DESIGN OF WALLS FOR WATER TANK

DESIGN CODES AND REFERENCES

BS 8007 : Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous Liquids

BS 8110 (i): Structural use of concrete - Code of practice for Design and construction.
BS 8110(iii): Design charts for singly reinforced beams, Doubly reinforced beams and rectangular columns

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Grade of concrete ( fcu ) = 30.00 N/mm2

High yield strength deformed bars of grade Fe 460
Grade of steel ( fy ) = 460.00 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of steel, Es = 200000.00 N/mm2

Load Data:
Concrete unit weight = 25.00 kN/m3
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 200.00 kN/m2 (At 1m below FGL)
(As per Doc.No.-PECC-066 clause 17.4)
Clear cover
Clear cover
Base raft = 75.00 mm
Wall (water face) = 40.00 mm As per BS 8007
(Soil face) = 40.00 mm
Soil
Unit weight = 16.5 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction = 40 Degree
Friction coefficient, soil-concrete = 0.5
Design ground water elevation = 100.00 m
Factor of safety against overturning = 2.00
Factor of safety against sliding = 1.50
Factor of safety against buoyancy = 1.10

Liquid (As per Doc.No.-PECC-066 clause 2.3

Unit weight of liquid (Water) w = 10.00 KN/m3

Surcharge
A surchargeload of 10kN/m2 is considered on toe portion due to vehicle load or -
loading during maintenance period.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL WALL:

Case i ) :: Tank full (and no external pressure is acting)
0.40
1.50

6.00
7.2

0.50
6.00
6.00
Plan Elevation
Data:-
The boundary condition assumed is both sides and bottom fixed and top hinged
Length of the tank 2a = 6.00 m
Breadth of the tank b = 6.00 m
Ht of tank from bottom of base slab h1 = 7.20 m
Height of water in tank h2 = 6.70 m
Height of water in tank below the Ground level = 6.70 m
Height of water in tank above the Ground level = 0.10 m
Bottom thickness of tank longer walls t1 = 0.40 m
Thickness of tank base slab t2 = 0.50 m
Bottom thickness of tank short walls t3 = 0.40 m
Invert level of the entry pipe = 1.50 m
Max.W.L

6.70 m

0.40
w h1
0.50 m

6.00 m
Pressure due to water inside tank:
Pressure due to water, at top of base slab, p 1 = w * (h1)
= 10 * 6.7
= 67.00 kN/m2

Horizontal force due to water, considering depth (h1), = 1/2 * p1 * (h1)

(acts at a height of h1/3 from top of base slab) = 0.5 * 67 * 6.7
= 224.45 kN/m

Case ii ) :: Tank empty & pressure from soil and surcharge acting on the outer face of tank

10 KN/m2
0.10
1.50

0.50
Pressure diagram
Co efficient of active earth pressure, Ka = 1- Sinf = 0.217
1+ Sinf
Lateral Soil Pressure at top of base slab, p2
Ka* gs * h1 = = 24.04 kN/m2
Lateral Pressure due to surcharge
Ka* gsur = 2.17 kN/m2
Total force on the wall due to soil pressure, Psoil
0.5*Ka*gs * h12 acting at h1/3 from base of slab = 80.53 kN/m
Total force on the wall due to surcharge pressure, Psur
Ka*gsur * h1 acting at h1/2 from at top of the slab = 14.57 kN/m

Case i) MOMENTS & REACTIONS FOR UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD from Moody's Chart

Y
y=b
b = 6.70 a=3

x=a X
q
2a = 6.00

q (at top of base slab) = 24.04 kN/m2

wall thickness 400.00 mm

a/b 0.45

Condition:- Top Hinged and other three sides fixed

Bending Moment
Co-efficient a
x=0 0.0269
x = 0.2a 0.0085
x = 0.4a -0.0023
x = 0.6a -0.0081
x = 0.8a -0.0110
x=a -0.0119

Maximum Horizontal Bending (Mx)

At (y/b = 1 or y=b)
Mx (x = 0) = a * q * b2
= 0.0269 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= 29.03 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.2a) = a * q * b2
= 0.0085 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= 9.17 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.4a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0023 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -2.48 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.6a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0081 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -8.74 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.8a) = a * q * b2
= -0.011 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -11.87 kN.m/m
Mx (x = a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0119 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -12.84 kN.m/m
 OUTSIDE TANK
-11.87 -12.84
-8.74
-2.48
0 0.2a 0.4a 0.6a 0.8a 1a X

