Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Heat Transfer Lecture Prepare by

Lecturer Omar Mohammed Yousif
Engineering Technical College / Mosul

Third Year

Prepare By Lecturer
Mr. Omar Mohammed Yousif
2016 – 2017

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Lecture No(3&4)
Conduction heat transfer

1. Class : third Year

2. Subject : Conduction heat transfer

3. Number of weeks: Four weeks

4. Central idea : Study the Conduction heat transfer & temperature

distribution

5. The Test:

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Conduction heat transfer

Lecture 1

qcond 1

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Heat Generation
A medium through which heat is conducted may involve the conversion
of electrical, nuclear, or chemical energy into heat (or thermal) energy. In
heat conduction analysis, such conversion processes are characterized as
heat generation. For example, the temperature of a resistance wire rises
rapidly when electric current passes through it as a result of the electrical
energy being converted to heat at a rate of I2R, where I is the current and
R is the electrical resistance of the wire . The safe and effective removal
of this heat away from the sites of heat generation (the electronic circuits)
is the subject of electronics cooling, which is one of the modern
application areas of heat transfer. Likewise, a large amount of heat is
generated in the fuel elements of nuclear reactors as a result of nuclear
fission that serves as the heat source for the nuclear power plants. The
natural disintegration of radioactive elements in nuclear waste or other
radioactive material also results in the generation of heat throughout the
body. The heat generated in the sun as a result of the fusion of
hydrogen into helium makes the sun a large nuclear reactor that supplies
heat to the earth. Another source of heat generation in a medium is
exothermic chemical reactions that may occur throughout the medium.
The chemical reaction in this case serves as a heat source for the medium.

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

In the case of endothermic reactions, however, heat is absorbed instead of

being released during reaction, and
thus the chemical reaction serves as a heat sink. The heat generation term
becomes a negative quantity in this case.
Often it is also convenient to model the absorption of radiation such as
solar energy or gamma rays as heat generation when these rays penetrate
deep into the body while being absorbed gradually. For example, the
absorption of solar energy in large bodies of water can be treated as heat
generation throughout the water at a rate equal to the rate of absorption,
which varies with depth . But the absorption of solar energy by an opaque
body occurs within a few microns of the surface, and the solar energy that
penetrates into the medium in this case can be treated as specified heat
flux on the surface. Note that heat generation is a volumetric
phenomenon. That is, it occurs throughout the body of a medium.
Therefore, the rate of heat generation in a medium is usually specified per
unit volume and is denoted by ̇ , whose unit
is W/m3 . The rate of heat generation in a medium may vary with time as
well as position within the medium. When the variation of heat
generation with position is known, the total rate of heat generation in a
medium of volume V .

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

( ) ( )
( )
̇

Dividing by A
( )
̇

Taking the limit as

since, from the definition of the derivative and Fourier’s law
of heat conduction

( )

( )
( ) ̇ ( )

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Where Thermal diffusivity

̇
1- = steady state with heat generation

2- unsteady state without heat generation

3- steady state without heat generation

General solution of one dimensional heat conduction

1- Plane wall

By integration
…….(1)

………..(2)

2-Plane wall with heat generation

̇

By integration
̇

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Radial system:

Radial system:

̇
1- steady state with heat generation

2- unsteady state without heat

generation
3- ( ) steady state without
heat generation

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

̇
1- ( ) steady state with heat generation
2- ( ) unsteady state without heat
generation
3- ( ) steady state
without heat generation

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Rectangular coordinates

̇
1- =0 steady state with heat generation

2- unsteady state without heat

generation
3- steady state without heat
generation

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

̇
( ) ( )

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

̇
[ ]

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

General solution of equation of cylinder with heat

generation

̇
nota that ( )
̇
( )
By integration
̇
( )
̇

General solution of equation of sphere with out heat

generation

( )

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

BAUNDARY CONDTIONS
AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBTION
General solution of one dimensional heat conduction
1- Plane wall

