perfect, the compressed air promptly finds an
avenue of escape, and tell-tale bubbles risin^r
through the water instantly locate the defec-
tive can.
this is obvious, and tlie national sweet tooth and the compressor and the dairy herds feed- HIGH PRESSURES AND GREAT
is It is not hard now
catered to accordingly. ing upon tlie lush grass of the valleys watered RESULTS
to grasp the link between the suction pump by streams of crystal purity. Dr. Georges Claude has evolved radical im-
provements and developed high economy in
the liquefaction of air and in the direct com-
bination of nitrogen and hydrogen in gener-
ating ammonia sylithetically. Dr. Claude ob-
tains his ammonia in the liquid form, and
realizes his ultimate product at an outlay far
below that possible where the Haber cycle of
operations is employed. He subjects the com-
bining gases to a pressure of fully goo atmos-
pheres. The first stage of the work involves
the liquefaction ofwell-known
air by the
Claude equipment, after which the nitrogen
is separated from the oxygen by a fractional
price of lyiy (and, of course, it couldn't) thv of a cube of about four inches, weighing about small when compared with that of Russia.
princely sum of $705,000,000 might have been 50 pounds. Chabaneau created quite a sensation Stimulated, however, by a demand that looked
realized, for during that year the price ad- when he exhibited the ingot, its extreme it squarely in the face because there was no
vanced for a short period as high as $170 weight leading his audience to believe it to other place to look, venturesome capital has
an ounce. be fastened to the table. been intensively exploiting the rivers of that
But a large portion of this platinum was That platinum was known to the aborigines country and has succeeded in increasing the
mined and marketed when the price was low of .America is evidenced by the findings of Mr. output to respectable proportions although
before chemists and metallurgists discovered D. C. Stapleton, of ornaments made of this still but a portion of Russia's former perform-
its valuable qualities in the arts, and before metal in the tombs of the Incas in the Province ances.
fashion set its stamp of approval on the metal of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Most of these are At the head-waters of the Condoto, high up
as a perfect setting for precious stones. small and are perforated for attachment or in the .Andes Mountains, is the ledge rock
One of the foremost authorities of the coun stringing and may be described as circular or which has been found to ba the source of the
try, Dr. Frederick Kunz, of Tiffany & Co. elliiitical spangles. The ornaments are made platinum, but it carries such mfinitesimal
New York, has termed platinum, one of the nl gold and platinum combined, one or two quantities that nature has to be relied upon
two "noblest of metals," its associate, of thin layers of the latter having been ham- to wash tho metal down and concentrate it in
course, being gold. Nobody thought of call- mered onto a thin layer of gold. They are the river-btds and adjoining banks before it
ing it "noble" however, in the old days of thought to be at least 2,000 years old, though can be profitably extracted.
placer washings where the yellow metal was tliis is purely speculation. Similar ornaments Except in one other case of quite minor
sought — on the other hand, not knowing what have been found in the prehistoric graves in importance, in British Colombia, no "mother
else to call it, they called it a "nuisance," the island of Tola at the mouth of the Santi- lode" of platinum has ever been located — all
and threw it away. They threw it back into ago river, Ecuador. Many of these relics are platinum mining being done by placer wash-
the beds of the Colombian rivers — for it is in now on exhibition in the Museum of Natural —
ings by hand panning in the old days and in
what is now Colombia that platinum was first History in the City of New York. the small operations of today by big steam —
discovered — and big modern dredges are now Little progress was made in the discovery of dredges in the larger operations that scoop
scooping up again along with other virgin
it
platinum or its uses till the year 1819 when up the river bottoms with huge buckets. The
nuggets. it into the streets and
They threw the metal was found in the gold mines of the Canadian "mother lode" to which I refer is
yards of the villages, and this habit caused no Daknvliiv lli^lri^t in the I'ral Mountains, Rus- briefly described by the United States Geo-
end of excitement for the natives of Quibdo logical Survey as being at the head of the
some twenty years ago when platinum prices Tulameen River, near the United States
began to mount and the get-rich-quick fever boundary, on the slopes of Mount Olivene.
ran its course. The entire town was panned, It is probably of small extent and value sine*
the government claiming the right to operate knowledge of its existence dates back several
in the streets. The natives panned the yard.s, years, and it has never been worked commer-
however, with rich results in many cases. cially. The bed of the Tulameen River, how-
One enthusiast with a good memory burned ever, has been and still is being panned in a
his house to the ground for the platinum he small way for platinum and gold.
knew was under it. Out of the proceeds of By far the most ambitious and businesslike
his heroic treatment he is said to have rebuilt operations in platinum mining now being car-
his house and banked $4,000 in gold besides. ried on are those of the South American Gold
In view of the many uses to which platinum and Platinum Company in Colombia. This
is now put and of the fact that the early Span-
company controls an extensive territory along
ish adventurers must have encountered it in the San Juan and Condoto Rivers in the
their mad search for gold, it seems strange Choco district, all of which is, or will be, de-
that the first recorded knowledge of its ex- veloped for platinum. .Although the com-
istence dates back no further than 1735 when pany owns concessions covering fully 200
Don Antonio de Ulloa visited that part of miles of rivers, the portion now being worked
South America now known as Colombia. consists of about 50 miles of river bed to-
From that time on, Kuropcan chemists be- gether with some 10,000 acres of adjacent al-
gan to experiment with it in endeavor to de- luvial deposits. Access to the property is had
termine its usefulness and many were the by the San Juan River which is navigable
difficulties they encountered in trying to solve by steamers.
Courtcs.v. .I.wulerM Tfilinkiil Ailvlce Co.. N. Y.
the riddle of a metal containing so many The company, at present, has two dredges
hitherto unknown qualities. Its specific gravity Applicatiun 0/ the gas-oxi/u<!» /<> '» ">a in operation. One of these, with an annual
iicllins of platinum in crudblea as praotioed <n
was fairly established by William Lewis of nost jewelry shops. capacity of 400,000 cubic yards, has been
10178 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
I
'.lurtesy, Giles Platiiiif.-r.. s-l mparc-Tikoiiowitch.
American type of sluice in operation at the Petropavlovsky placer mine on the River Iss.
River Mourzinka near its confluence with the Liala on the Pavdinskaya concessioti.
August, 1921 COMPRESSED A in MAGAZINE l(>17!t
Platinum in Jewelry
The use of platinum in jewelry dates from
not more than 25 years ago. When the metal
was low in price fashion paid but little heed to
it. As the price mounted, however, the
Bcoii Monde became interested and. with its
which tended to relieve the situation at that TUNNEL UNDER THE ELBE used, one for personnel and three for ma-
time. The Government fixed price was $105 AT HAMBURG terials.
per ounce. 'T'HERE HAS recently been completed at The fine sand from the internal excavation
It is most evident now that this country can- Hamburg. Germany, a tunnel, or, rather, was removed by means of the constantly es-
not be using platinum in the old pre-war vol- twin tunnels with a number of interesting caping compressed air through a discharge
ume as the production figures, I have given features. The tunnels are 1.500 feet long, each pipe, carried down to the bottom of the ex-
metals. With new uses for platinum being tunnels, but at their ends on each side of the cover over the tunnel gave way, the air pres-
constantly discovered and with a decline in river and serving both tunnels there is a well sure disappeared, and a vast quantity of water
production to but a quarter of the pre-war 72 feet in diameter with six lifts in each, three and sand entered the tunnel, fortunately, how-
volume, it would be natural to expect a short- of which 10 by 33 feet are for vehicles up to ever, witliout loss of life.
age in the supply and advancing prices. Such, ten tons, the other three being passenger lifts The high air-pressure adversely affected the
however, does not seem to be the case as the with a capacity of 14.000 passengers per hour. workmen who, in the first instance, were re-
price has held firm at around $73 for some The tunnels were driven by the shield pro- quired to pass a stringent medical examina-
time past. cess with a novel type of lining which con- tion. Of
a total of 4.400 workmen, four deaths.
One Maiden Lane dealer was heard to re- sisted of steel segments riveted together in- 74 severe and 615 light cases, occurred.
mark not long ago that, were he to publish stead of the usual cast iron and bolts. Six
the fact that he was in the market for platinum segments with strong flanges on the sides and AIR DRIVEN WIRE BRUSH FOR
at $75 an ounce, his place of business would ends, the cross-section being similar to a METAL CLEANING
be flooded with the metal. This indicates that girder ten inches high with flanges wider on YyiRE BRUSH cleaning of metal sur-
the market is over, rather than understocked the inside than on the outside, complete a cir- ' faces offers an opportunity for consid-
much of it, too, representing a price to the cumferential ring. The inner surface of the erable saving of time and labor over that re-
owner in excess of the present market. flange provided with a groove into which
is quired by hand in removing paint, rust, scale
The exact stocks held by the various dealers lead material is caulked whilst the
jointing and dirt. However,
it has been difficult to
and refiners is difficult to ascertain. Such space between the lining and the soil is filled obtain a wire
brush of proper design and
information is kept as a trade secret. One with cement grout in the usual manner. Each materials wdiich would work effectively on an
refiner, however, has ventured to estimate that tunnel, which has a central roadway six feet air motor and not wear out too rapidly.
upwards of 50,000 ounces are at present held wide for vehicles and a footpath on either A wire brush of very rugged design has
in this country and a like amount in England. side, is for traffic in one direction only. recently been placed on the market by the
If these figures, amounting to little better than The circular well on the town was con-
side Ingersoll-Rand Company, 11 Broadway. New
a guess, are anything like correct, it will not structed of reinforced concrete an open
in York, for use with its standard No. 6 "Little
be reasonable to expect higher platinum prices circular ditch, seven feet three inches wide David" Drill. It is a brush with face diam-
right away. and 98 feet six inches deep, carried down to eter of five inches and is made up of wires of
a strata of solid main wall being
clay, the a special heat treated steel which has been
built of plain concrete, covered on the out- found to have very good wearing qualities.
