Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098
DOI 10.1007/s12517-013-1230-9
ORIGINAL PAPER
Application and productivity analysis of new channel opening
method in natural stone quarries with diamond wire cutting
machine
E. Özkan & G. Sarıışık & S. Ceylan
Received: 24 September 2013 / Accepted: 26 November 2013 / Published online: 3 January 2014
# Saudi Society for Geosciences 2014
Abstract Channel opening methods (V and U) are used in
natural stone quarries with the aim of designing and planning
benches. A channel opening method (V-shape) is widely used
in natural stone quarries where a quarry face is plain and
continuous, in order to form a new bench. The most important
shortcomings of this method are high production losses, long
preparation process to form a bench, and failure to control the
progress in the quarry. Providing that the topography and
geological structure of the quarry are appropriate, the U-
shape channel opening method can be applied using armed
chained cutting machines. However, the channel opening
equipment is operated in an integrated way with diamond-
wire cutting machine, which can perform a back-cut directly
in natural stone quarries; this equipment has high initial in-
vestment cost and limited application. A series of characteri-
zation tests were conducted on two different commonly used
natural stone types which were categorized according their
formation. This study investigates a recently developed hole
design that enables a diamond-wire cutting machine to pro-
duce a U-shape cut, and compares the efficiency of this
method with the V-shape method. With the U-channel open-
ing method, production losses decrease and quarry benches
can be formed in 60 % less time. The recently developed
channel opening method is being applied in natural stone
E. Özkan (*)
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mining, Afyon Kocatepe
University, 03200ANS Campus, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
e-mail: erkanozka@gmail.com
G. Sarıışık
Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Industrial Product Design,
Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200ANS Campus, Afyonkarahisar,
Turkey
S. Ceylan
Natura Marble Mining Construction Industry and Trade,
Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
quarries. At these sites, productivity has increased threefold
with respect to V-channel opening method. It was observed of
the U-channel opening method, resulted in production of
blocks at a lower cost per unit time. It was calculated that
block efficiency in natural stone quarries increased to 12–
15 % values with use of the U-channel opening method.
Keywords Natural stone . Quarries . Diamond wire cutting
machine . Channel opening . U- and V-shaped channel .
Productivity
Introduction
In order to enable block production while opening a natural
stone quarry, bench design and geometry vary according to the
overburden, rock-mass properties, the geographical location of
the quarry, topography, and geology. Overburden should be
removed to permit quarry machines to run productively. In
natural stone quarries, channel opening processes are used to
open the quarry face and form new production benches.
Opening the quarry face in the correct direction is important
in terms of planning the benches and promoting productivity
(Bozkurt 1989; Kulaksız 2007; Kulaksız et al. 2008).
Quarry management forms are important for selecting and
applying pre-production preparation processes in natural stone
quarries. The geomorphologic characteristics of a quarry are
an important factor for opening the quarry face and forming
new benches. Natural stone deposits are classified according
to their position on various morphologic structures such as
mountain, hill, and plain; plain-shaped quarries (Ersoy and
Osmanlıoğlu 1993; Kulaksız 2007; Kulaksız et al. 2008).
Channel opening methods (U and V) are used in natural
stone quarries in Turkey. Channel opening equipment is used
in combination with an armed chained cutting machine and
diamond-wire cutting machine according to the production
1090 Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098

