General Elections

By
Prof M Basanna

Our democracy is one of the biggest democracies in the world. Elections are
held once in 5 years to elect the Government. But, now days they are held every
now and then. This has led to the following difficulties.

1. It involves a large sum of money.

2. It requires a lot of human resource.
3. It needs transportation facility, security measurements, etc.

There might be other problems too. All these could be minimized if we make
some changes in the method of conducting elections.

The elections to Legislative Council are held once in 6 years. Here, some
members are elected by teachers, some by graduates, some by MLAs, and some
others nominated too. So is the case of election to Rajya Sabha. In fact both
Legislative Council and Rajya Sabha are redundant and unnecessary in my
opinion. Their jobs could be done by the Governor of the State and President of
India. They may be abolished to minimize expenditure. This modus operandi can
be adopted in all elections.

Today democracy has become the rule of Party Government. It is no less

than the rule of King or an Absolute Ruler. According to democratic principle, any
eligible candidate can contest in the election. But the party prevents it and limits
it one for each party. This is nothing but taking away one’s right to election.
Therefore all parties should go and only people should form the government. For
this, the following procedure be adopted. All parties must be ignored, as no party
emerges as a major party in elections these days.
 Now let us examine the structure of our administration. Village Panchayaths
are at top of the list. Elected by all eligible voters.

Village Panchayaths – Elect Taluk Panchyath Members

↓
Taluk Panchyaths – Elect Zilla Parishath Members and MLAs
↓
Zilla Panchayaths – Elect MPs

1. In elections to the Village Panchayaths all eligible voters can exercise

their franchise. By this way, the voters give their all constitutional rights.

2. Any eligible candidate may contest in the elections. The elections must
be held only once in a period of 5 years.

3. After election, a list of all candidates has to be prepared in the order of

number of votes secured in the election. The seniority will be on the
basis of votes secured. The senior member will serve as the member of
Village Panchayath.

4. They can elect the office bearers among themselves by election or

unopposed. No nomination allowed.

5. They can elect among themselves a Taluk Panchayath Member. If a

member is elected to the next cadre / resigns / dies the next senior
member from the list above will replace him automatically. No bye-
election.

6. These rules apply to the election of Taluk Panchayath and Zilla Parishath.

7. Village Panchayath members shall elect Taluk Panchayath members and

MLAs.

8. MLAs shall elect their Chief Minister and other Ministers.

9. Taluk Panchayath members shall elect Zilla Parishath members and MPs.

10. MPs shall elect their Prime Minister and other Ministers
 Public Examinations
By

Prof M Basanna

Today Examination System has become a farce. Every time the examination
starts, we read in news papers that Question paper leaked, Mass copying, Staff
involved in mass copying, etc.

More than that, some examiners refuse to take valuation work. Even if they
take valuation will be erratic. Correct answers are undervalued or crossed out.
Often they demand for more remuneration, more TA and DA. There might be
other problems even. But, what is the remedy? Is there any way to overcome
this? There is a way! Here it is . . .

It is well said that the class teacher is the best judge to examine his
students. Therefore, it is suggested that periodic tests and examinations be
conducted by the respective Institutions and the results declared by themselves.
But how?

An average of 4 tests – 2 before mid-term and 2 after mid-term – one mid-

term and one annual examination are to be conducted. Valuation done, results
declared and students promoted to the next class automatically. Remember, no
failures will be there ! This also prevents Home Tuitions / Private Coaching ! !

But, what is the modus operandi? We allot Grades in Tests and

Examinations. The grades are specified as follows.

% Marks Grade
75 – 100 A
51 – 74 B
26 – 50 C
0 – 25 D
 The grades may be tabulated as below.

