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Reference

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Publi -
nations
NAT'L INST. OF STANO & TECH R.I.C.
A1110S
83-2720

An Optimum Start/Stop Control


Algorithm for Heating and Cooling
Systems in Buildings
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Bureau of Standards
National Engineering Laboratory
Center for Building Technology
Washington, DC 20234
May 1983
-QC------
1G0
.1156
83-2720
1983
Sponsored by:
Office of Building and Community Systems
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory
U.S. Department of Defense
NATIONAL BUREAU.
OF STANDARDS
LIERARY
AUG 1 I983r
T\crV C^C_C_-
• CL c_ VOO
NBSIR 83-2720
r t •
AN OPTIMUM START/STOP CONTROL
ALGORITHM FOR HEATING AND COOLING
SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Cheol Park
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Bureau of Standards
National Engineering Laboratory
Center for Building Technology
Washington, DC 20234
May 1983
Sponsored by:
Office of Building and Community Systems
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Director
ABSTRACT
When a building structure is occupied intermittently, energy savings can be
realized from the optimal start-up and shut-down of the heating or cooling
system. This strategy, known as optimum start/stop control, reduces energy
consumption by delaying the start-up of the space conditioning system until
the last moment and then initiating shut-down as early as possible, while
maintaining a preset level of comfort during the period of building occupancy.
Based on the bang-bang control theory, a simple optimum start/stop control
algorithm is developed for computerized control systems in buildings. The
optimum start time is obtained by finding the intersection of cool-down and
heat-up curves that are approximated by exponential fitting of the previous
and current day's data.
Information is presented in this report on the input and output variables,
logic flow, and methodology employed in developing the algorithm. A computer
program listing of the optimum start/stop control algorithm written in FORTRAN
77 and sample input and output data are included in the appendices.
Key words: digital control systems; energy conservation; energy management
and control systems; heating and cooling systems; optimum
start/stop time; preheat time.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ......................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................... v
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1
2. OPTIMUM START/STOP ALGORITHM ................................... 4
2.1 OVERVIEW .................................................. 4
2.2 INPUT AND OUTPUT DATA ..................................... 6
2.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ............................... 8
2.4 METHODOLOGY ............................................... 9
2.5 APPLICATION NOTES ........................................ 15
3. CONCLUSIONS.................................................... 24
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................... 25
REFERENCES ........................................................ 26
APPENDIX A. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM START TIME FOR HEATING ______ 27
APPENDIX B. FLOW CHARTS OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS .................. 34
APPENDIX C. COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING ............................. 41
APPENDIX D. SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM ............... 53
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Room air temperature with respect to time of day
under an ideal situation ........................... 5
Figure 2. Room air temperature with respect of time of day
under a realistic situation ........................ 5
Figure 3. A case with the on-off control operation ............. 12
Figure 4. A typical temperature history during the
initial cycle ...................................... 12
Figure 5. Relationships of subprograms ......................... 14
Figure 6. Flow chart of the main algorithm, OPTSS ............ 16
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Cross reference table of notation ................... 17
v

1 . INTRODUCTION
When a building is occupied intermittently, energy savings can be realized by
minimizing the time the heating or cooling system is operated. The interior
building temperature is maintained at a comfortable level only during occupan-
cy. For example, during the heating season, the heating system is turned off
shortly before the end of an occupied period and the space temperature decays
until the heating equipment is reactivated. This reactivation occurs either
because a new occupied period is approaching or because the indoor temperature
has reached a predetermined minimum temperature which must be maintained to
prevent freezing and condensation problems. Building control algorithms that
try to determine the start and stop times for the heating and cooling equip-
ment such that start-up is delayed until the last moment and shut-down takes
place as early as possible before the end of occupancy, are commonly referred
to as "optimum start/stop" algorithms [1,21. One such algorithm is the sub-
ject of this report.
Due to thermal inertia of both the building structure and its heating and
cooling equipment, a preheat or precool time is almost always required to
raise or lower the space temperature to the desired level before the beginning
of occupancy. This start-up time depends on the outdoor environment, the
thermal response of the building envelope, and the thermal performance of
space conditioning equipment [3-5]. The starting time of the equipment is the
main value to be determined in optimum start control. Optimum stop control
makes use of the dead time after the heating or cooling equipment is turned
off when thermal inertia prevents the indoor temperature from dropping below
1
or rising above comfort levels. This allows the system to be turned off
before the end of an occupied period.
Practical use of optimum start control was accomplished by Jackson [3,4] on a
heating system using an analog control device. With an intuitively derived
relationship between indoor and outdoor air temperatures, the start tine of
preheat period was determined. Jackson claimed substantial energy savings
from the use of optimum start control. He also indicated that a nighttime
setback technique was not economically justified in control of intermittently
occupied buildings. A field study was made by Henderson [5] comparing optimum
start control with nighttime setback. Bloomfield and Fisk [6] described the
optimization of intermittent heating with a detailed mathematical presentation
and made simulations using prior knowledge of the thermal response factors of
building structures.
Using recursive least squares estimation, a self-tuning optimum start control
algorithm for a heating plant was developed by Dexter [7]. The preheat start
time is expressed in terms of bulk structure temperature and unknown parame-
ters that are to be determined adaptively using daily data. Both analog and
digital simulations were made. The estimate of bulk temperature was calcu-
lated using a first order difference equation with a bulk time constant
representing the thermal behavior of the structure.
As microprocessors became available, the KVAC industry began to implement
microcomputers to control building equipment. Although software developed by
industry exists on the market, details of the algorithms are not generally
available in the public domain. The purpose of this report is to introduce a
2
simple optimum start/stop algorithm which has been developed for digital
control of heating systems. With minimal changes, the same algorithm can be
used to optimally start and stop building cooling systems.