method. Due to the geometry of the cut blocks, production

losses are much less for the U-shaped channel opening com-
pared to the V-shaped method (Capuzzi 1989; Bozkurt 1989;
Akkoç 2003; Fantini 2005; Onargan et al. 2005; Kulaksız
2007; Kulaksız et al. 2008).
When the geological structure is suitable, a shaped (U)
channel can be opened with an armed chained cutting ma-
chine, which can perform constant cutting both vertically and
horizontally. In order to initiate production within the quarry
with such machinery, any overburden should be removed and
the site on which the machine is installed should be leveled. In
the event that the ground cannot be leveled with machines, it is
leveled with a diamond-wire cutting machine. If the site is not
leveled properly, subsequent cuttings will become difficult
and the geometry of the quarry bench will be deteriorated
(Akkoç 2003; Fantini 2005). Since an armed chained cutting
machine does not require preparation such as digging holes
and passing the wire through the holes, time losses are mini-
mized. In addition, armed chained cutting machines produce
high quality, smooth surfaced blocks in sizes close to the
required standards. The bench height in a quarry is limited
to the arm height of the armed chained cutter. The risk of
occupational accidents is reduced with an armed chained
cutting machine because risks inherent with a diamond-wire
cutting machine (such as the wire breaking and coming off the
pulley) do not exist (Gündüz and Demirdağ 2004; Çopur et al.
2006, 2007a, 2007b, 2011; Demirel 2008; Engin and Özkan
2009; Sariisik and Sariisik 2010, 2013).
In shaped (V) channel-opening processes, by intersecting a
vertical hole and two horizontal angled holes, surfaces are Fig. 1 K1 and K2 natural stone quarries
formed for a diamond-wire cutting machine to perform the
cutting process (Capuzzi 1989; Bozkurt 1989). By knocking perform a U-shaped cutting, and compares the efficiency of
down the V-shaped triangular blocks, mass removed from the this method with the V-shaped method.
quarry face with mass hydraulic bags or work machines, and Due to the recently developed hole design, a U-shaped
block production is carried out. In shaped (V) channel- channel can be opened with a diamond-wire cutting machine.
opening processes, due to knocking down the mass, blocks As the U-shaped channel produced via this method is a
cannot not be produced in desired quality, size, and amount. rectangular prism, the design and planning of quarry benches
Moreover, the bench geometry in the V-method imposes time is simplified. Therefore, due to the geometric characteristics of
and production losses (Kulaksız 2007; Kulaksız et al. 2008). the channel, production losses decrease in block production
In natural stone quarries, the U-shaped channel opening and block productivity increase. Since the cutting process is
method can be carried out with channel opening equipment carried out with a diamond-wire cutting machine, unlike
operated in combination with a diamond-wire cutting ma- armed chained cutters, the height of the channel is not limited.
chine. This supplementary equipment is unpopular with in- By means of the specially developed hole system, blocks can
vestors due to high initial investment costs and limited usage be separated into rectangular-prism-shaped slices. Compared
space within the quarry. In general, because of the high initial to the V-channel opening method, in which triangular pieces
investment cost, armed chained cutting machines are not
preferred in pre-production preparation in newly invested Table 1 Regions, trade name, sample code, and petrographic name of the
quarries or in channel opening processes (Capuzzi 1989; natural stone quarries
Karaca 2001, 2007; Onargan et al. 2005).
Ceylan et al. (2012) examined a new U-channel opening Regions Trade name Sample code Petrographic name
method intended for the production phase in natural stone Bilecik Rosalia light K1 Limestone
quarries. The present study examines a recently developed Eskişehir Jaguar K2 Dolomitic limestone
hole design to permit a diamond-wire cutting machine to
Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098 1091

