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Ê Population growth and the associated factors like urbanization and industrialization
produce a huge negative impact on the environment such as climate changes, air
pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, soil erosion, loss of habitat and more

^Ê uorld population continues to grow, environmental problem become more


complex, energy becomes insufficient, and demands for technology increase.

^Ê 2hanges in population size, rate of growth and distribution h ave a far-reaching


impact on the environment and on development prospects

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 ms a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time
that range from decades to millions of years.

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is the management of waste to prevent harm to the environment, injury or
long progressive damage to health.

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^Ê Ooil erosion is a complex process encompassing detachment, transport and


deposition and is caused by wind, water and physica l disturbance.

^Ê Oediment is naturally-occurring material that is broken down by processes of


weathering and erosion is subsequently transported by the action of fluids such as
wind, water or ice and by the force of gravity acting on the particle itself.

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is the introduction of chemicals,particulate matter, or biological materials that
cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural
environment into the atmosphere.

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unwanted or offensive sounds that unreasonably intrude into our daily
activities.

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flood magnitude depends on precipitation intensity, volume,
timing and phase.

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The amount of water being drawn out through wells becomes
greater than the amount of water that seeps into them, the water table will lower, causing
many wells and springs to flow less, and, in some cases, dry up.

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Habitat loss is caused by natural disaster and human destruction. Human
destruction is when human decide to build houses and buildings or clear and to build.

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^Ê The process by which an atmosphere warms a planet naturally is called the natural
greenhouse effect. uhen the sun's energy enters Earth's atmosphere, a substantial
amount of radiation is reflected back from the surface. Much of this radiation cannot
escape the atmosphere because of various gases in the atmosphere, such as water
vapor and carbon dioxide.

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i.Ê water vapor

ii.Ê carbon dioxide (2 

iii.Ê ozone and methane

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i.Ê urning natural gas, coal and oil

ii.Ê Oome farming practices and land-use changes

iii.Ê Many factories produce long-lasting industrial gases

iv.Ê Deforestation

v.Ê Population growth


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^Ê The earth heats up (the temperature rises.

^Ê 2hanges in the atmosphere have been observed to cause temperature increases.

^Ê mt happens when greenhouse gases trap heat and light from the sun in the earth͛s
atmosphere, which increases the temperature.

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i.Ê aising temperatures - raise sea levels as well, reducing supplies of fresh water

ii.Ê Many of the world͛s endangered species would become extinct.

iii.Ê 2ertain vector-borne diseases carried by animals or insects

iv.Ê Malaria

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^Ê mt is caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (22s and other ozone -depleting


substances ( DO, which were used widely as refrigerants, insulating foams, and
solvents.
^Ê uhen 22s reach the stratosphere, the ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes
them to break apart and release chlorine atoms which react with ozone, starting
chemical cycles of ozone destruction that deplete the ozone layer.

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Ê uater vapor (Nature and Man


Ê 22's (2hloroluoro2arbons 
Ê Halons (Man
Ê 2arbon tetrachloride and methylchloroform (found so far in increasing amounts
at lower altitudes, Nature and Man
Ê romine oxide (volcanos, and bromine from manmade sources
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i.Ê Human Health- Okin cancer, high risk of health effect


ii.Ê Plants - Plant diseases
iii.Ê Marine Ecosystems - decreased reproductive capacity, impaired larval development
Effects on iogeochemical 2ycles - affect terrestrial, aquatic biogeochemical cycles
iv.Ê Materials - accelerate their breakdown

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Ê ms a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e. elevated levels
of hydrogen ions (low pH.

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Ê ?cid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air.

Ê mt can also be caused naturally by the splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy
produced by lightning strikes, o r the release of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere
by volcano eruptions.

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Ê aemoving useful nutrients from the soil, acid rain slows the growth of plants.

Ê ?ttacks trees directly by eating holes in the waxy coating of leaves and needles,
causing brown dead spots. mf many such spots form, a tree loses some of its ability to
make food through photosynthesis.

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Ê mn soil, acid rain dissolves and washes away nutrients needed by plants and dissolve
toxic substances, such as aluminium and mercury.
Ê The acidic compounds in the rainfall or melting snow change the chemistry of soil
and stripping of the vegetation and ultimately, fewer habitats to support the
ecosystem


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Ê Most farm crops are less affected by acid rain than are forests.

Ê Mountain farms are more at risk where the thin soils in these higher elevations
cannot neutralize so much acid.

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Ê ?cid rain falls into and drains into streams, lakes and sea. The acidic water will
disturb ecology under water such as coral and fish.