In the algorithm presented, the starting time for the heating system is deter-
mined by using both the temperature rise characteristics during the preheat
period of the previous day and the temperature decay behavior during the
current cool-down period. The stop time is determined from the delay in the
temperature cool-down cycle. A provision for prevention of freezing and
condensation problems is also incorporated. The nature of the algorithm used
is adaptive, but the approach is much simpler than that used by Dexter {7].
Neither a time series analysis nor recursive least squares estimation is
involved.
3
2. OPTIMUM START/STOP ALGORITHM
2.1 OVERVIEW
According to optimum control theory, minimization of energy use can be
achieved if the control is of the "bang-bang" type [8]. This means that, in
the heating mode, the heating system operates at full power during the preheat
period and at zero power during the cool-down period. Similar operating
procedures are applied in the cooling mode, but for simplicity only heating
operation will be described in detail. In addition, it will be assumed that
the minimum temperature reached during the off-period is greater than the
space temperature which would result in freezing or condensation problem.
The bang-bang control scheme is applied only during the unoccupied period. If
the outdoor environmental conditions remain constant during the unoccupied
period, an ideal situation is illustrated as shown in figure 1. Room air
temperature, TRA’ responds immediately on the starting or stopping of the
heating equipment. Thermal inertia of the building structure or of the
heating system is not accounted for. This kind of ideal response is
impossible in the real world. Figure 2 represents a more realistic response.
The outdoor environment and thermal response characteristics of the building
structure determine the length of the preheat period.
In the optimum start/stop algorithm presented in this report, the start time
for heating is determined by using the temperature rise characteristics during
the heat-up period of the previous day and the temperature decay characteris-
tics during the current cool-down period. The stop time is determined from
the delay in the temperature decay.
4
tra
- ArrjiPiFn -
^ wwribV

TIME OF DAY
Figure 1.
Room air temperature with respect to time of day
under an ideal situation
TIME OF DAY
Figure 2. Room air temperature with respect to time of
day under a realistic situation
5
2.2 INPUT AND OUTPUT DATA
It is assumed that the optimum start/stop algorithm is not executed con-
tinuously, but at discrete time intervals. The time interval is called the
sampling period. The sampling period used depends upon the building response
characteristics. The sampling period assigned in this report is 15 minutes.
At each sampling instant, the following data are sampled:
time of day in military time expressed in hours
l rA * room air temperature
[qa: outdoor air dry-bulb temperature
Units for temperature data can be either metric or English units. Instead of
room air and outdoor air temperatures, interior and exterior surface tempera-
tures of a building structure may be used. Surface temperature measurements
usually contain less noisy and more stable signals.
As initial input data, the main algorithm (OPTSS) requires the following
information:
Cocc: 8tart time of occupancy (military time)
tunoc: en<*ing time of occupancy (military time)
t_: initial guess of starting time for use in the learning cycle
(military time)
yset: set point temperature during the occupied period
In addition, the room air temperature must be maintained above a minimum
temperature to prevent freezing and condensation problems during the heating
season, and it should not be higher than a maximum temperature during the
6
cooling season. Because of this, the following additional input data are also
needed:
HEAT: logical variable
For the heating mode, HEAT is true and for the cooling mode, HEAT
is false.
^min* temperature allowed during the heating season
ymax: maximum temperature allowed during the cooling season
While the most important output is the start time, t , the following logical
a
outputs are also provided for the purpose of system control via supporting
software and hardware:
DAYCNT: logical variable
If DAYCNT is true, the daytime controller is to be called,
otherwise the daytime controller is not called. The daytime
controller is referred as a controller to be used in maintaining
ycof. during the occupied period assuming that the occupied
period is at daytime.
FSYSON: logical variable
If FSYSON is true, the heating (or cooling) system operates at
full output. Otherwise the heating (or cooling) system operates
at less than full output.
MAINTN: logical variable
If MAINTN is true, a controller is called to maintain a minimum
requirement in heating (or cooling).
7
When a simple on-off controller is used to maintain the minimum unoccupied
temperature during the heating mode (or the maximum permissible temperature
level during the cooling mode). Information on the on-off temperature
differential, Ay, will also be required.
2.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATION
The following assumptions were made in the development of the optimum
start/stop algorithm:
(a) Full output operation is carried out only by the heating equipment during
the preheating period and by the cooling equipment during the precooling
period.
(b) A daytime controller (e.g., Pi-controller) is available during the
occupied period and both the daytime control and the optimum start/stop
control do not interfere with each other in their operations. If the
occupancy period is at nighttime, the daytime controller should be
considered as a nighttime controller.
(c) Execution of the algorithm is performed once every sampling period of 13
minutes (i.e., four samples per hour).
(d) Maintaining a minimum (maximum) temperature load in the heating (cooling)
mode during the off-period is done by an on-off controller.
The use of the algorithm in an actual implementation is not limited as long
as the computer used in the controls associated with the system to be
controlled has enough capacity to store sampled data and the program.
8
2.4 METHODOLOGY
The optimum start time for heating is determined by using a measured tempera-
ture rise curve from the preheat period of the previous day and a measured
temperature decay curve from the current cool-down period, and finding the
intersecting point of the two curves before occupancy. Equations of the two
curves are approximated by simple exponential fits based on actual data. Each
equation contains a single time constant (t), and one predetermined time (x^)
with its corresponding measured temperature (y^). Each time constant is
determined from the exponential fitted equation using two data points. The
intersection of two curves are obtained using a method for finding a root of
the function which is expressed as a difference of two fitted equations.