PNEUMATIC HANDLING OF side with strong sheets of asphalt with a lin- It is sturdily constructed and will stand up
SMALL COAL ing of hard burnt bricks set in cement. The under severe service.
The success with which grain is dealt with
inside"dumpling" of earth was then removed, It is manufactured particularly as an at-
at shipping ports by compressed air in pipes
the walls finished off and a circular super- tachment for the No. 6 Drill (as illustrated).
suggested the application of that method, and
structure with a large glass dome erected over this type of machine being especially suited
an installation, which has now been in constant
the well. The hoisting machinery for the lifts for work of this nature. The drill has liberal
operation for more than two years, was de-
is placed under the dome. The corresponding bearings to take up all the end thrust when
signed and constructed at Brunswick (Ger-
well on the harbor side of the river had to be pressing down on the work a high speed
;
back and walls of a timbered rill stope. No. plete as trains of ten or more empty cars can
4 shows the timbered rill stope after develop- be loft on a switch above a full chute and the
ment and as it is carried up toward the upper
level.
Drawing
Method
/ of Holing
Plan
Upper DR4rT
/fiMI 3topeRai»o Car Storag'' Owitch <Ccnter CKutcc Rill Stope RoiSSy jMorwoy -iip
'Mnin Drift
isj,^j^y^,yy^^^,.
"V i'V^^'V''"^ "
- '-
^ JitS.A,,,U^M^^.~.t^~,M^,^^f,^
149 '1
Fig, 1-0. Showing the dcvrlopmcnt of the dri/t for limbered rill .ilnpr.i both above and belou
August, 1921 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE 10185
'
ft :
'"
_ nlIHlilfTiTTnTi| LDwwOotrr
Fig. 4. Timbered rill atope after development and as carried up toward upper level.
10186 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
necessary to break in order to hole the raise ore slide is laid on the waste pile each time, were ten of these stopes, the one nearest the
to the upper level. The slope on each side so that it will catch all ore blasted. shaft being the oldest and highest and the
of the center chutes is developed in this vi^ay. The ore broken in the stope runs down the intermediate stopes being gradually lower
When the raises are finished and the raise ore slide to the grizzly and is sorted, if neces- until the last one which was farthest from
chutes cleaned of waste, bulkheads are built sary, and run down the chute. The waste is the shaft and the lowest. For these stopes it
in the two rill stope raise chutes, nearest the picked from the top of the grizzly and thrown was necessary to drive eleven rill stope raises,
stopes, just above the caps of the seventh into the other chute of the center raise. This 150 ft. apart and all holing on the level above,
floor. This gives a free opening into the stope waste rock can be drawn into cars by the train in the hanging wall as described previously.
and will leave plenty of room for mining crew and dumped down the filling chutes to the See Fig. i.
after the stope has been filled with waste. stopes of the level below. One of the miners As the stopes are advanced up under the
All the lagging in the stope is then removed can run the ore through the grizzly while his upper drift, the shock due to blasting tends to
from each floor and piled in the set, on that partner is drilling. weaken the floor of the upper drift causing it
floor, nearest the center chutes. The waste Timber for the stope is lowered down the to sink in places. This causes the grade of
can be dumped into the top of the bulkheaded rillstope raise from the level above, doing the track to vary some times to such a degree
chute on the level above and the stope filled. away with the slow and costly work of hoist- that it is very difficult to keep it in good con-
As in an open rill stope the waste pile will ing. dition for the motor. For this reason it is
make an inclined surface in the stope con- The above constitutes a "cut" of the stope. the best practice to start as soon as possible,
forming closely to the general angle of rise After all the ore has been run into the ore after the first rill stope raises have been fin-
in the timbers leaving usually a set or two chute, the ore slide is removed from the ished, to drive a lateral drift or haulage way.
open on each floor. The filling completes the waste incline, and piled in a convenient place. parallel to the main drift and at a distance of
development of the stopes. The stope sides of both the center raise and the from 15 ft. to 20 ft. into the hanging wall from
Timbered Rill Stope Mining rill stope raise are gobbed with two-inch lag- the hanging wall posts of the drift.
Development is now complete. Both sides ging, the waste chute of the rill stope raise is
This lateral is driven in the solid rock and
of the rill have been filled and the waste pile bulkheaded on the eighth floor and the stope usually requires very little timbering. In most
extends from the hole in the chute near the can be again filled with waste. While this is be- places no timber is used e.xcept that necessary
peak of the stope on an incline down to the ing done the miners take a cut from the other to suspend the trolley wire for the motor.
grizzly of the center chutes. stope across the center raise bringing both Owing to the rill stope raises being holed in
The miners build a slide composed of two- sides up to the same level at the top and the hanging wall of the upper drift it is possible
inch lagging varying in width from eight bottom. These operations are repeated, tak- to start sections of the going
lateral drift
inches to twelve inches on top of the waste pile ing a cut from one stope and then the other both ways from the top of each raise. See
and extending up the stope about three sets and advancing the whole stope up toward the Fig. i-A. Two crews of drift men were kept
and also a grizzly over the chute next to the level above. at work in the lateral. They worked in the
stope being mined. The mining is then be- When the peaks of both stopes have reached sections of the lateral at the tops of raises
gun. Starting on the third floor the ore to within five floors of the level above, the where waste was needed and all waste broken
is mined up to and across the center "V" part of the stope is mined only, until the i?i the mining of the laterals was trammed to
putting square stope is leveled to one floor, filling is put in
chutes, in set timber after the proper chutes of the raises and dumped
each blast. The ore is blasted down on close to this floor and the stope left until the down into the stopes. This proved to be a
the slide, which was previously built and slides time when it is possible to mine the last five
very efficient and economical way of filling
down to the chute. Round timber is used for floors holing the upper drift.
the stopes. especially as it was necessary to
the square sets in the stope and square loxio- Methods for Filling Stopes drive the lateral drifts in any case. All of
inch timber for the sets put in the center raise. As timbered stopes must be filled after
rill the rock broken in them was used at a very
When the third floor is finished, a set of each cut is taken from the center chutes to small tramming cost.
slide is on the waste, and mining is started
laid the peak, the question of supplying the waste Of course the waste broken in the driving
on the fourth floor advancing it four sets .so in amounts sufficient to keep all of the stopes of the lateral was not suflicient to complete-
that the last two posts will be of square tim- working at once presents itself. At the mine ly fill The rest of the waste
the stopes below.
ber and directly over the first square timber on in which the writer had had his experience fillingnecesary was either taken from the
the floor below. The fifth, sixth and seventh this question was solved in a very efiicient way. chutes on the upper level or transferred from
floors are advanced in the same way. the eighth A system nf rill stnpcs was started on the some other pari of the mine in the main shaft
floor is started from the rill slope raise and new levels, the distance from center to cen- and hauled in and dmnped into the proper
advanced three sets and ninth floor one set. ter nf the rill stope raises being very close chutes.
As the mining progressc; up the "slnpo the In 150 ft. Above one particular level there On account of the fact that the vein in
Upper left —
Madison River davi, No. 2, onrf lu ft. and 12 ft. icood titave pipe carrying water sitppiy to power /lousc for transformation to eleC'
— —
Upper riyht A few of the big air compressors in the plant at the Washoe Reduction Works at Anaconda, Montana. Lower left Cast-
trie power.
ing machine, —
Washoe Reduction Works. Lower riyht Interior of the Rainbow sub-station, Butte, Mont.
method to that of the timbered rill type. To of the drifter type are used for drilling. Of The drill itself due to a steady positive rota-
make this change, a simple matter of lay-
it is this type IngersoU-Rand No. 248, the
the tion keeps the drill hole round and uniform
ing timber on the waste incline as the mining Waugh Turbro, Nos. 60 and 66, and the Sulli- in and the instantaneous control of the
size
progresses gradually changing over from the van DR-6 have been used. In case mounted air the drill from racing into
feed prevents
open to the timbered rill stope. These in- drills are used the round is drilled somewhat pockets of soft ground, sticking the drill and
stances merely show the flexibility of the rill differently as the ground is usually harder usually causing severe strains on the rotation
system of stoping and the convenient way that than where stopers are used. parts.
it can be adapted to the varying of width of Wet stoping drills are coming to be preferred .Some miners will object at first to the mixed
the vein and the strength of the walls. especially in stopes where the ore is fairly dust and water, more or less of which is
Drilling Rill Stopes hard causing considerable dust when be- usually splashed on them especially when drill-
For drilling in these limbered rill stopes the ing drilled by dry machines. The new type ing straight or nearly straight upper holes, but
IngersoU-Rand CC-ii and CC-21 dry stopc- of wet or water stopers is being equipped when it is realized by them that the slight in-
hamers have been used in the past few years. with self rotating devices and in some cases, convenience caused by this not only prevents
These two drills, known by the miners as with air feed controls. This does away with the miners pthysis or miners consumption,
"stopers" or "buzzies," on account of the speed "twisting the buzzie's tail" as the miners call these wet drills should become very popular.
of rotation of the hammer and the resulting hand rotation of the drill, and allows the Minor repairs on drills, such as the replac-
great number of blows per minute, are of the miner to control the speed of the drilling by ing of worn or broken water needles, nuts,
same general type. The CC-ii has the same simply i)rcssing a button on the handle of the lock washers and side rod springs are taken
cylinder, but a stroke of an inch less than the drill and by varying the pressure on the but- care of in the mine. l'\)r general overhauling
heavier, slower and more powerful hitting ton he can raise the air feed more slowly and cleaning however they are sent to the
CC-21. The Waugh and Sullivan companies or hold the drill suspended on the air feed surface sliop maintained for that purpose.
stoping drills are also used to some extent in while freeing the drill in case of fitchery The steel used in wet stoping drills will be
the mines. Nearly all of this type of drills ground. The added "boon" of water going hollow steel of hexagon section. The min-
are equipped with anvil block chucks in order through the hollow drill not only washes out ing companies have been experimenting with
to prevent the drill steel from falling back the cuttings in the holes but absolutely stops this and other sections and it is expected that
into the hanuner cylinder, and injuring the alldust and by adjusting the amount of water the hollow hexagon steel, shatiklcss, without
hammer. fed through the water needle and blown lugs or collars, and of in. or %in diameter
i
In some liMibcrcd rill stopes where the through the drill the dripping of water on the will be used most generally.
ground is hard and tough, mounted rock drills miner is reduced to a minimum. The four point straight face cross bit, with
August, 1921 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE 10189
'
alloys at temperatures up to 100" C. A new nozzle with ah orifice of proper size and shape.