9.17
29.03 INSIDE TANK

Maximum Horizontal Bending

Support Inside tension = 29.03 kN.m/m
Mid Outside tension = -12.84 kN.m/m

Maximum Vertical Bending (My)

At (x/a = 1 or x=a) Bending Moment

My (y = b) = a * q * b2 Co-efficient a
= 0 * 24.04 * 6.7^2 y=b 0.0000
= 0.00 kN.m/m y = 0.8b -0.0044
My (y = 0.8b) = a * q * b2 y = 0.6b -0.0089
= -0.0044 * 24.04 * 6.7^2 y = 0.4b -0.0116
= -4.75 kN.m/m y = 0.2b -0.0052
My (y = 0.6b) = a * q * b2 y=0 0.0320
= -0.0089 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -9.60 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.4b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0116 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -12.52 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.2b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0052 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -5.61 kN.m/m
My (y = 0) = a * q * b2
= 0.032 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= 34.53 kN.m/m

Y
b 0.00

0.8b -4.75

0.6b -9.60
INSIDE TANK OUTSIDE TANK
0.4b -12.52

0.2b -5.61

34.53 0.00

Maximum Vertical Bending

Support Inside tension = 34.53 kN.m/m
Mid span Outside tension = -12.52 kN.m/m
Shear

Shear Co-efficient
gx = 0.27
gy = 0.3225

Maximum Shear
Horizontal Rx = gx * q * b
0.265 * 24.04 * 6.7
42.68 kN/m
Vertical Ry = gy * q * b
0.3225 * 24.04 * 6.7
51.94 kN/m

Summary of results

Horizontal Bending Moment (Mx)

support centre of span
kNm/m kNm/m
Case1 29.03 inside -12.84 outside

Vertical Bending Moment (My)

support centre of span
kNm/m kNm/m
Case1 34.53 inside -12.52 outside

Shear (kN/m)
Hor (Rx) Ver (Ry)
Case1 42.68 51.94

Case ii) -A MOMENTS & REACTIONS FOR UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD from Moody's Chart

Y
b = 6.70 y=b
a=3

6.70
x=a X
q
2a = 6.00

q (at top of base slab) = 24.04 kN/m2

wall thickness 400.00 mm

a/b 0.45

Condition:- Top Hinged and other three sides fixed

Bending Moment
Co-efficient a
x=0 0.0269
x = 0.2a 0.0085
x = 0.4a -0.0023
x = 0.6a -0.0081
x = 0.8a -0.0110
x=a -0.0119
Maximum Horizontal Bending (Mx)
At (y/b = 1 or y=b)
Mx (x = 0) = a * q * b2
= 0.0269 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= 29.03 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.2a) = a * q * b2
= 0.0085 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= 9.17 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.4a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0023 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -2.48 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.6a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0081 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -8.74 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.8a) = a * q * b2
= -0.011 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -11.87 kN.m/m
Mx (x = a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0119 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -12.84 kN.m/m

OUTSIDE TANK
29.03 -12.84

0 0.2a 0.4a 0.6a 0.8a 1a X

9.17 -11.87
-2.48 -8.74 INSIDE TANK

Maximum Horizontal Bending

Support Inside tension = 29.03 kN.m/m
Mid Outside tension = -12.84 kN.m/m

Maximum Vertical Bending (My)

Bending Moment
Co-efficient a
y=b 0.0000
y = 0.8b -0.0044
y = 0.6b -0.0089
y = 0.4b -0.0116
y = 0.2b -0.0052
y=0 0.0235

At (x/a = 1 or x=a)
My (y = b) = a * q * b2
= 0 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= 0.00 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.8b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0044 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -4.75 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.6b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0089 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -9.60 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.4b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0116 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -12.52 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.2b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0052 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= -5.61 kN.m/m
My (y = 0) = a * q * b2
= 0.0235 * 24.04 * 6.7^2
= 25.36 kN.m/m
 Y
b 0.00

