consider only the influence of Reynolds number on cylinder response in this paper.

A further consideration to take into

account for flexible cylinders is in what way is the cylinder flexible? There are
rigid cylinders that are elastically mounted,
either at both ends or at one end with the other end free, and there are flexible
cylinders, such as cables and riser pipes,
where a range of modes can be excited. Much of the fundamental research on VIV has
been performed with a rigid cylinder
elastically mounted at both ends such that the response is uniform along its length
while in the majority of applications
the response varies along the cylinder axis. Clearly there is a need for an
appreciation of the similarities and differences in
the responses for these two cases. However, while acknowledging that there are many
challenges in understanding and
predicting the response of fully flexible cylinders, this review will concentrate
on the basic building block of VIV research,
the response of an elastically mounted, rigid cylinder.
When applying dimensional analysis to elastically mounted cylinders there are
important variables to consider related
to their structural mass/unit length, m, damping and stiffness. These may be
incorporated into the following parameters:
mass ratio mn
, the ratio of structural mass to the mass of displaced fluid, fraction of critical
damping, x, reduced velocity,
U/N0D, where U is flow velocity, D cylinder diameter and N0 the structure natural
frequency in the absence of any fluid
effects. It should be noted that this selection of parameters is not unique and
alternative choices can be found in the
literature. In determining maximum VIV amplitude, in addition to damping, an
important parameter is the mass ratio and
for structures in water this can be two to three orders of magnitude smaller than
that typically found in air. For a given
damping level, as mass ratio reduces, the interaction between the fluid and the
structure is more pronounced leading to
larger amplitudes of vibration over a wider range of flow speeds. As extensively
studied in the work of Williamson and
Roshko (1988), we now know that for large amplitudes, and by large amplitudes we
mean amplitudes greater than
about half a cylinder diameter, the mode of vortex shedding is not always the same
as that described by the von Ka� rma�n
vortex street model with one vortex of each sign shedding into the wake per
oscillation cycle of the structure. This
important aspect of VIV will not be discussed further here and readers are referred
to the review by Williamson and
Govardhan (2004).
Considerable insight into VIV response can be obtained from a simple analysis that
the author first came across in a
presentation by Parkinson (1974). He considered a mass, spring and dashpot system
driven by the fluid force resulting
from vortex shedding. Applying this to transverse oscillations Parkinson made two
important assumptions, the first being
that the force and response are sinusoidal with the same frequency N and secondly
that the fluid force leads the response
by a constant phase angle F. When these assumed solutions are inserted into the
equation for a flexible cylinder the
following relations for vibration amplitude and frequency emerge:
ym=D � Cym sinF�1=4p3��1=mx��U=N0D�
2�N0=N�; �1�
N=N0 � �1Cym cosF�1=2p3��1=m��U=N0D�
2�ym=D�1#
1=2; �2�
where ym is the amplitude of transverse vibration and Cym the amplitude of the
transverse fluid force coefficient.
Eqs. (1) and (2) illustrate very clearly the importance of the phase angle and the
role played by mass and damping. For
there to be VIV, F must be between 01 and 1801; on the other hand it will be
suppressed if the product mn
x is sufficiently
high. From Eq. (2) we see that if F is between 01 and 901 then NoN0 and if F is
between 901 and 1801 then N4N0. We can
also observe that if mn
c1 then NEN0, i.e., the cylinder will oscillate at or very close to its natural
frequency. In
applications found in ocean engineering mn is often of order 1 and it is in this
range of mass ratio where many interesting
phenomena have been found.
While it is important to consider isolated cylinders it is essential to understand
how circular cylinders respond when
placed in arrays since there are a number of practical situations involving
multiple cylinders. Approaches range from
studying large regular arrays of closely spaced cylinders to studying just two
cylinders with varying centre to centre
separations and in a range of orientations from side-by-side to tandem. Here we
will consider the flow and response of two
cylinder combinations, concentrating primarily on the in-line or tandem
configuration.
2. Influence of Reynolds number on VIV response
From Eq. (1) we see that the product mn
x plays a crucial role in determining vibration amplitude. As described by Griffin
et al. (1975), a collapse of data can be obtained if maximum VIV amplitude is
plotted against this product to form the
so-called �Griffin plot�. There was a popular belief at the time that Reynolds
number plays a minor role and that the flow
around a cylinder undergoing large vortex-induced vibrations is insensitive to
Reynolds number changes. However, Klamo
et al. (2005) and Govardhan and Williamson (2006) have both since demonstrated the
strong influence of Reynolds
number on the maximum response of a cylinder as the Reynolds number range of
available data has increased. Fig. 1,
reproduced from Govardhan & Williamson, shows maximum amplitude plotted against
Reynolds number for a number of
data sets, both experimental and computational, where mn
x is either zero or very small. It should be noted that in
experiments zero damping was achieved by applying external negative damping equal
in magnitude to the inherent
structural damping. Referring again to Eq. (1) we see that the Reynolds number
dependency can arise due to changes in
Cym and F. The low Reynolds number data in the laminar regime is obtained from CFD
studies and these are in good
agreement with the experimental result of Anagnostopoulos and Bearman (1992). In
their experiment mn
xE0.2 and they
observed an amplitude of 0.55D at a Reynolds number of 11