Table 2 Technical fea- Characterization tests

tures of diamond wire Diamond wire cutting machine
cutting machine
Engine power 37.5 kW In this study, natural stone samples were provided from
Running engine power 0.75 kW quarries of firms operating in Afyonkarahisar/Turkey. In order
Drum diameter 80 cm to determine their mineralogical and petrographic characteris-
Drum turnover 900 d/d tics, thin sections and polarized microscope examinations of
Wire rotation capacity 80–100 m samples taken in 5.0×5.0×1.0 cm3 dimensions were carried
Wire type Diamond out with a Nikon microscope. Mineral phases and crystal
Cutting thickness 11 mm dimensions were measured with Clemex model display anal-
Piece of beads 30 m/piece ysis system. Mineralogical analysis of the natural stone sam-
Peripheral speed 35–45 m/s ples were made in Mineralogical-Petrographic Analysis labo-
Operation angle 360° ratory of MTA (General Directorate Mineral Research and
Rail length 6m Exploration, Ankara, Turkey) and their chemical analyses
Water requirement 8–12 l/d were performed in ACME Analytic Laboratory in Canada
using the XRF method. Physical and mechanical tests accord-
ing to TS EN standards (density, porosity, water absorption,
are obtained, when rectangular-prism-shaped blocks are knop hardness, compressive strength, frost after compressive
turned over, block productivity is higher. In addition, the strength and bending strength) of natural stone samples were
new method reduces the risk of occupational accidents be- performed in Afyon Kocatepe University Mining Engineering
cause it improves the ability to design and planning the quarry Department Laboratories TS EN 1926 (1999), TS EN 1936
benches. (2007), TS EN 12371 (2011), TS EN 13161 (2009), TS EN
13755 (2003) and TS EN 14205 (2004). The dimensions of
natural stone samples were 70.0×70.0×70.0 mm3 and 30.0×
Materials and methods 50.0×180.0 mm3 and averages were taken by conducting the
experiments at least with 6 sample.
Materials
Diamond wire cutting method
The rock samples used in the present study were collected
from the Bilecik Beige Quarry and Eskişehir Supren Quarry. A diamond wire cutting machine uses an abrasive diamond
The samples were prepared from the blocks obtained from the wire, wound around a drum on the machine, to cut the rock.
quarry. This method has been used to form new production The machine can perform vertical and horizontal cutting pro-
benches in natural stone quarries, as shown in Fig. 1. Table 1 cesses. The machine moves backward, generally on 6-8 m long
gives regions, trade name, sample code and petrographic rails, in such way as to exert the pressure required for the
name of the natural stones used. cutting process. During this process, the diamond wire is

Fig. 2 Production via diamond

wire cutting method (Sariisik and
Sariisik 2013)
1092
rapidly rotated by the motor-driven drum to perform the cutting
process. The diamond wire cutting machine used during the
pilot trials is technical properties are listed in Table 2.
In the diamond wire cutting method: firstly, holes are
drilled to start the block production process. Discontinuities
in the marble or natural stone, from which blocks will be
produced, determine the block size. In case there are so many
discontinuities in the marble, block size should be kept as
large as possible. Therefore, it is possible to obtain more than
one piece in one cutting process. In blocks free of any struc-
tural defect, the hole sequence is determined according to the
desired block size (Sariisik and Sariisik 2010, 2013).
After the block sizes are determined, hole locations are
established. Firstly, vertical holes are drilled. The depth of
the vertical hole (1) should be equal to the step height (4–5 m).
Fig. 3 V- and U-shaped channel
opening using diamond wire cut-
ting method
Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098
Then, two horizontal holes (vertical to each other) are drilled
(2), and these three holes are superposed (3). After the holes
are drilled and superposed, diamond wire is passed through
the horizontal holes to start the cutting process (Fig. 2a). The
diamond wire cutting machine is positioned in the horizontal
direction to perform horizontal cutting process. Then, the
vertical cutting is performed in the same way. Thus, the
marble block is separated from the main rock (Fig. 2b). By
using a hydraulic bag or lever jack, block discontinuities (if
any) are eliminated (Fig. 2c). The gap created as the marble
block is separated from the main rock with the help of a
hydraulic bag or level jack is supported by placing a dead-
wood to the gap. In addition, soil hills are formed in the area
where the block will collapse, to prevent any cracks in the
block when it falls from the main rock. Thus, the block is laid
Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098
Fig. 4 Opening quarry face by
cutting a horizontally and b
vertically with armed chained
cutter
down without any crack formation. Unshaped marble blocks
cut and separated from the main rock or large blocks are
smoothed by using a sizing machine (Fig. 2d). After sizing,
the smooth marble blocks are ready for transportation and for
further processing at a factory (Özcelik et al. 1999, 2002;
Sariisik and Sariisik 2010, 2013).
Methodology
The channel opening procedure is one of the greatest potential
problems in the natural stone quarries. Channel opening is
used to open the quarry face and form new production
benches. Channel opening is an operation in which at least
three surfaces are disengaged to permit initiation of produc-
tion in a quarry face. With the help of disengaged surfaces,
Fig. 5 Channel opening process
with armed chained cutting
machine
1093
new benches are formed in the quarry and blocks are
produced.
Channel opening determines the bench height and width and
in a natural stone quarry. Choosing the appropriate channel
dimensions and direction is important in terms of planning the
natural stone quarry and its productivity. Joint, bedding and
lamination characteristics of the rock and its topography affect
the dimensions and direction of the channel. Channel opening is
carried out in two ways: U-shaped (rectangular) and V-shaped
(triangular) channels. Figure 3 shows a V- and U-shaped channel
opening using the diamond-wire cutting method.
V-shaped channel opening
The V-shaped channel opening method is commonly used in
natural stone quarries to be able to start production. It is
1094 Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098

