Victoria Faye M.

Paez III-15(Faithful)
♥Badminton♥
~Badminton is a complex and challenging game, with rules that have
evolved over generations. In order to fully enjoy your badminton set, it's
important to understand the terminology. The following is a basic
glossary of badminton terms.

~Fault: A violation of game rules, including but not limited to:

A serve that does not land in the service area.
A shot that lands outside the boundaries.
A player (or doubles partners) hitting the badminton shuttlecock twice
before it goes over the badminton net.
A birdie that touches the ground before it is returned.

~Some general rules and terms

1. A player may not touch the net with a racket or history body during play.
2. A birdie may not come to rest or be carried on the racket.
3. A birdie may hit the net on its way across during play and the rally can
continue.
4. A term of service is called an inning.
5. A player may not reach over the net to hit the shuttlecock.
6. A loss of serve is called a side out.
7. In class games will be played to 15 points and a match is 2 out of 3
games.
8. Some types of shots are the lob, drop shot, smash and drive.

~Serving

1. A coin toss or spin of the racket determines who will serve first.
2. The serve must travel diagonally (cross court) to be good.
3. A serve that touches the net and lands in the proper court is called a let
serve and is reserved, otherwise, only one serve is permitted to each court
until a side out occurs. A serve that is totally missed may be tried again.
4. The racket must make contact with the birdie below the waist on a serve.
5. The server and receiver shall stand within their respective service courts
until the serve is made.
6. Points may only be scored when serving.
7. All lines are considered in bounds.
8. In singles, when the server's score is an even number, the serve is taken
from the right side. When the server's score is an odd number, it is taken
from the left. (Serving in a doubles game is different)
♥Table Tennis♥
Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four
players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using table tennis rackets

~ game play
The player serving the ball commences a play. The server first stands
with the ball held on the open palm of the hand not carrying the racket,
called the freehand, and tosses the ball directly upward without spin, at least
16 centimeters (approximately 6 inches) high. The server strikes the ball
with the racket on the ball's descent so that it touches first his court and
then touches directly the receiver's court without touching the net assembly.
In casual games, many players do not toss the ball upward; however, this is
technically illegal and can give the serving player an unfair advantage.
The ball must remain behind the end line and above the upper surface,
known as the playing surface, of the table at all times during the service. The
server cannot use his body or clothing to obstruct sight of the ball; the
opponent and the umpire must have a clear view of the ball at all times. If
the umpire is doubtful of the legality of a service they may first interrupt play
and give a warning to the server. If the serve is a clear failure or is doubted
again by the umpire after the warning, receiver scores a point.
If the service is "good", then the receiver must make a "good" return
by hitting the ball back before it bounces a second time on receiver's side of
the table so that the ball passes the net and touches the opponent's court,
either directly or after touching the net assembly. And thereafter server and
receiver alternately make a return until a rally is over. Returning the serve is
one of the most difficult parts of the game, as the server's first move is often
the least predictable and thus most advantageous shot due to the numerous
spin and speed choices at his or her disposal.

♥Athletics♥
Track and field, also referred to as athletics, is a combination of sporting
events involving competitions pertaining to running, throwing and jumping.
Some of the prominent events in track and field are sprint, long distance
running, hurdles, relay, javelin throw, shot put, discus throw, high jump, long
jump, pole vault etc. Track and field competitions also include multiple event
competitions such as

~Track and Field Rules and Regulations

 Track and field rules followed at the international level are devised by
the International Association of Athletic Federation, the premier governing
body for athletics. Not only the contestants, but the officials are equally
committed to follow the rules with proper discipline. According to the
guidelines set by IAAF track and field, competitions should be held on
facilities with synthetic surface, passing the specifications stated the IAAF
Track Facilities Testing Protocols. As far as the age is concerned, 31st of
December of every particular year, in which the competitions are held, is
assumed to be the benchmark for athlete's age calculation. The athlete
should not wear any objectionable clothes. Clothes which are transparent, or
which would become transparent if they get wet in rain, should not be worn.
In most of the competitions, the bibs provided to the athletes, should be
worn on the chest as well as back. In javelin throw and pole vault though,
only one bib can be worn either on the chest or back. Shoes worn in the
competition must pass the IAAF guidelines. The shoes used by the
participating athlete should not give him any unfair advantage over the other
athletes. The number of spikes in the sole of the shoes should not exceed 11.
The size of spikes used in running events should not exceed 9mm, while in
javelin throw and high jump, the same should not exceed 12 mm.

~General Rules about Track and Field Events

In running events, the athlete is warned for the first foul start,
repeating the same error will call for a disqualification. Lane discipline is of
utmost importance in track and field, changing lanes will be deemed as
obstructing fellow athlete, which will call for immediate disqualification. In
relay, the baton must be passed within the 20m exchange zone, trying to
pass on the baton after crossing this distance is viewed as a foul. In hurdles,
the athlete has to clear all the hurdles with clear crossover. Knocking down
any hurdle in effort of crossing over, or as a deliberate attempt, can lead to
disqualification according to track and field rules. In high jump and pole vault
each athlete is given three chances to clear the hurdle. Failure to clear the
hurdle is viewed as a foul, and three such fouls automatically lead to
disqualification. In long jump and triple jump, overstepping on the take-off
board is regarded as a foul. As in the case of a high jump, three fouls in long
jump or triple jumps lead to automatic disqualification. The same process is
adopted in various throwing competitions like discuss throw, javelin throw,
shot put and hammer throw, wherein overstepping the demarcated area is
considered to be a foul.