An x-y coordinate system is employed to express these equations for
convenience. Time and temperature are denoted by x and y, respectively, and
the origin of the x-axis is chosen as a midpoint of the occupied period. When
the occupancy schedule for the next cycle (e.g., next day) is changed (i.e.,
*■000 an<* Cunoc are variec*) before the beginning of the occupied period, the
origin of the x-axis is translated by the amount of the change made.
Although it is desirable that the space temperature reaches the target tem-
perature (set point) at the beginning of occupancy, the desired temperature
may not be reached on time due to approximation errors in curve fitting and/or
changes in characteristics of heating (cooling) equipment and building thermal
response from the previous day's state. The temperature will reach the set
point a little earlier or later than the optimum time. The fitted temperature
rise curve is thus corrected by the amount of time offset, x .
J o
9
When the building thermal response is slow and the heating or cooling system
has a transport delay (dead time), then the space temperature does not rise
immediately, but responds after a certain time period is passed. The time
period without the response of temperature rise may be called the "flat
response" period or simply system dead time, dQn. Under these circumstances,
the start time obtained by finding two curves should be advanced by the amount
of the system dead time. Details on how the start time, xg, for heating mode
is determined can be found in Appendix A, where mathematical expressions are
provided.
At the beginning of the unoccupied period, the heating system is usually
turned off. However, when the decay of indoor temperature is slowed by the
thermal characteristics of the building structure, energy savings can be
realized by advancing the turning-off of the heating system so that the "flat
response" period is included in the occupied period. This advanced stop time
will be referred to as the optimum stop time, even though its determination is
not based on optimum control theory. This approach is simple, compared with
the method developed by Bloomfield and Fisk (6].
When the outdoor air temperature is low enough, the indoor air temperature may
fall below the desired minimum temperature, yra£n, during the off-period. The
indoor temperature must be maintained above the minimum temperature to prevent
freezing and condensation problems. A simple on-off control may be utilized
to maintain the minimum level of temperature. The heating system is turned on
when y <_ Ymin» and turned off when y >_ ym^n + Ay. In this case, the full
capacity operation of the heating system may not be necessary, and partial
10
load operation may be adequate. This is illustrated in figure 3, where the
dead time is assumed to be aero.
A typical temperature history during the initial cycle (learning cycle) is
illustrated in figure 4. Possible time delays and offset are included.
Assuming the program run starts at near a midpoint time of the occupied period
of a typical weekday in the heating season, the following is a simplified
description of the sequence of operations performed by the program:
(1) Get initial input data and set initial conditions.
(2) Start to take data of t, TRA (=yA), and TQA every 15 minutes.
(3) Turn off the system at the beginning of the unoccupied period.
(4) Determine dead time during the off-period.
(5) Check if on-off control is necessary to maintain a minimum
space temperature (y ymin any time during the off-period).
(6) Turn on the system at the given initial guess of the start time.
(7) Determine dead time during the on-period.
(8) Turn off the system at the beginning of occupancy and let a daytime
controller take over.
(9) Update constant values, x^, X2, x^, yj , y2» and y3 (see Appendix A for
definition).
(10) Determine the minimum outdoor temperature.
(11) Update the heat-up curve.
(12) Determine the interval where an intersecting point of the heat-up and
cool-down curves locates.
(13) Begin a new cycle at the midpoint of the following day's occupied period.
11
X
Figure 3. A case with the on-off control operation
Figure 4. A typical temperature history during the
initial cycle
12
(14) Turn off the system before the beginning of the unoccupied period by the
amount equal to the off-period dead time.
(15) Repeat steps (4) through (5).
(16) Find the intersection of the heat-up and cool-down temperature curves by
using the regula falsi method (false position method) [9].
(17) Predict the new start time incorporating the on-period dead time
determined previously.
(18) Turn on the system at the newly calculated start time.
(19) Go to step (7).
It is possible to generalize the optimum start/stop control algorithm from the
heating mode to the cooling mode by relaxing some of the assumptions made in
Appendix A. The same equations used for heating given in Appendix A can be
used for cooling except that y is taken to be the highest outdoor dry-bulb
temperature during the unoccupied period, the value of ygg is approximated as
0.5 yset and the maximum allowable space temperature, ymax, replaces ym£n
whenever it appears.
Figure 5 shows a block diagram of the relationships between procedures in the
main algorithm. The following are brief descriptions of each routine shown in
this figure:
OPTSS: Primary routine for optimum start/stop control. Each event is
controlled sequentially. Both heating and cooling season
operations are included.
XLTRT: Left-most and right-most values of the time coordinate (x) are
computed to be used as upper and lower limits of the interval in
13
Figure 5.
Relationships of subprograms
ROOT subroutine.
ROOT:
MAXMIN:
XCOORD:
FYDIF:
YONNEW:
YOFF:
This subroutine finds the real root of a function in a given
interval.
A subroutine to obtain the maximum and minimum values of a given
array.
This subroutine converts military time into the modifed time
coordinate, x, and vice versa.
A function that obtains the difference of two
functional values.
A function to update the heat-up profile, yQ^(x).
(See Appendix A.)
A function to describe the building cool-down profile, yQpp(x).
(See Appendix A.)
The flow chart of the main algorithm, the subroutine OPTSS, is shown in figure
6. Further detailed flow charts of the OPTSS and the associate subprograms
are given in Appendix B. Table 1 is a cross reference of the notation used in
the computer program, flow charts, main text, and Appendix A. A complete
listing of the computer program appears in Appendix C. The computer program
was written in FORTRAN 77 for the UNIVAC 1100/82 computer.