Fig. 6 a Rear cutting with two

angled holes. b Rear cutting with
a vertical and an angled hole

preferred in natural stone quarries because of its low initial
investment cost and its easy applicability. It is not an efficient
method of correctly forming benches during the quarry plan-
ning phase. However, it is difficult to obtain the desired
number of blocks with desired characteristics when using
the V-shaped channel opening method carried out with the
help of the diamond-wire cutting method. The most important
reason for this is that the mass obtained from the channel is in
triangular form and has three disengaged surfaces. This results
in production and time losses because it is not possible to form
the benches in the desired dimensions and shape with a V-
shaped channel. After cutting the three surfaces, the V-shaped
mass is turned over with the help of block hydraulic bags.
U-shaped channel opening
The U-shaped channel opening process depends on produc-
tion technology. The U-channel method is more efficient, as it

Table 3 Chemical characteristics of natural stone samples

a
Oxide compound CaO (%) MgO (%) K2O (%) TiO2 (%) P2O5 (%) MnO (%) SiO2 (%) Al2O3 (%) Fe2O3 (%) LoI (%)

K1 55.00 0.29 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.64 0.16 0.08 46.04
K2 52.78 3.24 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.44 0.06 0.05 43.50
a
LoI loss on ignition
Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098 1095

Table 4 Mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of natural stone samples

Natural stone Density (kg/ Porosity Water Knop Compressive strength Frost after compressive Bending strength
samples m3) (%) absorption (%) hardness (MPa) strength (MPa) (MPa)

K1 2,680 0.69 0.30 175.79 86.18 85.16 15.45

K2 2,740 0.13 0.18 186.45 91.04 87.85 12.74

enables proper bench during the planning phase of the quarry.
The U-channel process includes both the design of the quarry
benches and block production. Block productivity is high for
this method, as the turned-over block forms a rectangular
prism. Production losses and time loss due to quarry bench
are minimal. In natural stone block production, U-shaped
channel opening process with armed chained cutting machine
along with diamond wire cutting method, channel opening
machine, and angled holes.
First, horizontal cutting is carried out with an armed
chained cutting machine. Then, the U-shaped channel is
opened by cutting the rear surface and two side surfaces and
turning over the disengaged block. Figure 4 shows the use of
armed chained cutters to open a quarry face. With armed
chained cutting machines, channel opening process within
the quarry is carried out easily and fast. In horizontally situat-
ed natural stone quarries, in order to remove the first block,
downright cuts are made in all sides of the block. Figure 5
shows a channel opening process over the bench in a quarry in
which four sides are closed.
Another method used to open a U-shaped channel is to join
two holes on the surface on which rear cutting will be done.
This method is carried out in two ways. First, two angled holes
are cut and joined together in a way that will cover the rear
surface. Secondly, an angled and a vertical hole are again
joined at a further point. Yet, in an angled drilling technique,
because the holes are made at an angle, there may be deviation
in practice. Also, because of not to be able to throw out the

Table 5 Physical and mechanical characteristics of natural stones

Natural Petrographic name, Texture, structure, and grain shape Thin cross-section
stone main modal
samples composition (%)

K1 Limestone Crypto-crystalline carbonates in limestone samples

Calcite are observed. Main component of the rock is
>95 crypto-crystalline calcite mineral of 2–10 μm
size. Limestones consist of rock pieces that have
carbonate origin in several dimensions, micro
fossils, crypto-crystalline calcite pieces including
plant fossil and little opaque minerals.

Thin cross-section of limestone sample

K2 Dolomitic Limestone Limestone is distinguished from fine-grained
Calcite Dolomite monogenic mineral (such as calcite and dolomite)
>95 by generally white calcite veinlets. It is seen that
it consists of gray limestones or very fine-grained
white sucrose dolomites. Dolomite crystals in this
rock are characterized as midgrain and grey crystals.

