Probability Theory

Lecturer: Prihatin Ningsih Sagala, S.Pd., M.Si.

CRITICAL JOURNAL REVIEW

“ Factors Affecting the Probability of Academic Cheating School

Students in Tehran”

Created By:
Name : Cindy Fildza Lubis (4163312004)
Class : Bilingual Mathematics Education 2016

MATHEMATICS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES
THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
 PREFACE

Criticizing a journal or more is one of the activities that must be mastered by the students.
Moreover, to our prospective educators of the nation. Many jpurnalss are in circulation today
commonly criticized. Both in terms of writing, whether or not suitable resource materials to
the reader, and in terms of completeness of the materials.
The purpose of my writing this critical journal is not to increase our ability to judge a journal.
Nor is there any intention to marginalize some particular party. In this paper I include the
strengths and weaknesses of a book. Both in terms of writing and using language, materials
submitted materials, and in terms of completeness of the materials. Because basically no
perfect journal. It is expected that no parties were offended upon presentation of this paper.
Because this paper I created from angle of a reader.
In conclusion I would like to thank the Almighty God and lecturers, as well as all those who
helped me in completing this paper. Do not forget, I apologize if there are still deficiencies in
the delivery in this paper.

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 Table of Contents

PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... ii
I. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
II. Summary .................................................................................................................... 1
III. Advatages and Weakness ........................................................................................... 2
IV. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 2
V. Suggestion .................................................................................................................. 3

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I. INTRODUCTION
The article with the title " Factors Affecting the Probability of Academic
Cheating School Students in Tehran " taken from Procedia Journal of Social and
Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 29, 2011, Pages 1587-1595, the purpose of this study
is to identify Factors affecting the probability of academic cheating school
students in Tehran. Academic cheating is an almost new subject in the field of
education in Iran and its consequences are not visible. Cheating is known as an
immoral activity in the academic environment to learn. Twenty-fold from all
regions sampled in Tehran that the method is a class type and groups relatively
time is selected. The sample size is approximately 336 students. Results show that
social and economic status, a commitment to discipline and rules and also history
of cheating a significant relationship are related with the possibility of cheating.

II. SUMMARY
Class control is considered to have a poor relation with cheating probability with
unacceptable significance. But cheating record is reported to be directly and
significantly related with cheating probability. It shows the relation between the
willingness to do something and commitment to that. Age as a variable has
indicated a very poor and insignificant correlation. It seems that the low variance
of the age is one of the reasons from statistical point of view for showing poor
correlation. The severity of the punishment shows poor, negative, and significant
relation, that is to say the more severe punishment the less probability for
cheating. The poor correlation of this variable might be explained with the
perceived chaos in the school discipline. Past performance or students' average is
in poor, indirect, and insignificant relation with the mentioned variables. Other
students' commitment to cheating indicates a direct, quite mean relation with the
probability of cheating but with suitable level of significance. In other words, the
higher the average of cheating among students of a class, the higher the
probability of cheating would be in that class.
Students of higher socio- economic status have reported their probability to cheat
more than the others. But respondents with more inner motivation to learn were
more committed to discipline and less probable to cheating. Finally, the
consequence of this behavior, i.e. cheating, as other researchers have reported in
their studies, could be traced in unethical, non-professional behaviors which have
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 been discussed in detail in the section of "contemporary research and theories".
On the other hand, these people are turning gradually irresponsive to the concepts
like justice, respect for others' rights, etc. and even facing dishonesty in their very
close and intimate relationships. As suggested above, cheating does damage the
inter-personal trust. The three levels of macro, middle, and micro will be taken
into the consideration in the final section (according to the variables of analytical
model). Social structure, norm-making, and issues regarding the character will be
discussed in first, second, and third part respectively.

III. ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESS

a. Advantages
• Abstract in the journal gives a clear picture of the entire contents of the
journal. So it helps the reader in understanding the journal.
• Writing methods used by the author is quite good and in accordance
with the type of research conducted.
• Good writing also makes language easy to understand, so this journal
is recommended to read in increasing insight.
• The author uses the supporting data created into the table. Where this
makes it easier for the reader to understand

b. Weakness
• Despite the obvious and good abstraction, it is best if the author keeps
a summary of the journal.
• No discussion and result included in the journal. Where the author
directly make a conclusion.
• The use of tables does not just make the journal interesting. Should be
added images or graphics.

IV. CONCLUSION
At the macro level and in the social systems which are based on general and
universal social consensus, personality systems expected to reflect generalized
emotional dependence, generalized collective identity, generalized internal
commitment, rationalism, and universalistic orientation toward Social and cultural
objects according to Parsons. Social control in the consensus order is more based
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 on the sense of shame and guilt rather than fear and horror because in such an
order peoples' conduct is regulated through internal commitment and self-
regulation and the deviation from the social rules will be less probable. As
discussed above, informal and internal penalties like the sense of guilt is more
effective. In his sociological analysis, Kemper has recounted 5 distressful
emotions; sense of guilt, shame, anxiety, depression, and anger as the products of
social relation. From his point of view a person will feel guilty when his/her
behavior is not in accordance with internalized ethical value . F. Nye also believes
that internal control acts through socialization of the child and conscience
formation; i.e. internalization of the norms, values, and shame and guilt feeing in
the case of deviation as effective ways of social control and supervision especially
in family.

V. SUGGESTION
Students should be responsive toward their choices (accountability). Creation of
an atmosphere based on honesty and trustworthy as the main norm of the small
and large groups and the main criterion of the academic identity should be
considered in policy making. Learning passion and truth seeking should be
considered in all class activities within and without. To promote the standards
during academic years, committees, research programs, and annual lectures on the
subject could be helpful. Students should be aware of the importance of academic
honesty for the high school staff. And teachers should feel obliged to respond to
cheaters in proper time and way. Students should be reminded of other choices
like receiving consult to overcome stress, depression, and family crisis in difficult
situations (the situations which are almost excuses for justifying cheating) rather
than cheating.