SlNo Names I Test II Test Mid-term III Test IV Test Annual GPA

1 C
2 A
3 B

GPA C A B C B A -
This will help one to find the subjects of interest to a student.
Grade Point Average (GPA) can be calculated as follows. Let us assume a
weight-age: A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1. Suppose a student secures the grades
in 4 tests and 2 examinations as C, D, A, B, C, A. then his GPA is
(C + D + A + B + C + A)/6 = (2 + 1 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 4)/6=2.66 ≈ 3.
This corresponds to grade B. therefore his GPA is B. Similarly, GPA in each
test / examination may be evaluated.
A teacher may find it difficult to do this job. But, this is extremely simple. He
shall maintain a register to enter grades and weight-ages.
Grades Weight-age
Sl No Names
1 2 3 4 5 6 GPA 1 2 3 4 5 6 GPA
1
2
3
A cumulative record may be maintained for each student. Separate records
for primary, secondary, college . . . are desirable.

The next question is: How to get entry to next higher class or How to get
into job? The answer is simple. This can be done by holding Entrance
Examination on the lines with CET. This could be done either by indidual
Institutions or by pooling.
 Three Language Formula
By

Prof M Basanna

India is a land of rich culture and heritage. People in different regions speak
different languages. In order to achieve uniformity in language speaking,
Government of India promulgated Three Language Formula in 1968 for easy
communication. According to this, people in Hindi speaking area must learn
Hindi, English, one other language (a South Indian language). Similarly, people
in non-Hindi speaking area must learn Hindi, English and the regional language.

Thus, it is clear that we, the people of Karnataka, have to learn:

1. Kannada – Regional language.
2. Hindi – National language.
3. English – International language.
Though all the three languages are taught in our schools, there is no
uniformity regarding the textbooks. Each language has its own textbook. The
subject matter is different in different languages. The student may find it difficult
to learn the language.

I am of the opinion that words/sentences with common meaning will be

found useful. There must be a single textbook having all the three languages –
Kannada, English and Hindi – with common meaning. You can find a model book
created by me, which you may find on Internet. (K– E– H Reader, at my website
(http://sites.google.com/site/mbasanna).

A few lessons are given below.

¥ÁoÀ 1 Lesson 1 mÉÉPû 1

CªÀÄä Mother qÉÉiÉÉ

C¥Àà Father ÌmÉiÉÉ
¸ÉÆÃzÀgÀ Brother pÉÉD
¸ÉÆÃzÀj Sister oÉWûlÉ
CdÓ Grand father SÉSÉ
CfÓ Grand mother SÉSÏ
aPÀÌ¥Àà Uncle cÉÉcÉÉ
aPÀ̪ÀÄä Aunt cÉÉcÉÏ
ªÀiÁªÀ Father in law xÉxÉÑU
C½AiÀÄ Son in law SÉqÉÉS
CvÉÛ Mother in law xÉÉxÉ
¸ÉÆ¸É Daughter in law oÉWÕû

¥ÁoÀ 17 Lesson 17 mÉÉPû 17

£Á£ÀÄ §¸ÀªÀ I am Basava qÉæÇ oÉxÉuÉ WÕûð

¤Ã£ÀÄ PÀªÀÄ® iÉÔ MüqÉsÉ Wæû
You are Kamala
EªÀ£ÀÄ PÉñÀªÀ He is Keshava rÉWû MåüzÉuÉ Wæû
CªÀ¼ÀÄ CgÀÄt She is Aruna uÉWû AÂhÉ Wæû
EzÀÄ ¨ÉPÀÄÌ This is a cat rÉWû ÌoÉssÉÏ Wûæû
CzÀÄ E° That is a rat uÉWû cÉÔWûÉ Wæû
EzÀÄ UÀrAiÀiÁgÀ This is a clock rÉWû bÉQûÏ Wæû
CzÀÄ 'ÉÃR¤ That is a pen uÉWû MüsÉqÉ Wæû
EzÀÄ ¥ÀŸÀÛPÀ This is a book rÉWû mÉÑxiÉMü Wæû
CzÀÄ aî That is a bag uÉWû jÉæsÉÏ Wæû