Drilling in a Timbered Rill Stope
design of heating apparatus is described for .S" is and other
a strainer which prevents dirt
The tollowing data illustrating the drilling determining the Brinell hardness of such met- foreign from choking up the small
material
01 timbered rill stopes are taken from the act- als in the range of temperatures indicated orifice in This strainer may
the jet nozzle.
ual weekly run of an average stope. The tiine above. The compression tests and
results of be cleaned by removing the bottom plug and
allowed for the drilling, timbering and muck- Brinell hardness temperatures up to
tests at
ing and barring down was estimated by a 100° C. are given for five typical white metal
number of men who had been in charge of bearing alloys, including three tin base alloys,
this work for some time and in a number of one lead base alloy, and one intermediate
similar stopes. alloy. These tests showed that the tin base
The time allowed for drilling includes the alloys maintain their properties better at ele-
time necessary to set up the machine, connect vated temperatures than those containing lead.
the hose, actual drilling, freeing any stuck Results of tests are given which indicate that
drills, changing drills and moving from one up to three per cent, the lead in a high grade
"set up" to another. It is the total time spent babbitt does not aflfect the yield point or ulti-
by the man or men, in drilling during the mate strength at 25° C. or 75° C. Tests are
-iiif.-. described which show that the yield point of
This stope is two sets wide, averaging 12 ft. tin base alloy is not affected by heating for si.x
from foot wall to hanging wall. The ore is weeks at about 100° C, but that the yield point
is lowered in the lead base alloy by heating for
a mixture of primary and secondary chalcocite
with pyrite, with stringers of granite running only two weeks at this temperature.
through it in places. The time allowed for
mucking includes barring down, pulling the For estimating purposes in computing heat-
re down the slide to the chute, when neces- ing values, the foUow-ing average figures
sary and sorting the ore on the grizzly. There
should be used
were three men per shift in the stope, working Blower exchanges pressure for volume.
Producer Gas 150 B.T.U. per cu. ft.
two shifts (day and night) of eight hours per
Coal Gas 600 B.T.U. per cu. ft.
24 hours and for six days. Ingersoll-Rand blowing air through it. /' is the needle valve
Coke Oven Gas 550 B.T.U. per cu. ft.
CC-2J dry Stopehamers were used for drill- which regulates the blast and to which the air
Natural Gas B.T.U. per
1,100 cu. ft.
ing. These drills used i54-in. solid cruciform Fuel
hose is connected.
Oil 125,000 B.T.U. per cu. ft.
steel with double tapered four point straight In operation the compressed air issues from
face cross bits. Change in gage '/^-in. and the jet nozzle at high velocity and the energy
run of steel eighteen inches. .\ quarry recently opened up at Bul-
slate resulting from its velocity is imparted to the
By "drilling time" is meant the total time lengarook, X'ictoria,
is said to be maintaining surrounding air which passes forward into the
required to set up the drill, connect air hose, an output of 6,000 school slates per week. throat of the blast tube. This air is replaced
etc., drilling, changing steel and removing any .American scholars of the present day would constantly by additional air flowing in at the
stuck steels. not know what to do with 'em. side openings of the blast tube. The standard
blower will deliver air up to four inches water
DRILL DATA pressure, although higher pressure may be ob-
tained with special jet nozzles. The new de-
No. of tiolf.B drilled per set 5
Depth of hok-s. average 8 feet vice is manufactured by the New Jersey Meter
No. of .shift.-* worked by the men in six days 36
Price paid per shift to >ach man Co., Plainfield, N. J.
$7.1916
No. of sets tomplettd in six days 15
Tons of ore deliver.d to chute 431.5
No. of shifts wiirktd |ier set of ground completed, includes
3t; shifts
drilling, timbering and SIFTING THE NAMES OF ROCKS
mucking, 2.4 A conuiiittee of the Geological Society and
1 5 sets con-
the Mincralogical Society appointed to
No. of hours worked per set 19.2
ICstimate of labor as follows: sider the standardization of British petro-
Drilling 3 hours 30 min.
Timbering 11 " " graphic nomenclature has recently reported its
Mucking 4 " 42 "
recomiTiendalions. No natues of general undis-
Total 19 hour.^ 12 min. puted definitions are discussed and only Brit-
Distance drilled per set five holes 8 ft. long — —
Inches drilled in hours
480
m 40 feel
480 ish names appear. Forty-seven terms naming
rock species or textures are given preferred
Inches drilled per minute ;= 2.285
210 definitions; twenty-seven terms are classed as
Time drilled per shift three men eight hours each
Distance drilled 23 min.
— — 4hrs. 23 m.
obsolete or unnecessary, being used in more
in 4 hrs. :^ 601.14 Inches
Distance drilled per shift in feet 50 feet 1 Inch than one sense, and their further use is con-
Cost of drilling ior one shift :::;
$7.1916
-^^ — —^
263 minutes
$2,734 demned. In this list one notes "diabase,"
431.6 "binary granite," and "inelaphyre." A list of
• re broken per shift ^ -
.36.95 tons synonyms indicates the committee's preference
2.734 lor nineteen terms which have simplicity or
Drilling cost per ton .7.6 cents
35.95 priority in their favor.
10190 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
THE EDISON ROOMFUL OF AIR being 6000 cu. ft., it should be only necessary
to know the weight of one cubic foot of air
By FRANK RICHARDS
and multiply it by this number. A cubic foot
IN THE now well known list of questions
of dry air at normal atmospheric, sea level
used by Mr. Edison for the testing of the
pressure (14.7 lb.) and at any absolute tem-
qualifications of candidates for employmenr
perature, Fahrenheit, will weigh 39.819 lb.
is one which has been of special interest to
divided by the absolute temperature, or
me. It admits of such a range of answers,
that would have been satisfactory to Mr. t being the temperature by the thermometer
Edison. and Wthe weight of I cu. ft. By this means
The question, as I have it, is : What is the we find that at a temperature of 60 degrees
weight of air contained in a room 20 by 30 the weight of i cu. ft. of dry air would be
by 10 feet? The capacity of the room thus .0764 lb., and the total weight of the air in
ze£i
AufTust. 1921 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE 10191
•Reprinted from
Reporter,"
"The Price Current —Orain Pneumaticall]/ recovered grain being U)aded into a cargo «Aip,
10192 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. vm
pneumatic conveyance such distances are no caution against further disaster through ex- GUNITE IN CALUMET AND
drawbacks to the efficient operation of the plosions and fire. Machinery materials and HECLA shafts:^
equipment), which handles 4,000 bushels per the thousand and one buying problems in the
By JOHN KNOX AND OCHA POTTER
hour and removes grain from the storage bins new house have not been settled; although
T^HE CALUMET & HECLA conglomerate
direct into cars. The inlet of these suction such purchases are now being arranged, in- *• has been mined very largely through in-
leads is in the bottom of the bins where only cluding Fenestra window walls, used in the
clined shifts, the inclination being from 35
one man is required to shift the nozzles from old house, the advantages of which in eleva-
degrees to 40 degrees. From time to time
time to time, but in the Armour job one is tor and mill construction are indisputable.
some of the intermediate were aban- shafts
used more particularly to manually throw out The Metcalf Co. indicate that every known doned until at present there are only five re-
pieces of concrete, steel and other debris found improvement in the mechanical design of a maining in active use. But these have reach-
in the grain being moved. perfect elevator enter into the new work which
The engineers of the Guarantee Construc- will be a monument to the engineers, to the
—
ed depths so great 8,000 feet and more that —
it is economically impracticable to maintain
tion Co. say in this connection that a piece of contractors, Witherspoon-Englar Co., to
the
them in working condition.
concrete weighing eighteen pounds was taken the owners, the Chicago & North Western
through their leads and carried into the re- Railroad, and the operators, the Armour
The enormous area stoped out — one and
one-half miles deep by two and one-half miles
ceiving tank. This later device is an interest- Grain Co.
in length —
has started movement so vast that
ing trouble-preventer in the pneumatic system. Some General Remarks no attempts are made to do more than pro-
It takes all of the materials carried in suction One
of the difficulties encountered in stand-
vide temporary checks here and there to main-
through the leads and through the installation ardizing the pneumatic conveyance of grain
tain passage ways in the form of drifts and
of a balanced screen within the tank foreign in certain markets has been the traditional
shafts.
materials which would tend to clog up the policy of insisting upon retaining all of the
machine, collect on this screen, and automati- dust originally in the grain.
