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STATISTICS

Definitions
Statistics is the science of designing studies, gathering
data, and then classifying, summarizing, interpreting,
and presenting these data to support the decisions
that are needed.
Descriptive Statistics includes the procedures for
collecting, classifying, summarizing, and presenting
data.
Inferential Statistics includes the process of arriving at a
conclusion about a population parameter on the basis
of a sample statistics.
A population is the complete collection of measurements,
objects or individuals
under study.
A sample is a subset (or part) of a population and the
process of getting samples is called sampling.
A parameter is a number that describes a population
characteristic.
A line chart is one in which data points on a grid are
connected by a continuous line to convey information.
A bar chart uses the length of a horizontal bars or height
or vertical columns to represent quantities or
percentages.
Pie charts are circles divide into sectors, usually to show
the component parts of a whole.
A variable is a quantity likely to change or vary.

A discrete variable is generally one that has a countable or

finite number of distinct values.
 A continuous variable is one that can assume any one of the
countless number of values along a line interval.

UNGROUPED DATA
I. Measures of Central Tendency
Mean(Arithmetic Mean)
The arithmetic mean or simply mean of a sample
x1 , x2 ,..., xn , frequently called the “average value”, is the sum
of the values divided by the number of values, that is,

x  x2      xn
x 1 
 xi
n n

Weighted Mean
Suppose that each xi is assigned a weight wi  0 , then

Weighted Mean = xw 
w1 x1  w2 x 2    wk xk

 wi xi
w1  w2    wk
 wi

Example: A man bought 10 liters of premium gasoline at P24.50

per liter, 12 at P25.13 per liter, 15 at P26.05 per liter and 18
liters at P20.98 per liter from four different gasoline stations.
Find the average price per liter.
a. P20.98 b. P23.91 c. P24.97 d. P25.13

Average price per liter (P/L)= weigthed mean ?

P = (P/L) (no. of L) = unit in Peso
w = no. of liters, x = price per liter
Ave. price / Liter 
 wx  24.5(10)  25.13(12)  26.05(15)  20.98(18)  P23.91
w 10  12  15  18
per
Liter
 Geometric and Harmonic Means
The geometric mean (G.M.) and harmonic mean (H.M.)
are defined as follows:

G.M .  n x1 x 2  xn

Geometric Mean of two Numbers: GM = sqrt(x1 . x2)

n n
H .M .  

1  1  1 1 
x1 x2 xn  x 
 i

Suppose that the data x1 , x2 , , xn , are sorted in

increasing order. The median of the data, denoted by ~ x
(read: x-tilda) is defined to be the “middle value”. That is

 x k 1 when n is odd and n  2k  1

~x  
Median:  x k  x k 1
 when n is even and n  2k
 2

Example: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13 middle values = 5 & 7

Md = (5 + 7)/2 = 6 ans.

13, 25, 34, 39, 46 Md = middle value = 34 ans

 Mode
The mode is the value or values that occur most often.

Mode: xm = numerical value that occurs the most number of

times
Examples: 1 , 5, 6, 6, 8, 10, 10, 10 Mo = 10
6, 9, 12, 13, 19, 21 Mo= none

Midrange
The midrange is the average of the smallest value x1
and the largest value xn.
x1  xn
Midrange: mid 
2

II. Measures of Dispersion/Variation

We determine the variability of the values in the data set (how close the values are
from one another).

Range
The range is the simplest measure of dispersion. It is
the difference between the highest and lowest values in an
array.

Range : R  x n  x1

Sample Variance and standard deviation

Here the sample set has n elements with mean x and
n = total frequency.
  x  x
2

sample variance: s 2

i

n 1
sample standard deviation: s var iance  s2

Mean deviation
 xi  x
1
Mean deviation: M .D. 
n

Root Mean Square

Root Mean Square: R.M .S . 

1
n
 xi 2 
III. Measures of Position
Quartile
Quartiles are three summary measures that divide
ranked data into four equal parts. The quartiles Q 1, Q2, Q3
are defined as follow, where “half” means n/2 if n is even
and (n-1)/2 if n is odd.

Q1 = median of the first half of the values

Q2 = x = median of the values
Q3 = median of the second half of the
values

Interquartile Range, Semi-interquartile range

The difference between the third and the first
quartiles gives the interquartile range. That is,

Interquartile Range: IQR  Q3  Q1

 Q3  Q1
Semi-Interquartile Range: SIR 
2

Percentile
The kth percentile, denoted by Pk, is the number for
which k percent of the values are at most Pk and (100-k)
percent of the values are greater than Pk .

 kn 
Pk  the value of the   th term in a ranked data set,
 100 
where k denotes the number of the percentileand n represents the sample size.

Exercises (Homework #1)

1. Which of the following is a continuous variable?

a. city where the car is made
b. color of the car
c. length of the car
d. car manufacturer

For 2 – 5 use the following table lists four pairs of m and f

values:
m 12 15 20 30

2. Compute  m f 5 9 10 16
a. 12 b. 30 c. 40 d. 77

3. Compute  f
2
 a. 462 b. 875 c. 1600 d.
5929

4. Compute  f 
2

a. 462 b. 875 c. 1600 d.

5929

5. Compute  m 2 f
a. 1 669 b. 3 080 c. 21 145 d. 765 625

For items 6 –7. WordPerfect, The Magazine recently

published the amount of hard drive space(in megabytes)
needed by seven poplar electronic dictionaries. The data
are:

American Heritage 3.8 Funk & Wagnall’s 5.9

Instant Definitions 2.3 Multilex 12.4
Random House Webster’s 8.7 Reference Lib. CD-ROM .19
The Writer’s Toolkit 7.2

6. Calculate the mean number of megabytes

a. .19 b. 5.78 c. 5.9 d. 8.7

7. Compute the median number of megabytes

a. .19 b. 5.78 c. 5.9 d. 8.7

For items 8-10. DPWH engineering consultants has the

following ages:
63 59 31 54 66 51 61 66 37 66 53 50.

8. What is the mean age?

a. 31 b. 54.75 c. 56.5 d. 66

9. What is the median age?

 a. 31 b. 54.75 c. 56.5 d. 66

10. Determine the mode if there is one.

a. 31 b. 54.75 c. 56.5 d. 66

11. Find the geometric mean, harmonic mean and midrange of

the following data
respectively: 1 6 8 9 12 13.

a. 1, 7.5, 13
b. 1, 3.48, 7
c. 6.4, 3.84, 7
d. 6.4, 3.84, 7.5

12. The ages of all females from the freshmen students in

Mapua Institute of Technology are a
a. statistic b. population c. frequency
d. sample

13.A sample of chicken meat from 7 supermarkets produced

the following data on their prices.
P90 95 97 110 112 99 95
Find the range of this data.
a. P2 b. P11 c. P22 d. P90

For 14 – 16, Use the data in #13

14. What is the value of the mean deviation?
a. 4.44 b. 5.44 c. 6.44 d. 7.44

15.What is the root mean square?

a. 90 b. 95 c. 98 d. 100
 16.What is the value of the standard deviation?
a. 8.10 b. 8.20 c. 8.30 d. 8.40

For 17 – 19. The following data give the number of car

thefts that occurred in Manila City during the past 12 days:
6 3 7 11 5 3 7 2 6 9 13

17.Determine Q1, Q2, and Q3 respectively.

a. 3, 6, 11 b. 2, 6, 13 c. 3, 6, 9 d. 2,6, 9

18.Calculate the interquartile range.

a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 13

19.Find the value of the 55th percentile.

a. 3 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7