By integration
…….(1)

………..(2)
at x= 0 T= sub in equ 2

At x= L T= sub in equ 2

2-Plane wall with heat generation

̇

By integration
̇
( )

̇
…………..(2)

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

at x= 0 T= sub in equ 2

at x= L T= sub in equ 2
̇

̇
+

̇ ̇
( + )

General solution of equation of cylinder with heat

generation

̇
nota that ( )
̇
( )
By integration 𝑟
̇
( )
̇ 𝑟𝑖
( )
̇
( )

at r=0

0
at r= T= sub in equ 2

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

̇( )

Final sol for temp dist for solid cylinder

̇
And for r=

And for hollow cylinder

̇
̇( )

̇( ̇ )

General solution of equation of sphere without heat

generation

( )

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Ex1: A plane wall 60-mm thick generates heat internally at the rate of
0.3MW/m³.One side of the wall is insulated ,and the outer side is exposed
to an environment at 93°C .The convection heat transfer coefficient
between the wall and environment is 570 w/m².°c .The thermal
conductivity of wall is 21 w/m.°c . Calculate the maximum temperature
in the wall .

Sol:

̇ ⁄

By integration

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

̇
( )

̇
…………..(2)

at x= 0 sub in equ 1

at x= L

̇ ( ) ( )

150

At x=0 ,

Ex2:The outside of copper wire having a diameter of 2 mm exposed to a

convection environment with h =5000 w/m².°c and T ∞=100 °C what
current must be passed through the wire to produce a center temperature
of 150 °C .

SOL:

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Ex3:An aluminum-alloy electrical cable has k=190 w/m.°c ,a diameter

of 30mm and carries an electric current of 230 A .The resistivity of
cable is 29µΩ mm and outside surface temperature of cable is 180 °C.
Calculate the maximum temperature in cable if surrounding air
temperature is 15 °C

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

Ex4: A plane wall is composed of two materials .The inner material (a)
has a thickness of (20 cm) ,and its outside surface temperature is (70 °C
) and a has thermal conductivity (k=15 w/m.°c) and an internal heat
generation of (20000 W/m³) . The outer material (b) has a thickness of
(10cm ) and a has thermal conductivity (k=30 w/m.°c) but no internal
heat generation .the left face of the material (a) is exposed to fluid with
(h=100 w/m².°c) and right face of material (b) has temperature (75 °C)
and exposed to a fluid at (T ∞=10 °C) and has (h= 25 w/m².°c ).
Determine :

1-The fluid temperature at the left face of material.

2- The maximum temperature in material (a).

Sol:

70 ºC a b 𝑻 75 ºC
⁄
k=15w/m.ºC k=30w/m.C 𝒉 𝟐𝟓 𝑾⁄ 𝟐 𝑪
𝒎
h=100 w/m2.C L=20 cm L=10cm 𝑇 𝑪
𝑴𝑾
𝒒̇ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝟑

( )
( ) ( )

For material (a)

( )
( )

( )

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

By integration
̇
( )

̇
…………..(2)

For material (a)

At X=0 T= 70 and X =L =0.2 T=80.41

( )

C2= 70

̇ ( )
( )
C1=185

̇ ̇
Max T at

( )
( )
( )

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 Northern Technical University

Technical college of Engineering / Mosul

Heat transfer (third year)

H.W
A plane wall composed of two materials .The inner material (a) ,has a
thickness Xa=5 cm , a conductivity Ka=(75 w/m.°c), and an internal heat
generation rate of 1.5 MW/m³.the outer material (b) has thickness Xb=2
cm ,a conductivity Ka=(150 w/m.°c) but no internal heat generation the
left face of material (a) is perfectly insulated and right face of material (b)
is exposed to a fluid at T ∞=30 °C .with h= 1000 w/m².°c . Determine
the temperature of the insulated surface , and the junction of the two
material and the exposed surf

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