The Constant Squeeze
cally stop operations. The pipe leads carry- The saving of the weight and bushelage in
The masonry crumble
heaviest concrete and
ing out of this receiving tank operate on pres- the dust in a car or in a boat
as so much and massive steel sets are
clay,
is quite likely
sure and, as so often explained herein, the lost 1,000 times over in these dust explosions.
twisted and torn. Rock and timber cribbing
combination of suction and pressure convey- There squeeze together in time, and openings in parts
is furthermore to be reckoned with the
ance of air in which the grain is carried pro- of the conglomerate close up to such an extent
loss of life, with possible closer supervision
that after a few years they must sometimes
means of loading
vides a simple but effective by insurance interests of the milling, feed, seed
and unloading cars, boats and barges. and grain elevators, subject to explosive losses. be redrifted in order to be available as passage
The rig on the land side of the elevator Airveyor Equipment, however, includes dust ways.
loaded grain direct into cars at the rate of 33 collectors with each unit so that all dust hav- Occasional so-called "air blasts" occur and
minutes to the car, filling each by the way clear ing commercial value may be collected and sometimes hundreds of tons of rock are
up to the roof, with no losses of grain and re- discharged if desired with the grain. The thrown violently from the apparently solid
quiring only one man at the loading end. manufacturers outline no procedure to the sides of shaft or drift. These phenomena are
On the south side of the demolished tanks owners of their equipment, but they simply accompanied by terrific gun-like reports and
of the elevator a great gang of workmen has make at times Jiave broken twelve-inch air mains,
it possible to retain all dust separately
been working for weeks and it was estimated from the grain for remixing it if desired. torn up tracks, and even filled several hundred
they would continue to do so for several They do urge, however, that the lighter ma- feet of shaft or drift with debris.
months more, removing the grain and the deb- terials in dust collection should be destroyed, It was, therefore, decided to cut off all in-
ris of the demolished structure. containing as they do no feed value. This cline shafts at the 8ist level — about 8100 feet
Up to May 26 about 270,000 bushels of oats thought is certainly deserving of recognition from surface on the incline — and to practically
had been loaded by boat and 920 cars of other by the trade whose members are surely not duplicate the surface layout of a mine at this
grain of various kinds moved. The basement knowingly continuing a practice so unneces- depth with the exception of rock crushers and
is still all filled with grain and as that is sary from an engineering point of view and air compressors. It is planned to erect hoist-
cleared out and bins are emptied, the blowers so disastrous in its consequences by insisting ing engines capable of hoisting from an addi-
and belts are extended further under the upon retaining dust in the original grain in tional depth of three thousand feet, and to
storage. every process. operate an electric railway whose main line
Work is proceeding fairly well, but consid- will be over three miles in length.
erable trouble and delay is and will be caused HIGHEST AND LOWEST LAND Shortly after driving of the main tunnel
by concrete blocking the bin outlets. Loadings The difference between the highest and the had started, we were much disturbed by the
now average about 40 cars per day, but these lowest points of land in the United States is fact that "slabbing" began on a very exten-
will be increased considerably unless unfore- 14.777 according to the United States
feet, sive scale. There were no "air blasts" and no
seen difficulties occur. Geological Survey, Department of the Inter- big caves, but ground that had been carefully
The John S. Metcalf Co., in speaking of the ior. Mount Whitney, the highest point, is
barred for loose would again become danger-
designing and developing reconstruction of the 14,501 feet above sea level, and in Death Val- ous, frequently in a few days. This finally
elevator, are at this early dale unable to specifi- ley there is a depression that lies 276 feet be- became so serious that it was realized that
cally discuss the details. However, they ad- low sea level. These two points, which are the expense of timbering, with the probable
vise that the plant will be rebuilt on practically both in California, are less than 90 miles apart. continuous upkeep cost, niiglit jeopardize the
the same lines as before with certain notable This difference in height is small, however, as success of the entire plan.
improvements, however, as follows : The drier compared with the difl'erence in the height and At some time previous to this our attention
house, in which the drying capacity will be re- depth of land in Asia. Mount Everest rises had been called to .some very successful ex-
built more with the same ton-
substantially, 29.002 foet above sea level, whereas the shores periments which had been conducted by cer-
nage as in the original
house, will however be of the Dead Sea lie 1,290 feet below sea level, tain coal mines where "slabbing" of the roof
built separately from the work house. Its re- a total difference in height of 30,292 feet. had been overcome by the use of "giinite."
moval from the work house proper is the It was. therefore, decided that gimite would
change in design which it is felt will tend A bridge is to be built across San Francisco be tried, and in February, 1019, several hun-
towards better operation. The dust collecting Ray. the money being subscribed and the plans dred feet of tunnel were "gunned." Much to
and ventilating features of the new structure, completed. It will be more than eight miles our gratification, "ilabbinR" slopped at once
which will soon be under way, will embody long, 200 feet wide. and. besides providing and the cement remained imbrokcn.
many changes and improvements. for traffic of all kinds, will carry oil, gas
and It did not seem possible that a quarter to a
An expenditure of more money possibly water pipes and electric conduits for the pub- half inch of cement and sand would have
along this line seems justified, as the first pre- lic utility companies.
•Ahstrnrted from "M. C. M. Almnnus."
August, 1921 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE lOl'JH
cracks showing which would indicate that we obvious — 1st, that the cause of a great deal of
may expect any difficulty in the future from the "slabbing" or caving of the v/alls of our AEROPLANES TO PROSPECT
this source. shafts and other openings is not thoroughly FOR OIL
The most skeptical of us have become en- understood ; —
and 2nd, that "gunning" is cer- Prospecting for oil by aeroplane in the un-
charted wilderness which constitutes the delta
of the Orinoco is about to be carried out for
the British controlled oilfields, according to
a report just published. The company has
acquired oil concessions from the Govern-
ment of Venezuela in the delta of the Orinoco,
a region which is and where
largely unexplored
the ordinary methods of prospecting would be
futile. It is considered, however, that the
presence of oil should easily be ascertained
from the air, since where it comes to the sur-
face vegetation cannot live. A contract foi
the survey has been given to the Bermuda
and West Atlantic Aviation Co., Ltd. The
work will be carried out with seaplanes.
the physiological results essential to proper more impressive, the pellagrins could be cured
Compressed Air Magazine nutrition and physical eflficiency. In short, and their convalescence hastened by giving
—Founded —
1S96 while eating a seeming plenty a person may them a proper daily portion of milk. In this
Devoted to the mechanical arts in general, steadily lose flesh, vim, and capacity to mas- therapeutic campaign, the experts of the U.
especially to all useful applications ot com-
pressed air and to everything pneumatic. ter the daily tasks, whether these be of a S. Public Health Service tried milk in various
Business and Editorial Offices: muscular or mental character. Finally, the forms, and found that one pound of preserved
Bowling Green Building. No. 11. Broadway,
Bowling Green, 8430 condition may reach such a pass as to arouse milk w'as just as helpful as a quart of fresh
New York City. Tel.
Publication Office: Somerville, New Jersey alarm. To put it popularly, the man of re- milk.
Chicago Office: Sears & Irving. Representatives search has made it clear that each one of us Manifestly, w'here the circumstances are such
Peoples Gas Building is, in fact, in which chemical
a laboratory that fresh milk cannot be distributed freely or
Business Office for the British Isles: actions and reflexes of a complicated charac- kept until used, then canned milk is the logical
J. F. Atkinson, Representative
No 31, Essex Street, Strand, London, W. C. 2 ter are continually taking place, and that medium of relief ; and the industry engaged
when Nature's ordered processes are inter- in preserving an otherwise perishable food-
TERMS OP SUBSCRIPTION fered with we are sure to be penalized. stuff thus becomes an enterprise of added im-
$3 a year, U. S. A.. American possessions and
Mexico; all other countries. $3.50 a year, post- There was a time when scurvy menaced the portance. It will probably surprise a good
age prepaid. Single copies, 35 cents. Back is- mariner the world over, and not so long ago many of us to learn that the American manu-
sues more than six months old, 75 cents each.
beri-beri puzzled the medical fraternity while facture of condensed milk has grown in three
Paris life. This may be explained in part by the In this movement for better general health
K. Raleigh
Ben abundance and the varied dietary we can com- the engineer is figuring conspicuously, because
Rue Saint-Florentin, Place de la Concorde
mand as a rule. According to statistics re- it by means of apparatus and equipment of
is
London cently published by the Federal authorities.
Roland H. Briggs his devising that the raw milk can be treated
No. 165, Queen Victoria St., E. C. 4 Americans consume on an average annually and canned so that it will remain in every way
Berlin quite 44 gallons of milk per capita, and this fit for human use for a long while thereafter.
Charles A. Bratter may account to a good extent for our capacity In other words, an extremely sensitive and
No. 23, Kochstr.. SW., 68
for work and the widespread prevalence of a perishable comestible can thus be brought to a
Vienna
Hermann Brinkmann pretty high standard of health. However, state that will permit its deliberate distribution
No. 3, Tuchlauben, I there are sections where local food supplies the world over and be capable anywhere of
Madrid do not promote this status, and this is notably furnishing chemical properties so vital to a
Luis Baldasano t Lopez
the case where milk in plenty is not common- continuance of health and strength. But there
No. 7. Jorge Juan
ly available from neighboring sources. is an economic as well as a hygienic angle to
EDITORIALS There is a great area in the United States the gains to be reaped through the conserva-
lying to the south of the Ohio and the Poto- tion made possible by the milk eondenSery.
mac Rivers where agricultural conditions Let it be kept in mind that a pound of can-
CANNED MILK AS A MEDIUM have up to now not led to the forming of ned milk is the equivalent of two and one-half
extensive herds of dairy cattle, and, likewise, pounds of fresh milk. That is to say, the orig-
FOR PUBLIC HEALTH where refrigerating facilities are frequently inal water content of 87 per cent is reduced
in DR MANY YEARS the public looked up- inadequate so that the fresh milk at hand to approximately 30 per cent. In bulk, the
on milk as a food primarily for in-
fluid must be used up promptly and within a short finished commodity is about half that of the
fants and invalids —
something that would an- distance from the points of production. It original raw milk from which it was made.