2.5 APPLICATION NOTES
The subroutine OPTSS contains four COMMON blocks of shared storage space with
other subroutines and the main program. The DATA statements in the OPTSS
contain the following pre-assigned numerical data:
EPS: small positive real number specifying the accuracy required of
the ROOT routine (=0.005).
15
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16
Table 1. Cross reference table of notation
Notation Notation Notation
in Programs Descriptions in Flow Charts in the Text
A(I) array values A(I)
AMAX maximum value of array values 'W
AMIN minimum value of array values ^IN
DATE date DATE
DAY 0 for non-working day 1 for working day DAY
DAYCNT true if the daytime controller operates DAYCNT DAYCNT
false if the daytime controller does not operate
DELY temperature difference AY Ay
DX time increment used in XLTRT AX
EPS positive small number for accuracy used in ROOT e
EPSOFF positive small number
EPSON positive small number £
EPSSET positive small number
EPSX positive small number determined by sampling frequency
FSYSON true if the system operates at full power FSYSON FSYSON
false if the system is off
FX scalar function values f(x)
FXL functional value of FX with the argument of XL fL
FXR functional value of FX with the argument of XR fR
FX2 intermediate value of FX f '
17
Table 1 (cont.)
Notation
in Programs
HEAT
ICYCLE
I END
IFLAG
ISTART
ITDOWN
ITER
I TIME
ITMAX
ITOFF
ITON
ITSET
ITUNOC
I TUP
IW
MAINTN
Description
true if heating mode
false if cooling mode
number of cycles (e.g., one
cycle per day)
index number of ending of search
0 if finding a root is successful
1 if finding a root is not
successful
Notation
in Flow Charts
HEAT
ICYCLE
I END
IFLAG
index number of beginning of search ISTART
index number where temperature ITDOQN
decay begins
number of iteration
index number of modified time of I
day
maximum number of iteration to IMAX
obtain a root
index number where X = XOFF ITOFF
index number where X = XSTART ITON
index number where temperature ITSET
reaches at set point
index number where X = XUNOC ITUNOC
index number where temperature ITUP
rise begins
index to control printing out
true if the on-off control is MAINTN
needed
false If the on-off control is
not needed
Notation
in the Text
HEAT
MAINTN
18
Table 1 (cont.)
Notation
in Programs
N
NMAX
NPTHR
NSKIP
PARTON
RSCHDL
SWI
TAUOFF
TAUON
TBEGIN
TDEDOF
TDEDON
TEMP
TIME
TIMEX
TITLE
TOA(I)
Notation Notation
Description in Flow Charts in the Text
number of intervals used in XLTRT N
total number of samples a day
number of samples in one hour
number of records to be skipped
true if the system operates with
a partial capacity
false if the system is off
time when the schedule file is
read (military time)
event control switches
(I = 0,... ,7)
system time constant during
off-period
system time constant during
on-period
origin of x-axis (military time)
dead time during off-period
dead time during on-period
indoor or internal surface
temperature
time of day (military time)
modified time of day in scalar
title of input data set in two
rows
outdoor temperature
PARTON
SWi
toff
ton
CB
d0FF
d0N
TIME
toa(i)
toff
ton
t
19
Table 1 (cont.)
Notation Notation Notation
in Programs Description in Flow Charts in the Text
TOCC beginning time of occupancy (military time) t occ
TOFF optimum stop time (military time)
TOUT dry-bulb outdoor temperature
TSTART optimum start time (military time) t s
TUNOC beginning time of unoccupancy (military time) t unoc
XD X-value where Y-value is equal X X
to YSET O o
XDATA(I) modified time of day (X-value) X(I) X
XL left-most value of X XL XL
XOCC beginning of occupancy xocc X occ
X0CC1 past value of XOCC
XOFF optimum off time X0FF
XR right-most value of X **
XROOT root XR00T
XSTART optimum start time xs xs
XUNOC beginning of unoccupancy ^NOC X unoc
XUNOC1 past value of XUNOC
XX intermediate value of X XX
X(I) specific time of day with its origin TBEGIN (I = 1,2,3,4) X. 1 X . 1
20
Table 1 (cont.)
Notation in Programs Descriptions in Notation Flow Charts Notation in
the Text
X2 • intermediate value used in ROOT X'
YDATA(I) temperature (Y-vaJue) Y (I) y
YINF steady-state temperature as X goes to infinity during off-period Y 00 Yco
YMAX maximum temperature Y MAX y max
YMIN minimum temperature Y MIN ymin
YOFF temperature curve during cool-down period yoff yOFF
YONNEW updated temperature curve during on-period yon o X
YSET set point temperature (target temperature) Y SET Yset
YSS steady-state, temperature as X goes to infinity during on-period Yss yss
Y(I) temperature (I = 1,2,3,4) Y1 yi
21
ITMAX:
maximum number of iterations permitted in ROOT to obtain a
root within the specified accuracy (-20)
EPSOFF: small positive real number for the temperature tolerance used
in determining the dead time during the off-period (=0.25°C)
EPSON: small positive real number for the temperature tolerance used
in determining the dead time during the on-period (=0.25°C)
EPSSET: small positive real number for the temperature tolerance used
in reaching the daytime set point temperature (=0.25°C)
The above numerical values were assigned to be appropriate for the simulated
system under control. Depending upon the characteristics of the building and
the heating/cooling system, the values in the DATA statements may be changed
accordingly.
For testing purposes, the main program, OPMAIN, can be used. This program,
which is listed at the end of Appendix C, calls the main routine, OPTSS, and
the on-off control routine, ONOFF. In the OPMAIN program, the on-off control
routine is the only routine called during non-working days. The on-off con-
troller may be replaced with another type controller if desired. If occupancy
schedule changes are needed, new values of tocc and tunoc for the next cycle
must be provided before the ending of the current cycle.