~Disqualification and Protest Rules

According to the track and field rules, winning time or the intermediate
time is either announced by the officials, or displayed on the official
electronic display board. Conveying the time to athletes by any individual in
person is strictly prohibited. Medical assistance will be only provided by
medical staff, appointed by the organizing committee, any medical
assistance in the competition area by the athletes' trainer or support team
will be deemed as disturbance to the competition. An athlete can be
immediately disqualified for infringement of technical rules or any unsporting
behavior on the field. The technical delegates appointed by the organizing
committee will be in charge of entertaining protests, if any. Protests about
illegalities in participation of any athlete should be done before the
commencement of the particular sporting event. Protests regarding the
results of a particular sporting event, should be made within 30 minutes of
the end of the event.

A mistake can land you out of the competition, and can even lead to severe
penalization. Therefore, it's wise to understand the general rules about track
and field, and more importantly practice them in your training sessions. After
all competitions are about opportunities, once lost you may never get
another again, so be prepared.

♥Sepak Takraw♥
(Kick Volleyball) is a fast growing and popular sport in Asia. Called Takraw
for short, it is a cross between soccer &volleyball, played on
a badminton doubles sized court.

~ Rules and Regulations

Measurements of court and equipment often vary among tournaments
and organizations that operate from a recreational to a competitive
level; international competitive rules and regulation are used in this section.

~Court

The sepak takraw sport is played on a similar to badminton double

sized court.
Area of 13.4 m x 6.1 m free from all obstacles up to the height of 8 m
measured from the floor surface (sand and grass court not advisable). The
width of the lines bounding the court should not be more than 0.04 m
measured and drawn inwards from the edge of the court measurements. All
the boundary lines should be drawn at least 3.0 m away from all obstacles.
The center line of 0.02 m should be drawn equally dividing the right and left
court.
At the corner of each at the center line, the quarter circle shall be
drawn from the sideline to the center line with a radius of 0.9 m measured
and drawn outwards from the edge of the 0.9 m radius.
The service circle of 0.3 m radius shall be drawn on the left and on the
right court, the center of which is 2.45 m from the back line of the court and
3.05 m from the sidelines, the 0.04 m line shall be measured and drawn
outward from the edge of the 0.3 m radius

~Ball
The sepak takraw ball shall be spherical in shape, made of synthetic
fiber or one woven layer.
Sepak takraw balls without synthetic rubber covering must have 12 holes
and 20 intersections, must have a circumference measuring not less from
0.42 meters (1 ft 4 1⁄2 in) to 0.44 m (1 ft5 1⁄4 in) for men and from 0.43 m (1 ft
5 in) to 0.45 m (1 ft 5 3⁄4 in) for women, and must have a weight that ranges
from 170 grams (6 oz) to 180 grams (6.3 oz) for men and from 150 grams
(5.3 oz) to 160 grams (5.6 oz) for women.
The ball can be in plain single colour, multi-colour, and luminous
colours, but not in any colour that will impair the performance of the players.

~Faults
Serving side during service
The "Inside" player who is making service throws, plays about with the ball
(throwing up the ball, bumping, giving to other "Inside" player, etc.) after the
call of score has been made by the referee.
-The "Inside" player lifts his feet or steps on the line or crosses over or
touches the net while throwing the ball.
-The Tekong jumps off the ground to execute the service.
-The Tekong does not kick the ball on the service throw.
-The ball touches his own player before crossing over the opponent court.
-The ball goes over the net but falls outside the court.
-The ball does not cross to the opponent side.
-A player uses his hand or hands, or any other part of his arms to facilitate
the execution of a kick even if the hand or arm does not directly touches
the ball, but it touches other objects or surfaces instead when doing so.

~Serving and receiving side during service

-Creating distracting manner or noise or shouting at his opponent.
For both sides during the game
-Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side.
-Any part of player's body crosses over into opponent's court whether
above or under the net except during the follow-through of the ball.
-Playing the ball more than 3 times in succession.
-The ball touches the arm
-Stopping or holding the ball under the arm, between the legs or body.
-Any part of the body or player's outfits e.g. shoes, jersey, head band etc.,
touches the net or the post or the referee's chairs or falls into the
opponent's side.
-The ball touches the ceiling, roof or the wall (any objects).
~Start of play and service
The side that must serve first shall start the first set. The side that wins
the first set shall have the options of “Choosing Service”.
The throw must be executed as soon as the referee calls the score. If
either of the "Inside" players throws the ball before the referee calls the
score, it must be re-thrown and a warning will be given to the thrower.
During the service, as soon as the Tekong kicks the ball, all the players
are allowed to move about freely in their respective courts.
The service is valid if the ball passes over the net, whether it touches
the net or not, and inside the boundary of the two net tapes and boundary
lines of the opponent’s court.