swer until the digestive apparatus was robust is in this vast region that pellagra has obtain- In consequence, the canned milk weighs less
enough to deal with a more diversified diet. ed a foothold, and this malady, so the U. S. ami requires a smaller space while in storage
To-day, however, students of chemical hy- Public Health Service discloses, attacks year- or during transportation. Assuming an annual
giene have established beyond peradventurc ly fully 100,000 persons. Of the afflicted output of 2,o3o,ooo,(xio pounds of concentrated
that milk is an "entire food" and of vital something like five per cent succumb. Here, milk, the extraction of water in putting up that
importance to the bodily well being of the again, we have another example of the conse- milk leads to a saving in freight of fully 1,200,-
human kind of all ages. Indeed, it seems that quences of an unbalanced diet. 000 tons. h"xpresscd in another way, condens-
milk possesses health-building properties that Medical research has proved that the pella- ing shortens the milk train by 40,000 cars! It
make it well-nigh unique, at least in its aggre- grins, well-nigh without exception, have been would be itnpossihle to slate specifically the
gation of virtues. Therefore, the scientists, living upon foods deficient in vitamines, and, economies due to this lightening of the load,
with reason, point out that everyone of u.^ curiously, the daily ration has either lacked bill they must be great.
would probably ho the better off if milk figur- milk or milk products or the allowance of The one dominant fact in the canning of
ed more conspicuously in our daily ration. milk has been so small that the body has been milk is that this system of conserving a vital
The average layman imagines that he has denied its quota of those mysterious, wonder- resource places at the disposal of mankind any-
only to satisfy his appetite to meet all of the working chemicals. Where milk was to he where a foodstuff of incalculable value. No
tissue-forming and heat-inducing require- had in the needful quantity, the food other- matter where people may be living or working
ments of his system. But the stomach may wise being identical with thai eaten by the it can be carried to them and used to safe-
be fdled with a measure of regularity and pellagrins, dwellers in the same environment guard them against the ravages of those dis-
even the palate pleased without promotinK did not develop pellagra. what is utill
Finally, eases directly traceable to malnutrition.
Augrust. 1!»'J1 comi'1{Essi:j) mi; maca/.ise 10195
SHAPING OUR NEW FEDERAL Transportation conditions are a paramount and of labor arc tending somewhat downward,
HIGHWAY POLICIES ciinsideratiunand should occupy the urgent and as a matter of fact the building of apart-
as the Tibetan plateau is not too fancifully fact that the intensity of the rays nearly winning of the North Pole. One thing the
designated, the explorers will start their real shut off by the moisture content of the lower expedition can determine when it plants its
work at an altitude of 15,000 feet, greater airs, finds little to obstruct it at such heights barograph or altimeter at the final high point,
than that of Pike's Peak or of the Continental as that of Everest. Also the character of is the exact height of the mountain. Many
Divide in the Rockies, or of Mount Blanc in the rays exerts a destructive effect on doubt that they will ever get more than half
the French Alps, which will give most folk the human body when it is too long ex- way to the summit, even under the best of
some idea of the conditions to be faced. Many posed to them. In the tropics, even near conditions, but they will be able to get an
travelers find quite trying the mile altitude sea level, these rays often have unsuspected accurate close-up measurement of the height,
of Denver and not a few find Mexico City, effect on newcomers not accustomed to them, nevertheless, by surveyors' computations above
about 25 per cent higher, exceedingly un- and scientific care must be given to the choice the recorded barograph point. No member of
comfortable, as far as exertion is concerned. and color of clothing worn. When the white the Indian Survey has been permitted by the
The height of Mount Everest has been vari- men in the Everest exploring party get into Tibetans, hostile as they are to foreigners, to
ously measured by surveyors as being be- really high altitudes it will prove an essen- get nearer to the mountain than 87 miles.
tween 29,002 feet to 30,366 feet, and it is prob- tial caution, say the authorities on the sub- Because of the scientific data it is hoped
ably somewhere within this range, or rough- ject, that they keep their faces well covered Colonel Bury's party will obtain, Compressed
ly a matter of five and two-thirds miles. with grease paint or lanolin. Inch-thick cork Air Magazine, with other watchers in the
The world's highest permanent human set- or pith helmets also must be constantly worn. world of science, will wait upon the ultimate
tlement is a Tibetan hamlet at an altitude of Meantime must be protected against
the feet results of so exciting a project with the great-
larger than that of the easternmost third of the heat away from the foot when walking on nificant values! F. J. T.
United States, is for the most part above 12,- snow at below zero temperatures. At night
000 feet in elevation, or more than twice tlie the temperature on the upper levels of these GOOD MANAGEMENT— MINUS
height of Denver, and has a thinly scattered mountains drops to from 20 to 60 degrees be- THE "SCIENTIFIC"
population of 3,000,000. The natives of the low zero Fahrenheit, so the explorer must Good management, equally with bad man-
region have short legs suited to the rough repose in a fur-lined sleeping bag while en- agement, says Tlw Engineer, London, has ex-
going of their mode of life, and have broad, closed in an inner bag of quilted eider-down. isted ever since there have been factories to be
deep chests, with extraordinary lung capacity. In daytime members of the party must wear managed. It consists in regarding the work-
If these people are suddenly taken to sea two suits of heavy woolen underwear beneath men as fellow human beings rather than as
level, it has been learned, they quickly suc- wool and fur outergarments. complicated and unsatisfactory machines, and
cumb to the effects of air pressure, and are Under these adverse conditions the famous in adopting every labor-saving device or im-
said to be literally drowned in the heavier party of the Duke of the Abruzzi, which nego- proved process of manufacture which can be
air. The effect of a sudden transposition from tiated part of the way up these heights, found justifiedon economic grounds." Good man-
a very high altitude to sea level is much like that a vertical climb of 200 feet was an en- agement is not made any better by being call-
that suffered by submarine divers or workers tirely sufficient day's work! All these points ed "scientific management" and those who
in tunnel caissons under compressed air when will afford the uninitiated some idea of the arrogate to themselves the epithet "scientific"
they emerge into normal pressure too quickly. difficulties and dangers attendant upon this must not claim the credit for having discover-
The scientific phases of the Mount Everest scientific expedition. The higher the explor- ed the wisdom of providing for the workman
expedition, therefore, that arouse the greatest ers climb the more will their strength and the most appropriate equipment and conditions
scientific interest, are those that concern this appetiteswane. In the rarefied atmosphere for performing his particular duties. Similar-
subject of air pressure. It is a mooted aca- one can hear the loud thumping of his own ly the motion students have no right to pre-
demic question, we believe, how high up in heart. Lifting a foot becomes a great effort sume that nobody heretofore has realized that
the air ahuman being accustomed to sea-level and rapid movement is impossible. manual operations can be well or badly per-
atmosphere, for instance, would have to go Sudden avalanches and storms constitute formed. Every engineer will remember being
before he would be physically incapacitated two of the ever-present dangers that are en- instructed when an apprentice in the best way
from the change in pressure on his body, which countered in exploration of the Himalayas. to hold a chisel or to use a file, and that he
is of course adjusted to resist a normal pres- .V tremendous and irresistible avalanche will acquired his individual skill in handicraft by
sure of fifteen pounds to the square inch. Very .sometimes descend in a valley and obliterate continued practice based on general instruc-
few persons have ever reached the height of everything in its path. Strangely enough, tions. All skill is a function of the individual,
Mount Everest either by balloon or airplane. persons have lost their lives half a mile away depending on the combined action of hand
The record-breaking flight of Major R. W. from the crashing rocks, ice and other debris, and brain, and it is more than questionable
Schroeder to 33,113 feet on February 27, 1920, because of the very great changes wrought whether expertness can be transmitted from
which was later described in these columns, suddenly in air pressure. The great moving one man to another, except in a limited de-
was accomplished by means of a supercharg- masses of material pack down the air in the gree, or otherwise than by the methods which
er for the engine, with every protection for valley so swiftly to a high pressure that the experience has developed. Training the
the airman and oxygen tanks to reinforce the human frame camiot withstand it, the lungs muscles of the hand will not produce a
air for breathing. It was, however, a terrific and other organs being severely injured from Shakespeare or a Padcrcwski, and, similarly.
ordeal for the aviator, though he was at tlie the sudden impact of several atmospheres. it will not make a good mechanic. The brain
extreme heights for only a matter of a few On the other hand low air pressure claims which directs the muscles is the essential
minutes. its victims, of course, among exploring moun- thing.
Those who have made investigations into taineers at such heights. The effects of low
the subject, we read, have found that aviators air pressure have "mountain sick-
been called Favorable report on the Keyes bill creat-
At sea level the barometer registers ing a separate Bureau of .\eronautics in the
in the European war collapsed or became un- ness."
conscious at the height of Mount Everest, 30 inches; more than five miles high, on Navy Department was voted recently by the
which they only momentarily touched. The Mount Everest, it would register nine inches. ScTiatc Naval Committee. Members said the
annals of balloon ascensions of the last 50 If the adventurous British undertaking bill would be placed before the Senate for
years are filled with records of deaths due to headed by Col. Howard Bury, which has just adoption at an early dale.
oxygen supply.
insufficient lately headed into the Tibetan fastness from A House commiltcc continued hearings re-
The human body is known also to suffer India, succeeds in reaching the top of Mount cently on a similar bill, with taptain Moffclt,
exceedingly from the effects of the sun's rays Everest, they will have accomplished a great- Director of Naval .\viation,. as the 1 liioi wit-
death ol John J. Main of Toronto, Ont. We L'. .S. Flying Fields, add very materially to
reproduce this statement in the following to- ilie value of this practical book.
gether with some abstracts from our corre- Photographs of landing fields throughout
spondent. Uur original statement was as the country, taken from airplanes, form an
follows iiitercsting feature.