0.8b -4.75

0.6b -9.60
OUTSIDE TANK INSIDE TANK
0.4b -12.52

0.2b -5.61

25.36 0.00

Maximum Vertical Bending

Support Inside tension = 25.36 kN.m/m
Mid Outside tension = -12.52 kN.m/m

Shear

Shear Co-efficient
gx = 0.16
gy = 0.26

Maximum Shear
Horizontal Rx = gx * q * b
0.1567 * 24.04 * 6.7
25.24 kN/m
Vertical Ry = gy * q * b
0.2647 * 24.04 * 6.7
42.63 kN/m

Case ii) -B MOMENTS & REACTIONS FOR UNIFORM LOAD from Moody's Chart

Y
b = 6.70 y=b
a=3

6.70
x=a X
q
2a = 6.00

q (at top of base slab) = 2.17 kN/m2

wall thickness 400.00 mm

a/b 0.45

Condition:- Top Hinged and other three sides fixed

Bending Moment
Co-efficient a
x=0 0.0572
x = 0.2a 0.0197
x = 0.4a -0.0036
x = 0.6a -0.0172
x = 0.8a -0.0242
x=a -0.0263

Maximum Horizontal Bending (Mx)

At (y/b = 1 or y=b)
Mx (x = 0) = a * q * b2
= 0.0572 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
 = 5.58 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.2a) = a * q * b2
= 0.0197 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= 1.92 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.4a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0036 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= -0.35 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.6a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0172 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= -1.68 kN.m/m
Mx (x = 0.8a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0242 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= -2.36 kN.m/m
Mx (x = a) = a * q * b2
= -0.0263 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= -2.57 kN.m/m

OUTSIDE TANK
5.58 -2.57

0 0.2a 0.4a 0.6a 0.8a 1a X

1.92 -2.36
-0.35 -1.68 INSIDE TANK

Maximum Horizontal Bending

Support Inside tension = 5.58 kN.m/m
Mid Outside tension = -2.57 kN.m/m

Maximum Vertical Bending (My)

Bending Moment
Co-efficient a
y=b 0.0000
y = 0.8b -0.0192
y = 0.6b -0.0224
y = 0.4b -0.0191
y = 0.2b -0.0037
y=0 0.0512

At (x/a = 1 or x=a)
My (y = b) = a * q * b2
= 0 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= 0.00 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.8b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0192 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= -1.87 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.6b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0224 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= -2.19 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.4b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0191 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= -1.86 kN.m/m
My (y = 0.2b) = a * q * b2
= -0.0037 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= -0.36 kN.m/m
My (y = 0) = a * q * b2
= 0.0512 * 2.17 * 6.7^2
= 5.00 kN.m/m
 Y
b 0.00

0.8b -1.87

0.6b -2.19
OUTSIDE TANK INSIDE TANK
0.4b -1.86

0.2b -0.36

5.00 0.00

Maximum Vertical Bending

Support Inside tension = 5.00 kN.m/m
Mid Outside tension = -2.19 kN.m/m

Shear

Loading for ht b
Shear Co-efficient
gx = 0.48
gy = 0.45

Maximum Shear
Horizontal Rx = gx * q * b
0.4751 * 2.17 * 6.7
6.92 kN/m
Vertical Ry = gy * q * b
0.4525 * 2.17 * 6.7
6.59 kN/m

Case II Horizontal Bending Moment (Mx)

Outside Tension Inside Compression
kN.m/m kN.m/m
Varying Load (G) 29.03 -12.84
Uniform Load (Q) 5.58 -2.19
Total 34.61 -15.03

Vertical Bending Moment (My)

Outside Tension Inside Compression
kN.m/m kN.m/m
Varying Load (G) 25.36 -12.52
Uniform Load (Q) 5.00 -2.19
Total 30.36 -14.70

Shear (kN/m)
Hor (Rx) Ver (Ry)
Varying Load 25.24 42.63
Uniform Load 6.92 6.59
Load Comb. 32.16 49.22

Summary of results

Horizontal Bending Moment (Mx)

support centre of span
kNm/m kNm/m
Case 1 29.03 inside -12.84 outside
Case 2 34.61 inside -15.03 outside

Vertical Bending Moment (My)

support centre of span
kNm/m kNm/m
Case 1 34.53 inside -12.52 outside
Case 2 30.36 inside -14.70 outside
 Shear (kN/m)
Hor (Rx) Ver (Ry)
Case 1 42.68 51.94
Case 2 32.16 49.22