Thin cross-section of dolomitic limestone sample

1096
mud emerged during the cutting, it is a problematic method
(Karaca 2001). Figure 6 shows rear cutting with triangular
surfaces created with two holes.
Results and Discussions
Characterization test results
Natural stones used in this study composed of at least 95 %
calcite and dolomite mineral as mineralogical composition.
Accordingly, at the rate of %52.78–55.00 CaO is seen in two
carbonate origin natural stone made up of calcite crystals.
Chemical analysis results for the samples used in the study
are given in Table 3.
Mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of natural
stone samples are given in Table 4.
Physical and mechanical characteristics of natural stones
play an important role in determining their usage areas. For
this purpose, physical and mechanical characteristics of natu-
ral stones are determined according to the TS EN standards.
Physical and mechanical characteristics of natural stones are
given in Table 5.
Fig. 7 Hole configuration, hole dimensions, and cutting surfaces of new channel opening method
Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098
Application and productivity analysis of channel opening
method
As far as possible, a solid area is chosen to apply this
method. This method has been used to form new pro-
duction benches in K1 and K2 natural stone quarries.
Figure 7 gives the hole configuration, hole dimensions,
and cutting surfaces of the new channel opening meth-
od. Having been passed through holes D2y–D1d and
D3y–D1d, the two ends of a rope are tied. The rope
is pulled to the base by pulling from points D2y and
D3y. Then, the rope in D3y is caught by means of an
iron stick, on the tip of which a wire brush is attached
or a hose from hole D10y hole, which is pulled out
through D10y. The diamond wire is tied to the end of
the rope in D10y. By pulling from the rope in D2y, the
diamond wire is passed to the D10y–D3y–D2y direc-
tion. The two ends of the diamond wire are tied togeth-
er and a continuous loop is obtained. Base cutting is
carried out by installing the diamond wire cutting ma-
chine. Having finished the base cutting, a rope of 8–
10 mm diameter is passed through holes D10y–D3y–
D2y using the same method. Mud-sand in the wire
Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098 1097

Table 6 Comparison of operation durations of V- and U-channel opening methods for K1 and K2 natural stone quarries

Channel opening methods SI unit V-channel opening method U-channel opening method

Natural stones K1 K2 K1 K2
Block number – 5 5 3 3
Block shape – 4 triangular prism 4 triangular prism 3 rectangular prism 3 rectangular prism
1 rectangular prism 1 rectangular prism
Block sizes m Free Free 3×3×7 3×3×7
Total hole length m 114.54 114.54 89.77 89.77
Total cutting area m2 809.90 809.90 225 225
Vertical drilling speed m/h 6.60 7.33 6.60 7.33
Horizontal drilling speed m/h 5.00 6.00 5.00 6.00
Diamond wire cutting speed m2/h 5.00 6.00 5.00 6.00
Drilling time h 22.46 20.62 19.22 17.81
Cutting time h 171.48 144.48 97.50 82.50
Block tilting time h 4.0 4.0 1.5 1.5
Total operation time h 197.94 169.10 118.22 101.81

channel opened in the base is cleaned by injecting water
through hole D1d and pulling the rope in the horizontal
hole from both ends. Rope is passed through D10y–D4d
and D2y–D5d in turn; one end of the wire is tied to a
rope and the other end is attached to the other rope. By
pulling the ends of the rope in D4d and D5d, a contin-
uous loop is created by tying the ends of the diamond
wire on the level. The rope is then passed through holes
D10y–D6d and D2y–D7, and a continuous loop is cre-
ated by tying the ends of the diamond wire on the level
one end of the diamond wire is tied to a rope and the
other end is tied to another rope. Finally, rope is passed
through holes D10y–D8d and D2y–D9d and one end of the
diamond wire is tied to a rope and the other end is tied to
another rope. By pulling from the ends of the rope in D8d and
D9d, a continuous loop is created by tying the ends of the
diamond wire on the level. Diamond-wire cutting machines
with ready-to-use diamond wires are installed in the three rear
sectors and rear cuttings are conducted. Then, the diamond wire
is tied by passing a rope through holes D2y–D5d and D10y–
D4d. The cutting process is completed by conducting side
cuttings by installing diamond-wire cutting machines.
Comparison of V- and U-channel opening method in natural
stone quarries
V-channel opening method and U-channel opening method
were compared experimentally at the TEMMER A.Ş. natural
stones quarry. Block sizes, hole length, cutting area, drilling
speed, diamond wire cutting speed and total operation time of
U-channel opening method and V-channel opening method
are listed in Table 6, respectively. Considering these data, the
U-channel opening method is suggested to be more advanta-
geous than the V-channel opening method. Table 6 compares
the operation durations of V- and U-channel opening methods
for K1 and K2 natural stone quarries. The data shows that
production requires 60 % less time with the U-channel open-
ing method. Table 7 compares productivity for K1 and K2
natural stone quarries using the V- and U-channel opening
methods.
The block productivities of K1 and K2 natural stone
quarries are 15 % and 12 %. In order to obtain 70 m3 blocks
from K1 quarry and 50 m3 from K2 quarry using the V-
channel opening method, 1250 m3of block needs to be turned
over. In the recently developed method of opening a U-

