Form 5: Chapter 13 (Linear Law)

SPM Practice
Fully-Worked Solutions

Paper 1

1 y = px 2 + qx 3 (a) y = mx 2
y log10 y = log10 mx 2
= px + q
x
log10 y = log10 m + log10 x 2
y log10 y = log10 m + 2 log10 x
For the point (2, 6), x = 2 and = 6.
x
log10 y = 2 log10 x + log10 m
∴ 6 = p(2) + q … 1
y Y-intercept
For the point (10, 2), x =10 and = 2. Gradient
x
∴ 2 = p(10) + q … 2
(b) (i) Y-intercept = –1
1 log10 m = –1
2 – 1 : –4 = 8p ⇒ p = –
2 m =10–1
1
1
For 1 : 6 = –  2(2) + q ⇒ q = 7 m=
10

(ii) Gradient = 2
2 y = 7x 2 – x 3 k – (–1)
=2
y 2–0
2 = 7 – x
x k+1=4
k=3
The straight line passes through the point (2, h).
y
Thus, x = 2 and 2 = h.
x
y 4 y = –3x 3 + 4
2 = 7 – x y 4
x
3 = –3 + 3 Divide throughout by x 3.
h = 7 – 2 x x
y 1
h = 5
The straight line passes through the point (k, 3).
x3  
=4 3 – 3
x
Rearrange

y (Y = 4X + c)
Thus, x = k and 2 = 3. y 1
x By comparison, Y = and X = 3 .
y x3 x
=7–x
x2
3=7–k
k = 4

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 1
5 y 2 = x(20 – x) p q
2 7 (a) = 1 – 2
y x
1
y 2 = 10x – x 2 1=1– q
2 y p px2
y2 1
x
= 10 – x
2

y  
1 = – q   1 – 1
p x2 p
y2 1 = Y-intercept = 3

Point (6, k)  x,
x : p
1 p=1
k = 10 – (6) 3
2
= 7
y2  x1 , 1y 
(b) (4, 5) ≡ 2


Point (h, 0)  x, 
p x  p
x 1 = – q   1 + 1
2
1 y
0 = 10 – h 5 = – q(3)(4) + 3
2
1 q = – 1
h = 10 6
2
h = 20

q
6 (a) y=
2x
q
log10 y = log10
2x
log10 y = log10 q – log10 2x
log10 y = log10 q – x log10 2
log10 y = –x log10 2 + log10 q

(b) Y-intercept = log10 q

–3 = log10 q
q = 10–3
1
q=
1000

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 Paper 2

1 (a) 2 (a)
x 1 2 3 4 5
→ x 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 1.32 1.76 2.83 5.51 13.00
y 5.18 11.64 26.20 58.95 132.63 298.42
→ x2 1 4 9 16 25
↑ log10 y 0.71 1.07 1.42 1.77 2.12 2.47
↑ log10 y 0.121 0.246 0.452 0.741 1.114
y = pk x
The graph of log10 y against x 2 is as shown log10 y = log10 p + x log10 k
below. log10 y = (log10 k) x + log10 p
log10 y Graph of log10 y against x2
The graph of log10 y against x is a straight-
1.1 line graph, as shown below:
log10 y Graph of log10 y against x
1.0
2.4
0.9
2.2
0.8
2.0
0.7
1.8
0.7
0.6
1.6

0.5
1.4 4
0.4 0.62
1.2
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.8

0.1 15
0.08 0.6
x2
O 5 10 15 20 25
0.4
0.36
0.2
x2
(b) y = ab Non-linear
2 x
log10 y = log10 a + x log10 b O 2 4 6 8 10 12
log10 y = (log10 b) x 2 + log10 a

(i) Y-intercept = 0.08 Linear

(b) (i) log10 p = Y-intercept
log10 a = 0.08
a = antilog 0.08 log10 p = 0.36
a = 1.2 p = 2.29

0.74 – 0.12 (ii) log10 k = gradient

(ii) Gradient = 2.12 – 1.42
16 – 1 log10 k =
10 – 6
0.62
log10 b = 0.7
15 log10 k =
4
= 0.04133
b = antilog 0.04133 log10 k = 0.175
= 1.1 k = 1.5

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 3 (a) p p
(ii) y = qx + = Y-intercept
qx q
x 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 p p
xy = qx 2 + = 5
y 7.0 7.7 8.4 9.9 10.1 11.0 q q
→ xy 17.5 23.1 29.4 39.6 45.5 55.0 q = Gradient p = 5
55 – 5 2
↑ x 2
6.3 9.0 12.3 16.0 20.3 25.0 q =
25 – 0 p = 10
The graph of xy against x 2 is as shown below. q = 2

xy Graph of xy against x 2 4 (a)