DESIGN

Design for combined bending and direct tension

1. servicebility limit state

Assuming thickness of wall, t3 = 400.00 mm

Clear cover for reinforcement = 40.00 mm
Dia of bar used = 16.00 mm
d = 352.00 mm
d-(t3/2) = 152.00 mm
= 0.15 m
b = 1000.00 mm
Horizontal moment, M = 34.61 kNm/m
Shear in one wall will act as axial tension on other wall
shear in long wall = direct tension in short wall
Ft from other face = 42.68 kN/m

M
Ft Ft

t3/2
M Ft
d-t3/2 d t3

e > (d-t3/2)

Find eccentricity , e
e = M/Ft
e = 34.611 / 42.68
e = 810.93 mm
e is greater
 Modified moment and tension steel ( Strength Design)
Note:- only the steel can resist the direct tension . Therefore the above condition can be
represented by the diagram below.

Asc t3/2 Ft/2

M
As d-t3/2 d t3
Ft/2
T
e > (d-t3/2)
Layers of steel Stress diagram
Design of Horizontal reiforcement

fy= 460 N/mm2 characteristic strength of rein. (BS 8110: 3.4.4.1 gm=1,05)
fcu= 30 N/mm2 characteristic strength of concrete (BS 8110: 3.4.4.1 gm=1,50)
d'= 40 mm cover to reinforcement
f= 16 mm selected diameter
d= 352 mm [E - (d' + f/2)] depth of tension reinforcement
b= 1000 mm section width

M1 = M - (Ft * (d-t3/2))
= 34.61 - (42.68 * 0.152)
M1 = 28.12 kNm/m
= 28123174.33 Nmm/mm
= 28123174.33 Nmm/mm
As Per BS 8007, Table 3.1
Flexural tension fy = 100.00 N/mm2

z= 349 mm {d*[0,5 + (0,25 - K / 0,9)1/2]} lever arm

z max = 334 mm z < 0,95d

allowable flexural tension= 100.00 N/mm2

As required= M/σs.z + Ft/σs

As1 = 28123174.3/100*334.4
841 mm2/b
As2 = = Ft/σst
= 42.68* 1000/841
= 50.75 mm2/b
tal area of steel , Ast req = 1450.75 mm2/b
For top & bottom Ast req = 725.37 mm2/b

Provided minimum percentage of reinforcement As per BS 8007 Table A.1

100As/Ac = 0.35 %
As1 = pt*B*D/100
= 0.35* (1000 * 400/100)
As1 = 1400.00 mm2

@
Ast Dia of Bar
c/c
Required 16 277
Provided 16 150

As Provided = 1340.4 mm2/b

Provide 16 tor @150 c/c
Actual As resisting M = 1400*1340.4/725.4
= 2587.05 mm2
Actual As resisting Ft = 50.7*1340.4/725.4
= 93.78 mm2
%age of As resisting M = 2587*100/1000*352
= 0.735
From Table 9.10 'X' & 'Z' factors for sections reinforced in tension only-
Serviceability limit state.
X = 0.375 x 352 132.00 mm
Z = 0.875 x 352 308.00 mm
Design of Vertical reiforcement
Find eccentricity , e
e = M/Ft
e = 34.531 / 51.941
e = 664.81 mm
e is smaller
M = 34.53 kNm/m
= 34530544.49 Nmm/mm
Factored Bending moment = 34530544.49 Nmm/mm
As Per BS 8007 ,
Flexural tension fy = 100.00 N/mm2
z max = 334 mm z < 0,95d

Estimate of stress = 100 N/mm2

As required= M/σs.z + Ft/σs

As1 = 34530544.5/100*334.4
1033 mm2/b
As2 = = Ft/σst
= 51.94* 1000/100
= 519.41 mm2/b
Total area of s Ast req = 1751.41 mm2/b
Ast provided for both the sides
Ast req = 875.704