Handbook of Stanoaud Details, by Chahles Many helpful hints for those actively en-
"John J. Main of Toronto, Ontario, presliiunt H. HuoiiES, author of Handbook of Ship C'alcu-
of the Canadian Incinerator Co., and a director luliona, Construction and Operation. Illustrated
gaged in aviation are given, complete direc-
of the Dominion Kadiator Co., died rueently at and Indexed; 312 pp.; Price, $6, net; New York tions for "trouble shooting" in airplane en-
the age of 7U. He was tlio inventor of the Heine and London. D. Appleton & Co.
boiler and was responsible for many important gines being featured.
developments in connection w itii foundry work. HOOK
He emigrated from tlie Island of Jersey to THIS was compiled especially for Aviators, air-plane mechanics, and anyone
Canada when young, engaged himself as a boil- engineers and draftsmen so that they who is at all interested in, or helping to devel-
er worker, and as a result of his invention of
the Heine boiler made a connection with the might have, in convenient form, drawings, op, commercial aviation, will find this indis-
Poison Iron Works of which he became vice- tables, and formulae of standard details for
president and general manager. He retired pensable.
some years ago but during the war served on use in designing. One feature of this book will be found very
the Imperial Munitions Board."
The data have been obtained from a variety desirable and is worth while noting and that
An exception to the foregoing is taken in the of sources. Many of the tables have been isa ruled division of 24 pages for the purpose
following furnished by the leading machine tool manu- of keeping a record of the machine, motor and
facturers in the United States and represent pilot's flying time.
"The statement that John J. Main of Toronto,
Ontario, was tlie inventor of the Heine boiler is their ciirrent practice.
so absolutely without foundation of fact and
also so entirely unjust to Col. K. D. Meier and Besides being of use to engineers and drafts- Financial, Enoineerino, a text for consult-
his life achievement, that 1 feel it necessary to men, students, purchasing agents and others, ing, managing and designing engineers and for
call your attention to the actual facts. students, by O. B. Goldman. Illustrated with
The original patent of the Heine boiler was everyone interested in mechanical engineering 54 charts; 271 pp.; Price, $3.50 net. New York:
taken out by Herman Heine of Berlin, Germany, John Wiley & Sons.
the American rights of which were purchased will find the book of value.
by Col. K. D. Meier in 1883. Col. D. Meier K The volume is essentially a compilation of 'T'HIS BOOK furnishes the rules by which
then founded the Heine Safety Boiler Co., which
was incorporated by him In 1884. tlie standard types, dimensions, sizes, weights, •'• the engineer may determine the value,
The initial patent or invention covering the economically, of the diflterent types and instal-
principle of the Heine boiler was the work of etc., of the materials and manufactured parts
Herman Heine. All others subsequent to that used in the construction of machinery and lations of machinery. It gives the engineer a
were gotten out either by Col. K. D. Meier or
engineers associated with him. engineering structures. basis for rate-fixing, by translating units of
Mr. John J. Main was connected with the time and power into dollars. With
Poison Iron Works of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, No previous book has gathered together, as this book
and became associated with Col. Meier in the this one does, all the data on standard details. the engineer can also determine the financial
development of the Heine boiler because an ar-
rangement was made by which the Poison Iron Some of the standards have been set by or- efliciency of a system, or any of its parts,
Works, of which Mr. Main was an ollicer, acted when the mechanical efficiency known.
as Canadian agents for the Heine Safety Boiler ganizations of engineers and manufacturers, is It
Co. Mr. Main had nothing whatever to do with while others have been more or less arbitrarily will be found useful in organizing new plants
the invention of the Heine boiler and his activ-
ities in connection with its development were set by leading manufacturers. The standards or systems, where economy is eflfected by
confined to sales promotion work undertaken by The book has
the Poison Iron NS'orks. cover fastenings, power transmission, pipe, choosing units of proper size.
tSgd.) John Hunter, tubing and rope and chain fittings,
fittings, been written primarily for the practicing en-
Chief Engineer Heine Safety Boiler.
structural detailsand a large number of mis- gineer. All mathematical deductions are
Material on standard en- marked out in detail, leaving no gaps for the
WAR INSTRUMENTS DESTROY- cellaneous parts.
gineering drawings, and a large number of reader to bridge. A
prominent consulting
ED BY PEACE TREATY tables of value to the engineer and designer engineer who examined
the manuscript said,
The Government Observatory in Saxony,
"That is the sort of material the colleges do
are included. This book is invaluable for
the Aeronautical Institute at Linden-
State
handy reference and forms a complete guide not teach, and that a young engineer now has
bcrg, and the Geophysical Institute o£ Leipsic acquire after he gets out into business
to the available parts and materials used by to
and Frankfort have asked the Allied Control- and then he pays 'drug store' prices for
engineers and draftsmen. it."
ling Commission for permission to use certain
The table of contents is divided as follows
range finders out of the military equipment, Flyino Guide Book, by Bruce
and Loa Cost segregation, fundamental financial calcu-
for scientific purposes, but according to the KVTI.VGE. Honorary Lieutenant. Royal Air B'orce-
Pilot Captain, Aerial Police Reserve, N. Y. C.
;
lations, basic cost, vestances, determination
conditions of the peace treaty these instruments Member. Aero Club of America, N. Y. C, with a of size of system for best financial efficiency,
were considered military equipment and, con- foreword by H. M. Hickane, Major.Alr Service
Chief, Information Group, A. S. Member, Aero ; determination of type and size of units.
sequently, had to be destroyed. After lengthy Club of America, N. Y. C. Price $2.50, post-
paid 150 pp.; 38 illustrations; 1921 edition, en-
;
Every engineer in a responsible position has
negotiations the Allied Controlling Commis- larged and revised to date. feltthe need of solving engineering problems
sion has decided that the request of the abovj in terms of money which necessarily means
THIS BOOK contains valuable information
scientific institutions cannot be granted and and he must supplement his technical education
for all those who are interested in,
that these valuable instruments must be de- development of com- with a knowledge of finance in order to make
desire to help in the
stroyed. The same applies to a great number a complete and harmonious whole. To be
mercial aviation.
of field glasses of very high luminosity able to determine by a definite scientific meth-
The greatest factor, we are told in the fore-
specially made for the use of air pilots dur-
od the comparative value of all things he must
word retarding the growth of com-
that is
ing the war. use and the value of investments in general
mercial aeronautics in the United States to-
day is the lack of established landing fields. is a decidedly useful acquisition.
ZINC IS ZINC These arc absolutely essential to commercial This volume aims to place the engineer in
Zinc seems to be unfortunate in its nomen- aeronautics. Airplanes cannot land in every a position wherein he will be able to meet
clature. Gold is gold, silver is silver and so field so it becomes necessary to prepare fields the financial phases of his work and come
on, but at the mines zinc blende is called suited for their landing and taking off. In to an intelligent conclusion, and with the aid
"jack," until recently slab zinc has been known addition to giving many helpful hints for avi- of an instructor the student also is able to
only as spelter, and we say "galvanize" when ators, the author has included a complete list master mathematical problems, as examples
all
we really mean "zincize," to cover with a coat- of Federal, municipal and private landing are fully worked out to illustrate the practical
ing of zinc. fields throughout the country, their location, application.
10198 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
A "products catalog" has recently been is- of two totally different operations at the same In the portable anemometer designed by the
sued by the IngersoU Rand Co. containing a time, or the taking of on two
observations author, a nickel wire is employed having an
general description of the numerous products closely related operations, each diflferent from electrical temperature coefficient of
resistivity
manufactured by the company. It will prove the other. The watch has in addition tha 0.474 per cent, per deg. C, calculated on 20
a useful addition to any engineer's or com- production dial feature used on the time deg. C. The box containing the apparatus
pany's library as a means of ready reference study watch which saves the mental or pen- is 10 in. X 6j4 in x 7 in. deep, and the weight com-
for many problems which occur in the course cil computation after the observation has been plete is 13 lb. A reading is given directly in
of usual operations. We refer particularly to taken and gives a mechanical testimony that miles per hour, and the precision obtainable
the engineering section which contains data cannot be questioned, showing the amount of is said to be higher than with existing ap-
for the solution of every day pneumatic prob- production per hour after one operation has paratus.
ing or who may possibly use compressed air description of the activities of the university prevention of dust explosions and resulting
in various mechanical applications should
its in the education of young engineers. The fires in grain mills, grain elevators and other
avail themselves of the opportunity to obtain curricula of engineering courses are tabulated grain handling plants. A partial record of
a copy of this catalog. including mining, metallurgy, chemistry, civil such casualties suggests the magnitude of the
. engineering, mechanical and electrical engi- danger.
The B. F. Sturtevant Company, Boston, neering, etc. A survey covering a period of two years
shows that dust explosions have occurred in
Mass., has issued an engineering bulletin. No.
261, containing information about pneumatic MEASURING VENTILATION IN the United States and Canada during that
collecting and conveying systems for dust re- COAL MINES time, resulting in the death of nearly 100
persons, injury to a large number, and prop-
moval and other purposes, as manufactured Professor J. T. McGregor Morris, in a paper
erty damage in excess of $10,000,000. Four
by this company. The illustrations show the read before the British Association, describes
occurred in grain elevators, two in flour mills,
various types of fans made by the concern, a method for measuring the ventilation in
one in a feed mill, and one in a starch fac-
a variety of types and plans of dust removal coal mines, which depends on the change which
hoods and power ar- length of thin wire over tory, this last causing 43 deaths and over $3,-
installations, piping, takes place in a
allowed to pass and which 000,000 property damage. In three grain ele-
rangements. The text explains in detail the which the air is
vator explosions, fourteen lives were lost in
points to be considered in dust collecting as is heated by an electric current of constant
well as including a number of tables on pres- strength.
one, ten in another, and six in the third, all of
and sizes, ca- Under the heating action of the current, the
them doing extensive damage. In an ex-
sures, friction losses, velocities
pacities and weights of exhausters and pip- wire attains a constant temperature in a few
plosion of aluminum dust, six girls lost their
MAI
l.:t76.4tiT. COMnKKSSliR SYSTKM. Karl A.
Simriion, K(lKt>wouil Park. Pa.
