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Transformer MSB DB
Example:
Transformer impedance:
V 230
ZTX = = = 0.00718 Ω
I 32000
Assume cable temperature is 45oC, from Table 34 of
AS3008.1, impedance of consumers mains (1 phase):
0.170
Z CM = × 25 = 0.00425 Ω
1000
Prospective fault current at main switchboard:
230
I SC = = 20.2 kA
0.00718 + 0.00425
Assume cable temperature is 45oC, from Table 35 of
AS3008.1, impedance of the submains (1 phase):
1.26
Z SM = × 35 = 0.0441 Ω
1000
Prospective fault current at the distribution board:
230
I SC = = 4.158 kA
0.00718 + 0.00425 + 0.0441
Thus
V
Vpu = VB is the voltage base value
VB
I
I pu = IB is the current base value
IB
S
S pu = SB is the kVA base
SB
Z
Z pu = ZB is the impedance base
ZB
It is usual to specify the two base values VB and SB and then
the other two base values IB and ZB are able to be
determined from the specified VB and SB values by normal
(Ohm’s Law) electrical relationships:
Some care must be taken to use the proper phase kVA and
voltage levels in the single-phase circuit to calculate the
appropriate base values of current and impedance.
SB
IB =
3 VB
VB2
ZB =
SB
where VB and SB are the line voltage and three phase kVA
values.
(i) For change of kVA base (SB), the new Zpu is given by:
S B( new )
Z pu ( new ) = Z pu( old ) ×
S B( old )
(iii) For change of both kVA and voltage bases at the same
time:
S B( new ) VB2( old )
Z pu ( new ) = Z pu( old ) × ×
S B( old ) VB2( new )
0.687pu
j0.2pu j0.575pu j0.24pu 0.8pf
lagging
ES VS VR=
0.91pu Load
Hence,
VS = 1.328 + j 0.558 pu
VS = 1.44 pu or 1.44 × 11 kV = 15.84 kV
The first of these gives the highest fault current and is the
one which will be used in the following examples.
However the most common fault is the last type, the single
phase to earth fault and at low voltages the fault impedance
becomes an important factor in that type, particularly at low
voltages. The estimation of fault impedance in such cases is
very difficult. Whereas in high voltage faults (11kV and
above) it is usual to assume zero or negligible fault
impedance, this cannot be done in LV faults where the
voltage drop over the fault itself is significant compared to
the system voltage and thus there is substantial impact on
the fault current.
Vpu = 1
Z F ( pu )
Then the fault current and fault power in per unit value are:
Vpu Vpu2
I F ( pu ) = and S F (pu) =
Z F (pu) Z F ( pu )
1
Thus: I F (pu) = S F (pu) = when we define Vpu = 1
Z F ( pu )
+ R L I +
VS Va
_ C.B. _
(10) Cable
Impedance circuit
At 4.8 kV:
VB2
Vpu = 1 ZB = = 1.152 Ω
SB
SB
IB = = 2406 A
3 × VB
At 480 V:
Vpu = 1 Z B = 0.01152 Ω
I B = 24056 A
(2) Transformer:
20
3000 kVA, 6% Z pu = 0.06 × = 0.4 p.u
3
X R = 8 ⇒ Z pu = 0.05 + j 0.4
(3) Generator:
20
1000 kVA, 15% Z pu = 0.15 × = 3 p.u.
1
X R = 10 (negligible R) ⇒ Z pu = j 3.0
(5) Motor:
(1)+(2) (3)+(4)
(4’) (5)+(6)
(7)+(8)+(9)+(10)
Alternatively :