A simulation run of the program has been made using a predetermined tempera-
ture history of the outdoor air and the room air to demonstrate input-output
operation. Input data and resulting output data of this run are presented in
Appendix D, and may be used for test purposes.
22

23
8. CONCLUSIONS
An optimum start/stop control algorithm is described for use in on-line
digital control of HVAC systems. The start time for a heating system is
determined using the temperature rise profile from the previous day's heat-up
period and the temperature decay profile from the current cool-down period,
and finding the point (time before occupancy) at which they intersect. The
profiles are approximated from actual data using a simple exponential fit.
With minor modifications, the algorithm is also capable of finding the optimum
start and stop times for a building cooling system. If this algorithm is
applied to lightweight, intermittently occupied buildings with low thermal
inertia, energy savings should be realized, although the exact magnitude of
these savings has not yet been determined. Future research involves implemen-
tation, testing, and verification of this algorithm on an energy management
and control system in an actual building.
24
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is indebted to Dr. George E. Kelly and Mr. William B. May for their
helpful suggestions.
25
REFERENCES
1. Shih, J.Y., "Energy Conservation and Building Automation," ASHRAE Trans.,
Vo 1. 81, Part 1, 1975, pp. 419-435.
2. Liptak, B.G., "Reducing the Operating Costs of Buildings by the Use of
Computers," ASHRAE Trans., Vol. 83, Part 1 , 1977, pp. 343-360.
3. Jackson, T.B., '*The Theory and Economics of Optimum Start Programming of
Heating Plant," J.I.H.V.E., Vol. 39, May 1971, pp. A24-A38.
4. Jackson, T.B., "Optimum Start Control - Why Now?," B.S.E., Vol. 44,
October 1976, pp. A24-A44.
5. Henderson, P.E., "Optimum Start Control: Principle and Practice," Energy
World, February 1975, pp. 3-6.
6. Bloomfield, D.P. and Fisk, D.J., "The Optimization of Intermittent
Heating," (CP 14/77) Practical Studies from the Building Research Estab-
lishment, Vol. 4, Energy Heating and Thermal Comfort, the Construction
Press, Lancaster, England, pp. 101-113.
7. Dexter, A.L., "Self-turning Optimum Start Control of Heating Plant,"
Autoraatica, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1981, pp. 483-492.
8. Sage, A.P. and White, C.C., Optimum Systems Control. 2nd Ed. Prentice-
Hall, 1 977 .
9. Carnahan, B., Luther, H.A., and Wilkes, J.O., Applied Numerical Methods,
John Wiley, 1969.
26
APPENDIX A. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM START TIME FOR HEATING
If measured data are available on the building interior space temperature
with respect to time, approximate equations can be constructed to fit both
the temperature decay and rise curves that result from turning the heating
equipment off and on. Assuming that the structure is very light (fast
thermal response) and that the heating equipment has no dead time (immediate
response), a temperature history similar to the one shown in figure A-l may
be assumed. The off- and on-periods are defined as the period when heating
equipment is off and full on, respectively. For convenience, an x-y
coordinate system described in section 2.4 is used. Time and temperature
are denoted by x and y, respectively. Military time at the origin of the
x-y coordinate system is taken as a midpoint time of the occupied period.
During the on-period, an approximate equation yields:
(1)
where
x^ = an arbitrary point of x in the on-period (the chosen value of x^
is one-third of the on-period plus x-value at the intersection),
y^ = measured temperature at x^,
y = steady-state temperature as x -*■ °°, and
O u
xQN = time constant during the on-period.
27
Figure A-l. Temperature history of a lightweight structure
with immediate response of heating equipment
28
Using two data points, (x^, y^) and (x^, y2^> the time constant can be
obtained from:
where
x2 = an arbitrary point of x in the on-period which is greater than
x^ (the chosen value of x^ is two-thirds of the on-period plus
x-value at the intersection), and
y2 = measured temperature at x^.
An expression for the off-period is:
y0FF(x> = Yoo + (y3 - Yco) e
(3)
where
x^ = an arbitrary point of x in the off-period (the chosen value of
x^ is one-fourth of the off-period plus x-value at the beginning of
the unoccupied period.),
y^ = measured temperature at x^,
yoo = steady-state temperature as x -»-<», and
XOFF = time constant during off-period.
The off-period time constant is given by
(4)
29
If y«. and are predetermined, the decay and rise temperature curves can be
determined using the given data points (x^ y^, (x2, y2), (x3, y3), and (x^,
y^). The value of yoo is taken to be the lowest allowable indoor dry-bulb
temperature during the unoccupied period (heating mode) and ygs is approximated
as 1.5 y , where y is the set point temperature for occupancy. Since the
SG L SG L
time domain of interest is finite, the effect on y^N (x) and yQFp(x) of errors
in the estimated asymtotic values y» and y^g is small.
After the functions y...(x) and y (x) are determined, the point of their
UN Ur r
intersection can be obtained using a method for finding a root of a function
f(x), where f(x) = y^tx) ~ ygpp(x). meth°d used was the regula falsi
method (false position method [9]). For this method, if a function is bounded
and has only one root in a given interval, the solution converges within a
given tolerance after a number of iterations. The time corresponding to their
intersection is then considered to be the optimum start time.
Difficulties can arise in using the regula falsi method with y^^(x) if the
whole unoccupied period is taken as the interval of interest. As seen in
figure A-l, y^(x) is not, in general, bounded in that interval. Thus, the
left-most value, x^, of the interval should be selected so that yQN(x) is
bounded in that interval. The approach used in this algorithm for choosing
x is to set x equal to the value of x which satisfies the condition:
L U
y0N(x) = ymin» wliere ymin is the minimum temperature to maintain.