12. In a loiiiiirciwor s.v.>!tem tor a vehicle, the
rumbinatiuii with a niotdr-driveii loiiipies.sor.
and a eompre.ssur ilriven l>y he inunieinum ot I
^ ^ .. ,,
Coll, Mad-
.
1.377,752. AIR-PU.MP. William D.
1 3*77 776.*^' PUMPING APPARATUS. William
'
E '
Janney. Toronto Ontario. Canada, and
Harry E. Flscel and Jesse L. Miller, Pitts-
1 AIR - STORAGE - TANK LIQUID-
3'7T922-3!*'
'
DISPENSING DETVICE. Emit M. Posa, Burl-
1.3r?,9'8L'"cOMPRESSOR - CONTROLLING
10200 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
MECHANISM. Fred D. Holdsworth, Clare- num. Of the various chemical elements, oxy-
mont. N. H.
1.377.993. SAND-BLAST JIACHIXE. Elmer gen enters into the crust of the earth, into wa-
A. Rich, Jr.. Chicago. 111.
ter, and the atmosphere to a weight of more
1.377.998. SUCTION OR BLOWING APPAR-
ATUS. Ira H. Spencer, West Hartford, Conn. than the combined weight of all other ele-
MAT 17 ments, and hydrogen is about 16 per cent, of
1,387,028. COMPRESSOR - OVERLOAD REG- the total.
ULATOR. Thomas J. Hart, Corning, N. T.
1.378.060. AIR-SEPARATOR. Thomas J.
Sturtevant. Welleslev, Mass. It is estimated that there are now 23,000,-
Mr. James Prentice Sneddon, director of
1.378,273. LIFE-SAVING APPARATUS. Gio- 000 horses in the United States, and
vanni Piceo, New York, N. Y. 19,000.-
manufacturing activities for Babcock & Wil-
1.378.365. AIR-BRAKE SYSTEM. Donald R. 000 of them would be required to equal the
MacBain, Cleveland. Ohio. cox Co., Bayonne. N. J., died recently at
1.378,395. AIR-BRAKE SWITCH. Ferdinand power now supplied by the central electric sta-
Bechoff and Maurice M. Samuels. New York, Johns Hopkins hospital. Baltimore, following
N. Y. tions of the countrv.
two operations. Mr. Sneddon was also vice-
1,378.717. AIR SATUR.^TING TOWER. Har-
old Neilsen. Middlesex,and Frederick Deacon president of the Pittsburgh Seamless Tube
Marshall, Westminster, London, England,
1,378,805. DRY-PIPE -ACCELERATOR. Ar-
A steam shovel is rehandling coal on the Co.. Beaver Falls. Pa. He was 58 years of
thur C. Rowlev, Philadelphia, Pa. island of Spitzbergen. well within the Arctic
24MAY circle. The bottom layers of the coal are
1,378,910. AIH-PUMP. John W. Smith, Phila- frozen and it cannot be taken out with the grab Mr. Milan R. Bump of New York, chief
delphia, Pa.
1,378,922. INTERMITTENT-VACUUM MAS- bucket. engineer for Henry L, Doherty & Co., has
SAGE-MACHINE. George A. Ward, Chica-
go, 111. been elected president of the National Elec-
1,379,096, PNEUMATIC-TIRE PUMP. John The C. & G. Cooper Company of Mount tric Light Association, which held its annual
C. Gilbert, Grafton. Mass.
1,379,221. PROCESS FOR PURIFYING AIR. Vernon, Ohio, have added Dallas, Texas, to meeting in Chicago recently.
Henry P. Scott and AVilliam G. Bond, Wil-
mington, Del. their chain of branch offices at Suite 626,
1,379,248. ROTARY
AIR-COMPRESSOR. John Great Southern Life building in Dallas, where Mr. F. M. Feiker, vice president and chair-
O. Carrey. St. Louis, Mo.
1,379,360. BLOWPIPEAPPARATUS. Ray- those interested can procure information on man of the editorial board of the McGraw-
mond B. Pickering. Alameda. Calif.
1,379,403, PNEUMATIC BALL-PROJECTOR, all equipment.
This includes Corliss Steam Hill Company, has been appointed personal
Charles R. Green. Indianapolis. Ind. Engines, large horizontal heavy duty gas en- assistant Herbert Hoover,
1,379,548. FLUID-PRESSURE RAIL-BRAKE. to Secretary of
Peter J. Gaillard, Chicago, 111. gines for either direct connected generator or Commerce, with the title of assistant to the
compressor service, and the smaller single- secretarv.
acting direct driven compressor units. These
latter have been developed especially for the Mr.
\V. S. Hanley, chief engineer of the
severe service in the southwestern oil and New Orleans Great Northern, and stationed
gas fields. at Bogalusa, La., has been appointed chief
Mr. H. P. Simpkinson, who has been trans- engineer of the St, Louis Southwestern, with
ferred from the home office of the C. & G. headquarters at Tyler, Tex.
Cooper Co., is in charge of the new branch
at Dallas, Tex. The plans include a service Mr. Quartus Almon Gillmore, superinten-
department. dent of the ore docks of the American Steel
& Wire Co. at Cleveland, died at his home
Another reduction in price of Hercules Ex-
Figures compiled by the Bureau of Foreign
recently.Mr. Gillmore was born at Lorain,
plosives and Blasting Supplies was announced
Ohio, and was 60 years of age at his death.
on June i. Hercules 40 per cent gelatin was and Domestic Commerce, United States De-
After graduating he started in the dredging
reduced $3500 per ton on that date. The partment of Commerce, show that in the
business with his father and was later em-
present price of this grade, which may be tak- month of April machinery and machine tools
ployed by the city of Lorain.
en as a fair example, is 25 per cent below that to the value of $2,055,422 were exported from
of 1918. It should also be remembered that the United States.
explosives did not raise in price in proportion
Report of the Bureau of Mines
The Tenth .Annual Report of the Bureau
to other supplies, during the war.
Because African producers cannot dispose of Mines of the U. S. Department of the
In addition to reducing its prices, the com-
of their stones readily, they are curtailing the Interior, for the fiscal year ending June 30,
pany also announced the development of
production of diamonds. Of the 11,000 people 1920, has been issued. It is difficult to give it
—
formulae the result of exhaustive studies and
normally employed in the diamond cutting in- an adequate notice within the space which can
experiments— which have enabled it to dis-
dustry in Amsterdam, Holland, almost 8,000 be spared. The Bureau is doing a wonderful
continue the manufacture of high freezing
are out of work. amount of honest, thorough work of untold
dynamites without sacrificing any desirable
practical value, and its work increases con-
feature which those grades possessed. This
For reasons of economy and tinually. This is suggested in the opening
means that Hercules Extra and Gelatin dyna- difficulties of
Iiaragraph of the report:
mites, Hercules Special No. and Hercomite,i
operation all the air mail routes, except the
"During the year the completion and
and most of the Straight Nitroglycerin dyna- transcontinental line from New York to San
dedication of the magnificent Pittsburgh sta-
mites and Red H Permis.sible Kxplosives can Francisco, will be abandoned. The St. Paul-
tion and central laboratories of the Bureau of
now be used without thawing under all tem- C'hicago, St. Louis-Chicago and other short
Mines marks an epoch in its growth. For the
perature conditions that are encountered in routes already have been discontinued.
first time the Bureau of Mines has a suitable
practically any blasting work.
home and central headquarters for field and
It is proposed to electrify all French ca- investigative work, and for this reason es-
The greatest depth yet found in any ocean nals which carry more than 2,000,000 tons of pecially the bureau should be able to begin a
is 32.088 feet, at a point about 40 miles north
traffic per annum. Sections of various canals period of even greater usefulness to the min-
of the island of Minrlanas in the Phillippincs. already electrified show that this program will ing and metallurgical industries."
At this d*pth the pressure must
water be mean a saving of about 1.500.000 tons of coal The Bureau is apparently quite well satisfied
nearly seven tons to the square inch.
per annum. In 19J0 French canals handled with itself, as it has good reason to be The
96,518,681 tons of merchandise, as against 52,- report is enumeration of the de-
a concise
A computation of the distribution of the 428,400 tons handled in 1919. During the tailed work actually done, and without a
various metals in the crust of the earth indi- war 645 miles of French canals were destroyed wasted word occupies about 150 pages, which
cates that about per cent, of the weight
11/2 Since the armistice 632 miles have been wholly we make
find it impossible to abstracts from
consists of iron and about 5 per cent, alumi- reconstructed. or condense.
cuMi'iii:ssi:i) All! M.Ki.i/.iM-: 10201
August, 1921
COOLING, HEATING AND breeze throughout the auditorium and its cool-
VENTILATING SYSTEM ing effect is decidedly noticeable.
In the cold weather, the volume of air is
Kk SIN'CK large aiKliti>ruiin> have been for perfect
minimum reiiuircd
E\ built the question ot heating, ventilating
reduced to the
ventilation. then passed over heal-
This air is
and cooling such spaces has been an acute prob-
ing coils and treated in the same manner as fur
lem, appreciated only by the lew heating and
the cooling system. With a system at present
ventilating engineers si)ecializing in this class
being marketed there is no necessity for the
ol work. To the "man on the street" an audi-
use of direct radiators and in addition all ex-
torium, a church or a theatre is either too
pensive excavating and duct work are elim-
cold, too warm or smells badly. Perhaps he
inated. In many buildings it has been found
leaves with a I'eeling of heaviness or a head-
that this system, namely the "Typhoon," can
ache which he blames on eyestrain or, in fact,
direct
be installed for the same price as a
'- ituliiuUr.
lliiinl '"
anything but bad ventilation. If none of these t!/lil<""'< /'
heating system.
conditions apply, he simply doesn't notice that are blade braced and strengthened by means of
is
The general features of the system
he was comfortable— the matter never occurs a reinforcing piece closely riveted and before
shown in the illustrations.
to him. Yet, in the latter case, the audi- shipment each fan is completely assembled
The fan is built in sizes from two to
torium was properly heated and ventilated. construct-
and accurately balanced.
twelve feet. It is substantially
.\bout ten years ago, this matter was serious- important feature is its bearings.