Table 7 Productivity compari-

son between V- and U-channel Channel opening methods SI unit V-channel opening method U-channel opening method
opening methods for K1 and K2
natural stone quarries Natural Stones K1 K2 K1 K2
Processed block m3 1,000 1,000 189 189
Direct from the waste and rubble m3 250 250 – –
Total volume of the block tipping m3 1,250 1,250 189 189
The amount of block channel opening m3 70 50 28.35 22.68
Channel opening block efficiency % 5.6 4.0 15 12
Channel opening block unit cost $/m3 42.37 59.31 10.78 11.03
1098
channel, turnover of 189 m3 block produces 28.35 m block
from K1 quarry and 22.68 m3 from K2 quarry. As the new
channel opening method turns over the blocks as triangular
prisms, the amount of waste and rubble come off directly is
250 m3. When the V-channel opening method is applied,
block productivity is 2.67 times less in K1 quarry and 3.33
times more in K2 quarry. The productivity of the new U-
channel method is calculated as 15 % in K1 quarry and
12 % in K2 quarry. U-channel opening method block cost
values indicate a 4 to 5 times decrease in block unit cost
compared to V-channel opening method.
Conclusions
The basic aim in channel opening processes is to disengage
surfaces in order to separate blocks of rock from the main
quarry face. Since the surfaces obtained in V-channel opening
method are not smooth, sizing the benches results in losses in
production and time. To obtain large disengaged surfaces with
V-channel opening method, two wide-angle horizontal holes
are made and then linked together. Since both the piece cut as
triangular is big and the turnover block is triangular, it is not
possible to obtain the types of blocks required by customers
via the V-channel process.
The results of the case study are summarized below:
& Calculations show that block productivity in natural stone
quarries increases to 12–15 % using the U-channel open-
ing method.
& The production rate of U-channel opening method was
determined to be 3 times greater than for a V-channel
opening method.
& By using the U-channel method in K1 quarry and K2
quarry, block productivity is quicker.
& U-channel opening method is block unit cost decreases 4
to 5 times.
References
Akkoç T (2003) Derin mermer yataklarının yeraltı üretim yöntemleriyle
işletilebilirliğinin araştırılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir
Bozkurt R (1989) Doğal taş ve elmas tel kesme ile ocak işletmeciliği. A.Ü.
Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayınları No:98, Eskişehir, p 87
Capuzzi Q (1989) Modern technology and machinery for marble quarry-
ing. Benetti machine Srl, Livorna, p 99
Ceylan S, Özkan E and Sarıışık G (2012) Doğal Taş Ocaklarında Yeni Bir
Kanal Açma Yönteminin Uygulanması. 8. Uluslararası Mermer ve
Doğaltaş Kongresi, Afyonkarahisar, pp 459–467
Çopur H, Balcı C, Bilgin N, Tumaç D, Feridinoglu C, Düzyol İ and Serter
A (2006) Cutting performance of chain saws in quarries and
Arab J Geosci (2015) 8:1089–1098
laboratory. Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on
Mine Planning and Equipment Selection, MPES, Torino, Italy
Çopur H, Balcı C, Bilgin N, Tumaç D, Düzyol İ and Kekeç N (2007a)
Doğal taş madenciliğinde kullanılan zincirli kesme makinelerinin
performansı. 1. Maden Makineleri Sempozyumu MMS, pp 37–46
Çopur H, Balcı C, Bilgin N, Tumaç D, and Düzyol İ (2007b) Full scale
