Professional Documents
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1. Nose
Human Anatomy and Physiology: Respiratory System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2010.4 1 Human Anatomy and Physiology: Respiratory System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2010.4 2
each nasal cavity is divided into 3 passageways made of muscle and lined with mucous membrane
by turbinates
junction between digestive and respiratory
! creates narrow, turbulent passageways to insure that all systems
air makes contact with mucous membranes
lined with ciliated mucous membranes containing divided into three regions:
goblet cells
a. Nasopharynx
membranes are heavily vascualrized behind nose to level of soft palate
includes uvula
! remove bacteria, debris and particles tonsils (adenoids)
mucous blanket: produces 125 ml/day auditory tube (eustachian tube) drains here
cilia move it 1-2 cm/min
b. Oropharynx
! warms and moisturizes air entering lungs
behind mouth
from soft palate to level of hyoid bone
! also contains receptors for smell palatine and lingual tonsils
Human Anatomy and Physiology: Respiratory System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2010.4 3 Human Anatomy and Physiology: Respiratory System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2010.4 4
opening into larynx = glottis lower: (true) vocal cords
prevent food from entering lower respiratory system
sound ! speech, singing, etc
wall of larynx are very muscular
smaller cartilage below thyroid trachea divides into two branches = bronchi
connects larynx to trachea
which enter each lung
two muscular folds within larynx:
bronchi resemble trachea in structure
upper: (false) vocal cords
(=vestibular folds) ! also supported by C-shaped cartilages
close glottis during swallowing also have lots of elastic connective tissue
Human Anatomy and Physiology: Respiratory System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2010.4 5 Human Anatomy and Physiology: Respiratory System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2010.4 6
each bronchus enters lung and continues to divide 1. help reduce friction
into smaller and smaller branches = bronchi,
act as a lubricant
then into microscopic bronchioles
pleurisy=pleurae are dry and inflamed
because of the extensive branching
= bronchial tree 2. create a pressure gradient
as rib cage expands to draw air into the lungs
6. Lungs
3. compartmentalization
the remainder of the respiratory system is
contained within the two lungs surround each lung and isolate it from other and
pericardial sac
left lung ! 2 lobes prevent infections from spreading easily from one
right lung ! 3 lobes thoracic organ to another
alveoli are the “functional units” of the respiratory breathing involves 2 processes:
system inspiration
expiration
actual site of gas exchange with blood
1. Inspiration
alveoli increase in number and size until adolescence
after adolescence, can increase in size only and if damaged,
have only limited ability to repair themselves
an active contraction of diaphragm
2. Expiration
may also involve contraction of internal ! tends to cause the alveoli to collapse upon
intercostals & muscles of abdominal wall themselves
laughing
crying ! emotional state
The exchange of gasses in tissues is also by simple
hiccup ! spasmodic contraction of diaphragm diffusion:
yawn, sigh ! with shallow breathing, eventually surface tension
can overcome surfactant and alveoli start to Blood leaving lungs Tissues
collapse; an occasional deep breath reinflates
them ! forces lungs open again since chest PO2 104mmHg !40mmHg
muscles are stronger than surface tension PCO2 40mmHg "45mmHg
! may deliver a little more O2 to tissues this reaction occurs mainly inside RBC’s
bicarbonate ions are then released into the plasma
but not much
oxygen release is enhanced by CO2 loading
the amount of oxygen carried in the blood then is
mainly dependent on the amount of hemoglobin in
Regulation of Respiration
blood
CO binds to Hemoglobin even more strongly than does the heart has its own pacemaker
oxygen
the lungs do not ! breathing depends on rhythmic
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stimuli from the brainstem
when connection between medulla and pons
breathing involves coordination of several groups are cut breathing becomes abnormal
of voluntary muscles ! gasps
the lungs themselves are not actively involved in The Aging Respiratory System
the process
pulmonary ventilation declines steadily after 20’s
normal breathing is automatic, rhythmic ! costal cartilages and joints become less flexible
! lungs have less elastic tissue
controlled by respiratory reflex centers in brainstem ! fewer alveoli
A. Respiratory Reflex Centers decline in volume of inhaled air (TV) and Vital Capacity
Three reflex centers in brain that regulate breathing: also less capable of clearing lungs of irritants and
pathogens and therefore more susceptible to
1. respiratory center: medulla respiratory infections
establishes basic rhythm of breathing ! pneumonia causes more deaths in old age than
any other infectious disease
maintains automatic breathing rate
! 12-15 breaths/min
2. apneustic: pons
1. emphysema
A. Diseases of inadequate ventilation
2. infections
1. Pneumothorax viral or bacterial
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eg. hay fever, bronchitis
cause lining of tubes to swell and become
inflammed
2. pneumonia
more sever result of respiratory infection
bacterial or viral
alveoli fill with fluids
3. tuberculosis
tubercles formed to wall off bacterial infection
if infection is not controlled may invade more
lung tissue causing fibrosis
causes extensive destruction of lung tissue
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