.Another
ed to the smallest detail and is built pri-
with a view to- All sizes with self-aligning ball
are supplied
ly considered by engineers marily for service of the most exacting kind.
wards studying these problems and supplying bearing contained in dust-proof grease cases.
Its square angle iron framework readily adapts
the requirements of a system which would This bearing has been used with satisfac-
itself to most forms of construction, but, when
tion and, when set in a grease case, the bear-
do away with all such defective ventilation. necessary, a round frame can be furnished
ing may be run for many months without any
The standard system today utilizes large fan and the fan set in a brick wall.
attention whatsoever.
units constructed to handle enormous volumes The cast iron ring supporting the spiders
large center disc prevents back lash of
The
of air at a very low rate of power consump- is conical in shape and the blades are cut at an
A air through the center of the fan and the
tion. This air is propelled through the audi- angle to fit closely to its inner surface.
large number of blades gives an adequate
torium in large volumes at low velocity, and great deal of the efficiency of the fan is due
volume of air.
insures for each person in the room, an abun- to this characteristic, as the side slip of the air
In conjunction with the system, there may
dant supply of clean, fresh air. from the blades is deflected by the slope of
also be installed a system of temperature con-
as follow the natural flow
During the hot summer months, this tre- the ring so to
trol which will accurately maintain any tem-
mendous volume of air produces a distinct of all the air passing through the fan. Each
perature desired. This control is maintained
by means of a thermostat set in the room and
connected to the heating medium with small
piping containing compressed air. The com-
pressed air when released uses this energy to
close the steam valves or to operate dampers.
.A small electrically driven air compressor is
M. E., Member A. S. M. E.
The Compression, Transmission and Application of Air. with
New Third Edition. 986 Pages. Price $5.00.
Special Reference to the Lifting and Conveying of Liquids in EXPLOSIVES, by Brunstcig. Munroe d Kibler.
connection with the Displacement Pump and Air Lift. Price $3.50.
266 Pages, 6x8 Inches, 124 Figures. Price $4.00 net.
MODERN TUNNELING, by Brunton d Davis.
AIR COMPRESSION AND TRANSMISSION, by H. J. Thoekel- Price $4.50.
son.
Contains clear, simple explanations of the thermodynamic phe- WATER SUPPLY, by Mason.
nomena involved. Of value to Designers, Consulting Engineers. Price $5.00.
Factory Superintendents and Operating Engineers.
207 Pages 0x9, 143 Illustrations. $2.50 (3-4), Postage AMERICAN HIGHWAY ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK, by Arthur
Prepaid. H. Blanchard. Editor-in-Chief and Seventeen Associate
.
Editors.
COMPRESSED AIR PLANT, by Robert Peele, Mining Engineer. 1658 Pages, Illustrated. Price $7.00 net.
The Production, Transmission and Use of compressed air. with
special reference to Mine Service. HIGHWAY INSPECTORS' HAND BOOK, by Prevost Hubbard.
Fourth edition, revised and enlarged. Profusely Illustrated. 372 Pages, 55 Figures. Price $2.50.
Price $4.50.
BOW TO MAKE AND USE GRAPHIC CHARTS, by Allan C.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS' POCKET BOOK, by William d S.. with introduction by R. T. Dana.
Haskell. B.
Robert Kent. 530 Pages, Illustrated, Price $0.00 net.
1526 Pages. 4x6%. Fully Illustrated. $7.00 net.
PRACTICAL APPLIED ELECTRICITY, by Prof. Moreton.
COMPRESSED AIR PLANTS, by Robert Peele. Air workers must know much about electricity, and there Is
A thoroughly practical book with full information gathered no book from which all the essentials can be so readily and so
from actual work in all lines and formulas, rules and tables for completely obtained as this.
the necessary computation. 440 Pages 7x4>4, 430 Illustrations. $2.00 net. Postage
518 Pages 6x0, 209 Illustrations. $4.50, Postage Prepaid. Prepaid.
THE SUBWAYS AND TUNNELS OF NEW YORK, by Gilbert- ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRICITY, by W. H. Timbie
Wightman and Saunders. d H. H. Higbie.
It is absolutely true that the cost of these works, built and Vol. I. First Course, 534 pages, 381) figures. Cloth $3.50 net.
building, is greater than that of the Panama Canal and this book Vol. II. .Second Course, 720 pages, :<S7 figures. Cloth $4.00 net,
tells about them.
$5.00 net. Postage prepaid. MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF BUILDINGS. VOLUME II,
POWER PLANTS AND REFRIGERATION, bv Louis Allen
AMERICAN CIVIL ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK, by Mansfield Harding d Arthur Cutts Willard.
Merriman, Editor-in-Chief, and a Staff of Experts. 750 pages. Illustrated. Flexible "Fabrlkold" Binding $7.00 net.
Fourth Bdltion, Just Published, 1055 Pages. Price $7.00.
HANDBOOK OF COST DATA, by Balbert P. Gillette.
Gives methods of construction and detailed actual costs of 1057 Pages, 606 Figures. Cloth $0.00 net.
mat«rial and labor on all kinds of engineering work. .MINING ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK, by Robert Peele.
lOOO Pages, numerous Tables and Illustrations, $6.00. In one and two volume editions. One volume edition, 2375
HANDBOOK OF ROCK EXCAVATION, by Ilalbert P. Gillette. pages. Price $7.00 net. Tno volume edition) Vol. I,
1225 pages. Vol. II, 1216 pages. Price $8.00.
An eminently practical work covering fully and completely
the drilling, excavating, quarrying and hiindling of rock. THE MINES HANDBOOK. INCLUDING THE COPPER
840 Pages, 184 Illustrations, 87 Tables, $6.00. HANDBOOK, by Walter Harvey Weed.
Contains 1.992 pages of carefully compiled facts and figures.
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND COSTS, by It bristles with Information of a kind th.it Is Indispensable to
Halbert P. Gillette and Chas. S. Hill. the Banker. Broker, Investor and Machinery Manufacturer.
Treats of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of all Price $I5.no. In foreign countries $10^(0.
kinds, giving working detall.s and full data of costs.
700 Pages, 300 Illustrations, $5.00. TECHNICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, edited by Roger
Ca.itte Oriffcn.
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICITY, by W. H. Timbie. book contains a ropre.«entatlve selection of analytical
This
This book glve.q the "how" and "why" of good, sound electrical methods which have been adopted as standard procedures In a
practice, large cumnierrlal laboratory iiigaKi-d in lechnloal analysis
553 Pages, 415 ilgurrs. Cloth $2.75 net. First Kdltlon, 666 pages, lilnslratcd. Pricel $0.0O net.
—
Note Subscriptions entered for our readers for all technical, trade and general magazines, tvherrver published. Books on any
mbject, or of any nature, sought and purchased for readers, without extra charge.
service for thirty, forty or even fifty years and are still giving
satisfactory service.
Write for
Bulletin 7304
Cameron Pumps
Please aid the Advertiser by mentioning Co.mpressed Air Magazine when u-riting
Adv. i6 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI, No. VIII
Blow-Gun
Air Valve
Cleans Work Benches and
Machine Tools
SAVES AIR
A»k your dealer for "Powell Air
Valves and Cocks" or write u»
The Perfection
Engine and Machine Washer
Starting and PressureUnloader (PATENTED)
(Richards Patent)
M. W. BAILEY
30 Church Street. New Vork
Sole Hitinufacturer
No Chasing Around
— up grease cups and bearing caps every
filling
hour or two.
— No taking cups, no risking danger with mov-
off
ing machinery.
— no mopping up drip on or greasy iron steps
floors
or guard — no trouble or worry
rails when you at all
use Albany Grease
— because Albany Grease "stays put"
— it holds its body and consistency, and feeds automati-
cally in just the right proportion to the need.
Once you've put it to work, you can
sit down and take it easy as far as
your lubricating work is concerned
Vou will be surprised to learn the
many advantages that Albany Grease
has over the ordinary grease.
1868 for
qualilr p roi
fa ADAM COOK'S SONS
unexcelled 708-710 Washington St., New York
Please aid the Advertiser by mentioning Comprjssed Ai» Magazinb when miting
Adv. i8 COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE Vol. XXVI. No. VIII
THANKS—
To Mr. Wm. H. Keller— a line of
Pneumatic Tools has been espec-
ially designed and built tor your
particular industry. Get our pro-
position on KELLER- Mf^STER:
Chippine Hammers Corliss Ualve Drills
Riveting Hammers Ualveless Drills
Sprague Steel Armored Hose is extremely flexible and so Scaling Hammers Sand Rammers
constructed that it cannot kink or burst and the fittings can- Staybolt Riveters Rotary Grinders
not blow out. It is recommended for use where hard service Jam Riveters R vet Cutters
i
JARECKI MFG. CO. All SliCT. Alt T.%pc< lor All Prt<Hiirc< to MccI Ao> HnslnecrInK KntiilrrmcnU
ERIE, PA. Bury Compressor Co., IIOI West 17th St., Erie, Pa.
As a matter of rccif^rocal busi»c.ss toiirlisy. /ii7/' Iim, , i, suits
August, IQ^I COMPRESSliD AIR M.H.A/.IM: Adv. ig
Removes Water
from
Compressed Air
Stratton Air Separator
Centrifugal force accomplishes the separation.
No pressure loss through the separator.
Simple construction — no moving parts to get out of Older.
Reasonable in price.
Ingersoll-Rand Company
General Offices : 1 1 Broadway, New York
IngensoU-Rand
Please aid the Advertiser by iiieiitioniiu/ Compressed Air .Mag.azine tvlien ivriting
^^^^Z^^.S'^^^ »>n ,r.>-TE=n^
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i
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