linear cutting tets towards performance prediction of chain saw
machines. 20th International Mining Congress And Exhibiton of
Turkey-IMCET, pp 161–169
Çopur H, Balcı C, Tumaç D, Bilgin N (2011) Field and laboratory studies
on natural Stones leading to emprical performance prediction of
chain machines. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 48:269–282
Demirel Ş (2008) Mermer ocaklarında kollu zincirli kesme makinesinin
uygulanabilirliği. I. Ulusal Mermer ve Doğal taş Kongresi, pp187–198
Engin İC, Özkan E (2009) Türkiye’deki bazı doğal taş ocaklarında
zincirli kollu kesici uygulamaları ve ocak üretime etkileri. 3.
Balkan Madencilik Kongresi, pp329–337
Ersoy HT, Osmanlıoğlu AE (1993) Doğal taş ocaklarının tasarımına etki
eden faktörlerin incelenmesi. Türkiye XIII. Madencilik Kongresi, pp
355–366
Fantini (2005) Chain saw machines for ornamental stone quarries exploi-
tation. Costruzioni Meccaniche Fantini Srl, Torino, p 48
Gündüz L, Demirdağ S (2004) Doğal taş ocak işletmeciliğinde elmas
teller ile kollu kesiciler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Türkiye Taş
Dünyası, Özel sayısı, pp 336–342
Karaca Z (2001) Mermer madenciliği, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Torbalı
Meslek Yüksekokulu Yayınları No:1, İzmir, p 179
Karaca Z (2007) Doğal taş ocaklarında kullanılan kollu kesme
makineleri. 1. Maden Makineleri Sempozyumu, pp 3–11
Kulaksız S (2007) Doğal taş (Doğal taş) maden işletmeciliği ve
işleme teknolojileri. TMMOB Maden Mühendisleri Odası,
Ankara, p 634
Kulaksız S, Özçelik Y and Engin İC (2008) Maden mühendisliği açık
ocak işletmeciliği el kitabı, p 678
Onargan T, Köse H, Deliormanlı AH (2005) Mermer. TMMOB Maden
Mühendisleri Odası Yayını, p 337
Özcelik Y, Kulaksız S, Aydın MZ, Yurdugul H (1999) A statistical
method for practical assessment of sawability with diamond wire
cutting machine of Ankara-Cubuk andesitcs. Proceedings of the
Ninth International Congress on Rock Mechanics. Paris. France, pp
237–1240
Özcelik Y, Kulaksız S, Çetin MC (2002) Assessment of the wear of
diamond beads in the cutting of different rock types by the ridge
regression. J Mater Process Technol 127:392–400
Sariisik A, Sariisik G (2010) Efficiency analysis of armed-chained cutting
machines in block production in travertine quarries. J South Afr Inst
Min Metall 110:473–480
Sariisik A, Sariisik G (2013) Investigation of the cutting performance of the
natural stone block production in quarries with armed chain cutting
machine. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci 227:155–165
TS EN 1926 (1999) “Natural Stone Test Methods-Determination of
Compressive Strength”, Turkish Standards Institute, p 10
TS EN 1936 (2007) “Natural Stone Test Methods: Determination of Real
Density and Apparent Density, and of Total and Open Porosity”
Turkish Standards Institute; p 13
TS EN 12371 (2011) “Natural Stone Test Methods—Determination of
Frost Resistance,” Turkish Standards Institute, p 8
TS EN 13161 (2009) “Natural Stone Test Methods-Determination of
Flexural Strength under Constant Moment”, Turkish Standards
Institute, p 17
TS EN 13755 (2003) “Natural Stone Test Methods - Determination of
Water Absorption at Atmospheric Pressure” Turkish Standards
Institute, p 3
TS EN 14205 (2004) “Doğal Taşlar- Deney Metotları- Doğal taş deney
metotları - Knoop sertliğinin tayini” Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, p 5