Provided minimum percentage of reinforcement As per BS 8007 Table A.1

100As/Ac = 0.35 %
As1 = pt*B*D/100
= 0.35* (1000 * 400/100)
As1 = 1232.00 mm2

@
Ast Dia of Bar
c/c
Required 16 230
Provided 16 150

As Provided = 1340.4 mm2/b

Provide 16 tor @150 c/c
Actual As resisting M = 1232*1340.4/1751.4
= 942.89 mm2
Actual As resisting Ft = 519.4*1340.4/1751.4
= 397.52 mm2
%age of As resisting M = 942.9*100/1000*352
= 0.268
From Table 9.10 'X' & 'Z' factors for sections reinforced in tension only-
Serviceability limit state.
X = 0.249 x 352 87.65 mm
Z = 0.917 x 352 322.78 mm

ii) Ultimate state:-

Design of Horizontal reiforcement

M1 = 34.61 kNm/m
= 34610535.95 Nmm/mm
Factored moment = 48454750.33 Nmm/mm

Assume k' = 0.156 (Assuming redistribution does not exced 10%)

K= 0.0076 [Mumax/(b*d2*fcu)]
K'= 0.156 (where redistribution does not exceed 10%)
 K < K' Compression reinforcement is not required

Mu/(b*d2*fcu) = 48454750.3/30*1000*352,^2,
0.0130
From Table 9/11
z = 0.95d
z/d = 0.9500
z = 334.40
z= 349 mm {d*[0,5 + (0,25 - K / 0,9)1/2]} lever arm
z max = 334 mm z < 0,95d

[Mumax/(0,95*fyk*z)] area of tension reinforcement(for width b)

Area of steel required for moment,
As required= = M / (0.95 * fyk * Z)
0.87 fyk = 437
As1 = 48454750.3/437*334.4
332 mm2/b
Area of steel required for axial tension,
As2 = = Ft/(0.87 * fyk)
= 51.94* 1000/437
= 118.86 mm2/b
Ast req = 1518.86 mm2/b
Ast req = 759.43 mm2/b

Provided minimum percentage of reinforcement As per BS 8007 Table A.1

100As/Ac = 0.35 %
As1 = pt*B*D/100
= 0.35* (1000 * 400/100)
As1 = 1400.00 mm2

@
Ast Dia of Bar
c/c
Required 16 265
Provided 16 150

As Provided = 1340.4 mm2/b

Provide 16 tor @150 c/c

Check for Shear in Horizontal & Vertical direction

Nominal shear stress

tv = V/Bd
where, V = Shear force due to design loads
With factor V = 64.93 Kn
tv = 64925.96/ (1000*352)
Actual shear stress t v = 0.18 N/mm2
100Ast/bvd = 1340.41*100/ (1000*352)
= 0.38
Permissible shear stress in concrete ( BS 8110, Table 3.8)
t c = 0.79{100As/bVd}1/3(400/d)1/4/Ym)
=
{100As/bVd}1/3 should not be taken as greater than 3

(400/d)1/4 should not be taken as less than 0.67 for members without shear reinforcement.

(400/d)1/4 should not be taken as less than 1 for members with providing shear resistance of ≥0.4 N/mm2

For characteristic concrete strengths greater than 25N/mm 2, the value in this table may be multiplied by
(fcu/25)1/2. The Value of fcu should not be taken 40

Allowable shear stress t c = 0.79{100As/bVd}1/3(400/d)1/4(fcu/25)1/2/Ym)

= 0.79(0.4)1/3(400/352)1/4(623/25)1/3/1.25
1.18 N/mm2
o.k
Since ( t v < t c ) no shear reinforcement is required, Hence section ok

Calculation of minimum reinforcement

 r crit = fct / fy

r crit is the critical ratio, i.e the minimum ratio, of steel to the gross area of concrete
section , required to distribute the cracking,
fct is the direct tensile strength of immature concrete (usually taken at the age of
3days as 1.6 N/mm2. for grade C35A
fy is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement given in Table 3.1 of BS 8110 -1:1985

r crit = fct / fy
= 1.6/460
= 0.003478261
3.47826E-05
Calculation of Crack spacing
smax = fct / fb x ø/2r

Where,
fct / fb is the ratio of the tensile strength of the concrete (fct) to the average bond strength (fb)
between concrete and steel.
ø is the size of each reinforcing bar.
r is the steel ratio based on the areas of surface zones.
smax = fct / fb x ø/2r
From table A.1 BS 8007 for fb 2.4 N/mm2
fct /fb 0.67

smax = fct / fb x ø/2r

= 0.67*(16/2*0.0035)
= 1541 mm
= #REF!

= #REF!
#REF! kN/m2

#REF! kN/m