¥ÁoÀ 27 /Lesson 27/ mÉÉPû 27

£À£Àß ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ PÀ«vÀ. £Á£ÀÄ MAzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ

vÀgÀUÀwAiÀÄ°è NzÀÄvÉÛãÉ. EzÀÄ £À£Àß ¥ÁoÀ±Á'É.
gÁªÀÄtÚ£ÀªÀgÀÄ £ÀªÀÄä UÀÄgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ. CªÀgÀÄ £ÀªÀÄUÉ
ZÀ£ÁßV PÀ°¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. £ÀªÀÄä vÀgÀUÀwAiÀÄ°è E¥ÀàvÀÄÛ
«zÁåyðUÀ½ zÁÝgÉ. £ÁªÉ'Áè ZÀ£ÁßV NzÀÄvÉÛêÉ.
¸ÁAiÀÄAPÁ® £ÁªÀÅ ±Á'ÉAiÀÄ°è DlªÁqÀÄvÉÛêÉ.
DlzÀ£ÀAvÀgÀ £ÀªÀÄä ªÀÄ£ÉUÀ½UÉ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÉÛêÉ.
My name is Kavitha. I study in first
standard. This is my school. Ramanna is
our teacher. He teaches us well. There
are twenty students in our class. All of us
study well. In the evening, we play in the
school. After play we go to our homes.
qÉåUÉ lÉÉqÉ MüÌuÉiÉÉ Wæû| qÉæÇ mÉWûsÉÉ uÉaÉï qÉåÇ mÉRûiÉÏ WÕûð|
rÉWû qÉåUÏ mÉÉPûzÉÉsÉÉ Wæû| UÉqÉhhÉÉeÉÏ WûqÉÉUÉ aÉÑ WûæÇû|
uÉå WûqÉå AcNûÏ iÉUWû ÍxÉZÉÉiÉå WæûÇ| WûqÉÉUå uÉaÉï qÉåÇ
oÉÏxÉ ÌuɱÉjÉÏï WæÇû | WûqÉ xÉoÉ AcNûÏ iÉUWû mÉRiÉå WæûÇ|
 zÉÉqÉ MüÉå WûqÉ mÉÉPûzÉÉsÉÉ qÉå ZÉåsÉiÉå WæÇ| ZÉåsÉ Måü
oÉÉS WûqÉ WûqÉÉUå bÉU eÉÉiÉå WæûÇ|

Same teacher may be trained to teach all the three languages. Such
textbooks must be written for the classes I, II and III. From class IV onwards
textbooks with different topics in respective languages may be used. By then the
students will be in a position to understand the subject.

Logarithms
By
Prof M Basanna

Logarithms are least understood by many students. Logarithms are used to

simplify arithmetical problems. The logarithm of a number consists of two parts.
We must first understand the basics of logarithms.

1. Integer part called characteristic – positive or negative. Obtained by

inspection.
2. Decimal part called mantissa – always positive. Obtained from logarithms
table.

To find characteristic, we define the position of decimal point after first non-
zero digit of a number as zero characteristic position (z c p). By finding the shift
of decimal point from z c p we can obtain the characteristic. A shift to right is
positive and a shift to left is negative. For negative characteristic the minus sign
is placed on the top of the characteristic. The characteristic helps us only to fix
the decimal point in the final result.

To find the mantissa, we use logarithms table. First of all,

1. The position of decimal point is ignored.

 2. The number is approximated to 4 figures and divided into 3 parts as
follows.

e.g., 375.563 → 3756 → 37 : 5 : 6

In the logarithms table, move down the first column till figure 37. You will
see 5682. This is mantissa of 3700. Now, move horizontally to column headed by
5. You will find 5740. This is the mantissa of 3750. Move further horizontally to
column headed by 6. There is 7. Adding this to 5740 we get 5747. Prefixing
decimal point we get the mantissa of 3756 as 0.5747. Similarly mantissa of other
numbers can be found.

Logarithms of some numbers are tabulated below to illustrate the method of

finding the logarithms of a number. Study them carefully and understand how it
is done.