55 x 1 3 5 7 9 11
y 5 20 80 318 1270 5050
50 → x+1 2 4 6 8 10 12
↑ log10 y 0.70 1.30 1.90 2.50 3.10 3.70
45
The graph of log10 y against (x + 1) is as
shown below.
40 Incorrect

Correct log10 y Graph of log10 y against (x + 1)

35
4.0

30 50 3.5

3.0
25

2.5
3
20
2.0

15 1.5

1.0
10

10
0.5
5
25 0.1
(x + 1)
O
2 4 6 8 10 12
x2
O 5 10 15 20 25

(b) y = hq x +1
(b) (i) From the graph, the value of y which is log10 y = log10 h + (x + 1) log10 q
incorrectly recorded is 9.9. log10 y = (x + 1) log10 q + log10 h
The actual value of y is given by:
xyactual = 37 Gradient Y -intercept
4( yactual) = 37 Y-intercept = 0.1
yactual = 9.25 log10 h = 0.1
h = 1.26
3.7 – 0.7
Gradient =
12 – 2
log10 q = 0.3
q = 2

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 5 (a) 6 (a)

→ x 2 3 4 5 6 7 → x 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 8.0

y 7.0 11.3 16.0 21.2 27.0 33.2 y 2.66 3.54 4.72 6.28 8.35 9.19
y ↑ log10 y 0.42 0.55 0.67 0.80 0.92 0.96
↑ x
3.50 3.77 4.00 4.24 4.50 4.74

y y
Graph of x against x log10 y
x Graph of log10 y against x

5.0 1.0

4.5
0.9
0.85
4.0 4.5 – 3.5
= 1.0 0.8
3.5 0.96 – 0.55
3.4 6–2=4 0.7
= 0.41
3.0
0.6
2.5
8–3=5
0.5
2.0
0.4
1.5
0.3
1.0

0.2
0.5

x 0.1
O 1 1.6 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7 7 8
k
(b) y = 5hx 2 + x
h
y k Divided throughout
= 5hx + (b) (i) When y = 7.1, log10 y = 0.85.
x h by x.
From the graph, x = 6.7
(i) 5h = Gradient
(ii) y = bd 2x
4.5 – 3.5 log10 y = log10 (bd 2x )
5h =
6–2 log10 y = log10 b + log10 d 2x
5h = 0.25 log10 y = log10 b + 2x log10 d
h = 0.05 log10 y = (2 log10 d) x + log10 b
k log10 b = Y-intercept
(ii) = Y-intercept
h log10 b = 0.3
k b = 2.0
=3
0.05 (iii) 2 log10 d = Gradient
k = 0.15 0.96 – 0.55
=
8–3
(iii) When x = 1.6, from the graph,
y 0.41
= 3.4 =
x 5
y = 0.082
= 3.4
1.6
log10 d = 0.041
y = 5.44
d = 1.1

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 7 (a) 8 (a)
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 4 6 8 10 12 14
y 2.667 0.583 0.222 0.104 0.053 0.028 y 2.86 2.16 1.63 1.24 0.93 0.71
x2y 2.67 2.33 2.00 1.66 1.33 1.01 log10 y 0.46 0.33 0.21 0.09 –0.03 –0.15

(b) (b)

log10y
Graph of log10y against x
xy
Graph of x y against x
0.7
3.0
0.6
0.58
2.5
0.5
2.0 3–1=2
0.4

1.5
0.3

1.0 6–0=6 0.2

0.21 – (–0.15)
0.5 0.1 = 0.36

x O x
O 1 2 3 4 4.5 5 6 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

–0.1

(c) y = h + 1 2
14 – 8 = 6
–0.2
kx kx
2
xy= hx +1
k k (c) (i) y = hx
1
(i) = Y-intercept k
k log10 y = log10 h – x log10 k
1 log10 y = –(log10 k)x + log10 h
= 3
k log10 h = Y-intercept
k = 1 log10 h = 0.7
3 h = 5.01
h
(ii) = Gradient
k (ii) –log10 k = Gradient
3h = 3 – 1 = – 0.21 – (–0.15)
6–0 14 – 8
3h = – 1 = –  0.36
3 6
= –0.06
h = – 1
9 log10 k = 0.06
(iii) When x = 4.5, k = 1.15
x2y = 1.5 (iii) When x = 2, from the graph,
4.52y = 1.5 log10 y = 0.58
y = 0.074 y = 3.80

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