The optimum start time is determined by finding an intersection of the current
temperature decay curve and the temperature rise curve of the previous day.
Any changes in the heating system characteristics and environment in the
30
current day could result in a change in the temperature rise curve during
the current on-period.
It is desirable that the temperature rise curve reaches the target temperature
(set point) at the beginning of occupancy. If the temperature rise curve
changes during the on-period and there are errors due to approximation, the
space temperature will reach the set point a little earlier or later than the
optimum time. In order to correct this offset, the fitted temperature rise
equation should be corrected by the amount of time offset.
Figure A-2 shows both the fitted curve (solid line) based on measurement and
the updated curve (dotted line) during the on-period. The x-coordinate is
shifted by the difference, xocc - XQ* xocc beginning of occupancy and
x^ is the point where y is equal to the set point, yset* The updated equation
is then
y.
on
(5)
where
x'^ = the updated x^, given by
(6)
and
x
o
x
1
T
ON
(7)
31
X
Figure A-2. The fitted curve (solid line) based on measurement
and the updated curve (dotted line) during the
on-period
Figure A-3. The dead time during the on-period
32
Consequently, equation 5 should be used instead of equation 1 to determine the
optimum start time in conjunction with equation 3.
When the building structure has slow thermal response and the heating system
has a transport delay time (dead time), the assumption made earlier about dead
time is not correct. Therefore, it is necessary to take account of the duration
of any "flat response" during the on-period. This "flat response" period can
be defined as the time period that |y — y | < e, where y is the temperature
at the beginning of the on-period and e is a small positive number. The dead
time is then defined as the duration of the "flat response" period (see
figure A-3). The calculated start time must then be adjusted by the amount
of dead time, d_„. For example, if the calculated start time is x„ under the
ON b
assumptions of light structure and no dead time, the correct start time for
/
a system with high thermal mass and a heating system with transport delay will
be
Since the magnitude of e strongly affects the dead time, the better the
selection of e, the better the estimate of the optimum start time. A value
for e of 0.25°C was used in the computer program presented in Appendix C.
33
APPENDIX B. FLOW CHARTS OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Flow charts of the optimum start/stop control algorithm are shown in
figures B-l through B-9. The most important subroutine is the OPTSS
subroutine. For detailed information, this subroutine is divided into
five blocks, which are given in subsequent figures (figures B-l through
B-3). Descriptions of principal variables can be found in table 1.
34
35
Figure B-l. Flow charts of the block 1 and 2 of the subroutine, OPTSS
Is it heating
36
Figure B-2. Flow charts of the block 3 and 4 of the subroutine, OPTSS
Is IFLAG
OJ 5
*-»
•o 0 •H *3
^ 0) OJ Oi ro
O 3 -H p -O
"O U-. r-<
<y 01 ro -H CO «*-.
0 -H > *2 > °
•H «*-. | w -H X O 1 0 X «u
T3 w Q
*-* o *J -H
^ 0 5*% »- ^ *-*
0) « 0> ftJ
> O TJ >•3 0
C u C w
o c o «« c
l_) -H o V O -H
f
37
Figure B-3. Flow chart of the block 5 of the Figure B-4. Flow chart of the
subroutine, OPTSS subroutine, XCOORD

s
>
u.
a
t
38
Figure B-5. Flow charts of the functions: Figure B-6. Flow charts of the
YONNEW, YOFF, and FYDIF subroutine; MAXMIN
39
Figure B-7. Flow charts of the subroutines, ROOT and XLTRT
ONOFF
40
Figure B-8. Flow chart of the main Figure B-9. Flow chart of the on-off
program, OPMAIN subroutine, ONOFF
APPENDIX C. COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING
Q$Q$Q$*OPT(1).OPTALL(O)