Number D.P. Shift Characteristic Mantissa Logarithm

2.345 0 0 0.3701 0.3701
76.89 1 → Right 1 0.8859 1.8859
318.96 2 → Right 2 0.5038 2.5038
0.5670 1→ Left 1 0.7536 1 .7536
0.006453 3 → Left 2 0.8098 2 .8098

Working with logarithms. In any arithmetical operation the characteristic and

mantissa are separately evaluated and simplified. Observe the following
operations carefully and study the steps properly.

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

1.2376 1.2376 2 .1755 4.3510
+ 2 .1755 − 2 .1755 x2 ÷2
1 .4131 3.0621 4.3510 2 .1755
3 .5678 3 .5678 2 .8943 4.6829
+ 2 .8943 − 2 .8943 x3 ÷3
4.4621 2 .6935 4.6829 2 .8943
To find antilogarithms, After making logarithmic operations, result must be
converted to number. This is done by finding antilogarithms.
 1. The characteristic part is noted separately.
2. Mantissa part with decimal part is divided into 3 parts as follows.
0.5747 → 0.57 : 4 : 7

In the antilogarithms table, move down the first column till figure 0.57. You
will see 3715. Now, move horizontally to column headed by 4. You will find 3750.
Move further horizontally to column headed by 7. There is 6. Adding this to 3750
we get 3756. This is the antilogarithm of 0.5747. Note that it contains no decimal
point and decimal point has to be fixed with the help of characteristic. Similarly
antilogarithms of other logarithms can be found.

We shall revisit the first table above.

Number Characteristic Mantissa Logarithm Antilogarithm Number

2.345 0 0.3701 0.3701 2345 2.345
76.89 1 0.8859 1.8859 7690 76.89
318.96 2 0.5038 2.5038 3590 319.0
0.5670 1 0.7536 1 .7536 5670 0.5670
0.006453 2 0.8098 2 .8098 6454 0.006454
Observe that the entries in the first and last columns are nearly equal. Thus,
the process of evaluation is as below.

Number → Logarithms → Simplification → Antilogarithm → Number

Let us work out a few examples.

1. 2.345 × 76.89
N=
318.96 × 0.5670 Numerator Denominator
anti log = 9968 0.3701 2.5038
characteristic = 1 + 1.8859 1 .7536
2.2560 2.2574
∴N = 0.9968
− 2.2574
1 .9986
 2. 318.96 × 0.006453
N=
0.5670 Numerator Denominator
anti log = 3631 2.5038 1 .7536
characteri stic = 0 + 3 .8098
∴ N = 3.631 0.3136
− 1 .7536
0.5600
3. (2.345) 2 × 76.89 0.3701 3 .8098
N=
0.006453 0.3701
anti log = 6551 + 1.8859
characteristic = 4 2.6261
∴ N = 65510 − 3 .8090
4.8163

SI Units and Dimensions

By
Prof M Basanna

SI is an international system of units introduced in 1960 for use in the field

of science and technology. The system has 7 base units, 2 supplementary units
and a number of derived units with proper names.

The Base, Supplementary and Special Derived Units are listed below.

Quantity Symbol SI Unit Unit Symbol Dimension

Base Units:
Length l meter m L
Mass m kilogram kg M
Time t second s T
Current I ampere A A
Temperature θ kelvin K K
Luminous Intensity I candela cd -
Quantity Symbol SI Unit Unit Symbol Dimension
Amount of Substance n mole mol mol
Supplementary Units:
Plane Angle θ radian rad -
Solid angle ω steradian st -
Derived Units:
Frequency n hertz Hz -
Force F newton N -
Work / Energy W/E joule J -
Power P watt W -
Charge Q coulomb C -
Capacitance C farad F -
Voltage / e.m.f V volt V -
Resistance R ohm Ω -
Magnetic flux φ weber Wb -
Magnetic Induction B tesla T -
Inductance L henry H -

SI Units and Dimensions of Derived Quantities

SI units of derived quantities can be expressed as a combination of base and
supplementary units. Some of these are given special names. To deduce the SI
unit of a derived quantity we use its defining equation.