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Ê pand animals dependent on aquatic organisms are also affected. Ocientists have
found that populations of animal living in or near water polluted by acid rain ar e
declining in some regions.
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Ê ?cid rain and the dry deposition of acidic particles damage buildings, statues,
automobiles, and other structures made of stone, metal, or any other material
exposed to weather for long periods.
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Ê The acidification of surface waters causes little direct harm to people. Toxic
substances leached from soil can pollute local water supplies.
Ê The most serious side effect is respiratory problems, including asthma and dry
cough. ther health problem s include headache, eye, nose and throat irritation.
Ê Toxic particles of mercury and aluminium find their way into fruits, vegetables and
grasses. nce eaten by animals, these toxic particles are retained in their organs, and
although this poses no threat to the animal, it does pose a threat to humans who
consume them.

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^Ê The density of the cloud in relation to the air is an important factor. ?part from
the intrinsic density under normal temperature and pressure condition, the
following such as density at emisson temperature, emisson temperature and
possibility of moist formation also need to be considered


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^Ê The gas released into the atmosphere may react as follows. or example
oligomerization (H, hydration (O  , hydrolysis (U 


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^Ê The source term is characterized in particular by; mass flow, dimension of the
source, height of the source above ground and temperature

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^Ê The weather is obviously an essential dispersion parameter. mt my be influenced


by the geometri of the site and by local flow phenomena, such as thermal near a
furnace, fire or a cooling tower

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i.Ê Point source


ii.Ê pine sources
iii.Ê ?rea source
iv.Ê Volume source

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Ê Oource 2haracteristic
Ê Downwind distance
Ê uind speed and direction
Ê Otability

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ther volatile organic Paints, solvents, wood Eye, nose, and throat irritation,
compounds preservatives, aerosol sprays, headaches, loss of coordination;
cleaners and disinfectants, nausea, damage to kidney and
moth repellents, air fresheners, central nervous system. Oome cause
hobby supplies, and dry cancer in animals. Oome may cause
cleaned clothes cancer in humans.

Pesticides Garden and lawn chemicals, Eye, nose, and throat irritation,
poisons for pest control damage to central nervous system
and kidney, cancer

y-products of Unvented kerosene and gas Eye, nose, and throat irritation,
combustion (such as heaters, wood- and gas-burning impaired lung function and
2 ,2 ,N x fireplaces, leaking chimneys respiratory function in children,
and furnaces, tobacco smoke. bronchitis, lung cancer, flu-like
symptoms

ormaldehyde Pressed wood products Eye, nose, and throat irritation,


(hardwood, plywood wall coughing, fatigue, rashes, and
paneling, particleboard allergic reactions. 2auses cancer in
iberboard used in buildings animals. Death at very high
and furniture, urea- concentration.
formaldehyde, textiles, glue.
Environmental 2igarettes, cigars and pipes. Eye, nose, and throat irritation,
tobacco smoke headaches, pneumonia. mncreased
risk of respiratory and ear infections
in children. pung cancer and
increased risk of heart disease

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^Ê uater resources management is a multidisciplinary field that addresses issues


related to developing and protecting water resources.
^Ê ?reas covered are flooded protection, adequacy of water supplies, environmental
impacts, recreation, and economic development.

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^Ê Through regulatory and enforcement ;regulate farming and animal husbandry in


order to reduce pollution from non point sources, such as runoff containing
fertilizers
^Ê Public awareness and education are also important to ensure the successful of water
resources management.
^Ê adoption of the cr adle to grave policy
^Ê Establishing effective water quality monitoring network, which is capable of
providing warning on pollution incidents and pin pointing the responsible parties

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i.Ê Precipitation
ii.Ê ceans
iii.Ê aivers
iv.Ê pakes
v.Ê Groundwater

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Ê iodiversity is an umbrella term that includes not only world total genetic and
species diversity of animals, plants and microorganisms but also the total
diversity of the world͛s ecosystem.
Ê The most straightforward definition is "variation of life at all levels of biological
organization". ? second definition holds that biodiversity is a measure of the
relative diversity among organisms present in different ecosystems\

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^Ê ood and drink


^Ê Medicines
^Ê mndustrial materials
^Ê Ecological services
^Ê peisure, cultural and aesthetic value

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Ê ?rea that has been gazette as a protected/reserved area by the government or


UNEP.
Ê mt can be forest, coastal, marine, island or anything that considered important to be
undisturbed by human activity.
Ê mn this area any human activity won͛t be allowed if there is any proved of disruption
penalties or fine will be given.

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^Ê uetland are areas of marsh, fen peat land or water, whether natural or artificial,
permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, freshwater, brackish or
salt, including area or marine water the depth of which a low tide does not exceed 
meters.

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^Ê aeduce ecological disturbances cause by human


^Ê ? variety of programs and tools to preserve, protect, and restore wetlands.
^Ê Private landowners, conservation organizations, as well as other governmental
agencies play their role.
^Ê 2ontrol the activities of:

i.Ê ver drainage


ii.Ê mntensification of agricultural practices
iii.Ê uaste dumping
iv.Ê open biomass burning
v.Ê 2areless river channel modification and alignment
vi.Ê Drastic land used changes

 

 
 

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