1
2 C
3 C OPTSS : OPTIMUM START AND STOP CONTROL ALGORITHM
4 C
5 C MAR. 3. 1983 C.P.
6 C
7 C
8 C
9 C DAYCNT TRUE IF THE DAYTIME CONTOLLER OPERATES
10 C FALSE IF THE DAYTIME CONTROLLER DOES NOT OPERATE
11 c DELY TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
12 c EPS POSITIVE SMALL NUMBER FOR ACCURACY USED IN ROOT
13 c EPSOFF POSITIVE SMALL NUMBER
14 c EPSON POSITIVE SMALL NUMBER
15 c EPSSET POSITIVE SMALL NUMBER
16 c EPSX TOLERANCE DETERMINED BY SAMPLING FREQUENCY
17 c FSYSON TRUE IF THE SYSTEM OPERATES AT FULL POWER
18 c FALSE IF THE SYSTEM IS OFF
19 c HEAT TRUE FOR HEATING MODE
20 c FALSE FOR COOLING MODE
21 c ICYCLE NUMBER OF CYCLES (ONE CYLCE PER DAY)
22 c ITDOWN INDEX NUMBER WHERE TEMPERATURE DECAY BEGINS
23 c I TIME INDEX NUMBER OF MODIFIED TIME OF DAY
24 c UMAX MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATION TO OTAIN A ROOT USED IN ROOT
25 c ITOFF INDEX NUMBER WHERE X=XOFF
26 c ITON INDEX NUMBER WHERE X=XSTART
27 c ITSET INDEX NUMBER WHERE TEMPERATURE REACHES AT THE SET POINT
28 c ITUNOC INDEX NUMBER WHERE X=XUNOC
29 c I TUP INDEX NUMBER WHERE TEMPERATURE' RISE BEGINS
30 c MAINTN TRUE IF THE ON-OFF CONTROL IS NEEDED
31 c FALSE IF THE ON-OFF CONTROL IS NOT NEEDED
32 c NMAX TOTAL NUMBER OF SAMPLES A DAY
33 c NPTHR NUMBER OF SAMPLES IN ONE HOUR
34 c PARTON TRUE IF THE SYSTEM OPERATES WITH A PARTIAL CAPACITY
35 c FALSE IF THE SYSTEM IS OFF
36 c SWI EVENT CONTROL SWITCHES (1=0 7)
37 c TAUOFF SYSTEM TIME CONSTANT DURING THE OFF-PERIOD
38 c TAUON SYSTEM TIME CONSTANT DURING THE ON-PERIOD
39 c TBEGIN ORIGIN OF X-COORDINATE (MILITARY TIME)
40 c TOE DOF DEAD TIME DURING THE OFF-PERIOD
41 c TDEDON DEAD TIME DURING THE ON-PERIOD
42 c TEMP INDOOR OR INTERIOR SURFACE TEMPERATURE
43 c TIME TIME OF DAY (MILITARY TIME)
44 c TIMEX MODIFIED TIME OF DAY IN SCALAR
45 c TOA(* ) OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE
46 c TOCC BEGINNING TIME OF OCCUPANCY (MILITARY TIME)
47 c TOFF OPTIMUM STOP TIME (MILITARY TIME)
48 c TOUT DRY-BULB OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE
49 c TST ART OPTIMUM START TIME (MILITARY TIME)
50 c TUNOC BEGINNING TIME OF UNOCCUPANCY (MILITARY TIME)
51 c x ( I ) MODIFIED TIME OF DAY WITH ITS ORIGIN AT TBEGIN
52 c XD X-VALUE WHERE Y-VALUE IS EQUAL TO YSET
53 c XDATA(*) MODIFIED TIME OF DAY (X-VALUE)
54 c XOCC BEGINNING TIME OF OCCUPANCY IN X-COORDINATE
55 c X0CC1 PAST VALUE OF XOCC
56 c XOFF OPTIMUM STOP TIME IN X-COORDINATE
57 c XSTART OPTIMUM START TIME IN X-COORDINATE
41
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IIS
c XUNOC BEGINNING TIME OF UNOCCUPANCY IN X-COORDINATE
c XUN0C1 PAST VALUE OF XOCC
c Y ( I ) TEMPERATURE
c YDATA(•) TEMPERATURE (Y-VALUE)
c YINF STEADY-STATE TEMPERATURE AS X GOES TO INFINITY DURING
c THE OFF-PERIOD
c YMAX MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
c YM1N MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
c YSET SET POINT TEMPERATURE (TARGET TEMPERATURE)
c YSS STEADY-STATE TEMPERATURE AS X GOES TO INFINITY DURING
c THE ON-PERIOD
C
C ..............
c
SUBROUTINE OPTSSITIME.TEMP.TOUT)
LOGICAL SWO.SW1,SW2,SW3.SW4.SW5.SW6.SW7.HEAT.MAINTN.PARTON.
4 FSYSON,DAYCNT
EXTERNAL FYDIF
PARAMETER (NPTHR*4,NMAX*NPTHR»24)
DIMENSION XDATA (0:NMAX),YDATA(0:NMAX).TOA(0:NMAX)
COMMON /XY/ X(4).Y(4),XOCC.XUNOC.YSET
4 /CNST/ TAUON,TAUOFF.YINF.YSS.XD
4 /LIMIT/ YM1N.YMAX.HEAT.MAINTN.FSYSON,DAYCNT.XSTART
4 /TSET/ TSTART,TOFF,TOCC,TUNOC,TBEGIN
NAMELIST /RESULT/X.Y.XOFF.XST ART.TAUON.TAUOFF.TDEDON.TDEDOF.
4 YSS.YINF.ICYCLE.IT1ME.ITOFF.ITUNOC.ITDOWN.ITON.ITUP.ITSET,
4 TBEGIN.TOFF.TUNOC.TSTART.TOCC
DATA EPS,ITMAX/O.005.20/
DATA SWO/.TRUE./.EPSOFF.EPSON.EPSSET/3*0.25/
C
C INITIAL CONDITIONS
C
EPSX*0.5/NPTHR
IF(SWO) THEN
ICYCLE*0
SW1*.FALSE.
SW2«.FALSE.
SW3«.FALSE.
SW4-.FALSE.
SW5*.FALSE.
SW6*.FALSE.
SW7*.FALSE.
MAINTN*.FALSE.
PARTON*.FALSE.
FSYSON*.FALSE.
DAYCNT*.TRUE.
C
C CHANGE TIME COORDINATES
C
CALL XCOORD(XSTART.TSTART.T8EGIN.1)
CALL XCOORD(XOCC.TOCC.TBEGIN.1)
CALL XCOORD(XUNOC,TUNOC,T8EGIN,1)
ENDIF
C
C STORE INPUT DATA AS ARRAYS IN TERMS OF INDEX TIME
C
CALL XCOORD(TIMEX.TIME,T8EGIN.1)
ITIME«TIMEX»NPTHR
42
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ooo non ooo noon oooo
T0A(ITIME)»T0UT
XDATA(ITIME)«TIMEX
YDATA(ITIME)«TEMP
X(4)«XDATA(ITIME)
Y(4)-YDATA(ITIME)
TURN OFF THE SYSTEM AT THE BEGINNING OF UNOCCUPANCY OF INITIAL
CYCLE
IF(SWO.AND.ABS(XDATA(ITIME)-XUNOC).LT.EPSX) THEN
DAYCNT■.FALSE.