Each base unit has a dimension. Dimensions of other derived quantities can
be expressed as a combination of dimensions of base units. This can be done
with the help of their defining equations too.

The procedure to find SI unit and dimension of derived quantities is

illustrated below.

SI Unit of Area = length x breadth = m x m = m2

Dimension of Area = length x breadth = L x L = L2
 SI Unit of Velocity = distance / time = m / s = ms–1
Dimension of Velocity = distance / time = L / T = LT–1

SI Unit of Acceleration = velocity / time = ms–1/ s = ms–2

Dimension of Acceleration = velocity / time = LT–1/ T = LT–2

SI Unit of Force = mass x acceleration = kg x ms–2= N (Special Unit)

Dimension of Force = mass x acceleration = M x LT–2 = M LT–2

Similarly, the SI units and dimensions of other derived quantities can be

calculated. Some of them are shown in the table below.

The following is the list of SI units and Dimensions of some useful quantities:

Quantity Definition SI Unit Dimension

2
Area A = lb m L2
Volume V = lbh m3 L3
Density D = m/V kgm–3 ML–3
Velocity v = s/t ms–1 LT–1
Acceleration a = v/t ms–2 LT–2
Momentum p = mv kgms–1 MLT–1
Force F = ma kgms–2 = N MLT–2
Moment G = Fd Nm ML2T–2
Work / Energy W = Fs mN = J ML2T–2
Power P = W/t Js–1 = W ML2T–3
Angular displacement θ = s/r – –
Angular velocity ω = θ/t s–1 T–1
Angular momentum Γ = Iω kgm2s–1 ML2T–1
Angular acceleration α = ω/t s–2 T–2
Torque τ = Iα kgm2s–2 ML2T–2
Moment of inertia I = mr2 kgm2 ML2
Gravitational constant G = Fd2/m1m2 Nm2kg–2 M–1L3T–2
Pressure P = F/A Nm–2 = Pa ML–1T–2
Surface tension T = F/l Nm–1 MT–2
Viscosity η= F/[A(v/x)] Nsm–2 ML–1T–1
Specific heat s = Q/mθ Jkg–1K–1 L2T–2K–1
Latent heat L = Q/m Jkg–1 L2T–2
Thermal conductivity k = Q/[At(θ)] wm–1K–1 MLT–3K–1
Electric charge q = It As = C –
Electric intensity E= F/q = -[V/x] NC–1 = Vm–1 –
Electric potential V = W/q JC–1 = V –
Capacitance C=q/V CV–1 = F –
 Quantity Definition SI Unit Dimension
Voltage V = W/q JC–1 = V –
Resistance R = V/I VA–1 = Ω –
Resistivity σ = AR/L Ωm –
Conductivity ρ = 1/σ Ω–1m–1 –
Magnetic induction B = φ/A Wbm–2 = T –
Inductance L = –e/(dI/dt) VsA–1 = H –
Permittivity – Fm–1 –
Permeability – Hm–1 –
Rules in writing SI Units: Three important rules in writing SI units are,
1. Special units only must be written in capital letters and other units in small
letters. e.g., N, C, H, m, kg, s.
2. No plural form is allowed. e.g., kgs for kilograms, Js for Joules are wrong.
3. SI unit must be written in one line. e.g., m/s is wrong, but ms–1 is correct.

SI Prefixes: Only the following prefixes are allowed.

Sub-multiples Multiples
pico nano micro milli kilo mega giga tera
p n µ m k M G T
–12 –9 –6 –3 3 6 9
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1012
Some examples:
1 pF = 10–12 F 1 mm = 10–3 m
1 kHz = 103 Hz 1 GB = 109 Byte
1 mH = 10–3 H 1 MΩ = 106 Ω