ITOFF«ITIME
ITUNOC«I TIME
SWO-.FALSE.
SW2».TRUE.
PRINT 100
ENDIF
TURN OFF THE SYSTEM AT THE BEGINNING OF UNOCCUPANCY AFTER INITIAL
CYCLE
IF(SW1.AND.XDATA(I TIME).GE.XOFF) THEN
OAYCNT=.FALSE.
ITCFF=ITIME
SW1«.FALSE.
SW2=.TRUE.
PRINT 200
ENDIF
DETERMINE DEAD TIME DURING THE OFF-PERIOD
IF(SW2.AND.ABS(YDATA(ITIME)-YDATA(ITOFF)).GE.EPSOFF) THEN
TDEDOF=XDATA(ITIME)-XDATA(1T0FF)
XOFF=XUNOC-TDEDOF
ITDOWN=ITIME
SW2«.FALSE.
SW3-.TRUE.
SW4».TRUE.
PRINT 300
ENDIF
MAINTAIN MINIMUM LEVEL OF OPREATION
IF(SW3) THEN
IF((HEAT.AND.(Y(4).LE.YMIN)).OR.(.NOT.(HEAT).AND.
A V(4).GT.YMAX)) THEN
IF(ICYCLE.GE.1) XSTART«XLEFT-TDEDON
MAINTN=.TRUE.
SW3=.FALSE.
PRINT 400
ENDIF
ENDIF
FIND THE INTERSECTION OF ON- AND OFF-TEMPERATURE CURVES
IF(ICYCLE.GE.1) THEN
IF(ABS(XDATA(ITIME)-X(3)).LT.EPSX) THEN
Y(3)*YDATA(ITIME)
43
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17B
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oooo ooo ooo
ENDIF
c
IF((.N0T.MAINTN).AND.(XDATA(ITIME).GT.X(3).AND.XDATA(ITIME)
& .LT.XSTART).AND.(ABS(Y(3)-Y(4)).GT.EPSSET)) THEN
C
IF(HEAT ) THEN
IF(Y(4).GE.Y(3)) THEN
YINF-TOAMAX
ELSE
YINF«=TOAMlN
ENDIF
ELSE
IF(Y(4).LE.Y(3)) THEN
YINF'TOAMIN
ELSE
YINF«T0AMAX
ENDIF
ENDIF
X L«XLEFT
XR.XRIGHT
CALL ROOT(XL.XR.EPS.ITMAX.FYDIF.XROOT.I FLAG)
IF(IFLAG.EQ.O) THEN
XSTART«XROOT-TDEDON
ELSE
XSTART*XLEFT-TDEDON
ENDIF
ENDIF
CALL XCOORD(XSTART.TSTART.TBEGIN.2)
ENDIF
TRUN ON THE SYSTEM AT OPTIMUM START TIME
IF(SW4.AND.XDATA(ITIME).GE.XSTART) THEN
FSYSON=.TRUE.
ITON=ITIME
MAINTN=.FALSE.
SW4».FALSE.
SW5-.TRUE.
PRINT 500
ENDIF
DETERMINE DEAD TIME DURING THE ON-PERIOD
IF(SW5.AND.ABS(YDATA(ITIME)-YDATA(ITON)).GE.EPSON) THEN
TDEDON=XOATA(ITIME)-XSTART
ITUP=ITIME
SW5«.FALSE.
SW6«.TRUE.
PRINT 600
ENDIF
TURN OFF THE SYSTEM NEAR THE BEGINNING OF OCCUPANCY AND CALL
THE DAYTIME CONTROLLER
IF(SW6.AND.((ABS(YDATA(ITIME)-YSET).LE.EPSSET)
& .OR.(HEAT.AND.YDATA(ITIME).GE.YSET)
A .OR.(.NOT.HEAT.AND.YDATA(ITIME).LE.YSET))) THEN
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non o o o oooo
FSYS0N“.FALSE.
DAYCNT*.TRUE.
ITSET*ITIME
' SW6*.FALSE.
SW7«.TRUE.
PRINT 700
ENDIF
COMPUTE X- AND Y-VALUES BASED ON PREVIOUS OBSERVATION
AND UPDATE THEM USING NEW TOCC AND TUNOC
IF(SW7) THEN
CALL XCOORD(X0FF.T0FF.TBEGIN.2)
PRINT 900
PRINT RESULT
PRINT 900
X0CC1=X0CC
XUN0C1=XUNOC
IF(TUNOC.GT.TOCC) THEN
TBEGIN=0.5*(TUNOC+TOCC)
ELSE
TBEGIN=0.5*(TUNOC+24.+TOCC)
IF(TBEGIN.GE.24. ) TBEGIN=TBEGIN-24.
ENDIF
CALL XCOORD(XOCC.TOCC.TBEGIN.1)
CALL XCOORD(XUNOC.TUNOC.TBEGIN.1)
K1*(ITSET-ITUP)/3+ITUP
K2=(ITSET-1 TUP)*2/3 + 1 TUP
IF(ICYCLE.EQ.O) THEN
K3=(ITON-ITUNOC)/4+ITUNOC
ELSE
K3=(ITON-ITDOWNJ/4+ITDOWN
ENDIF
X(1)=XDATA(K1)+X0CC-X0CC1
X(2)=XDATA(K2)+X0CC* XOCC1
X(3)eXDATA(K3KXUNOC- XUN0C1
Y(1 )*YDATA(K1 )
Y(2) = YDATA(K2 )
Y(3 ) = YDAT A(K3)
XSTART = XST ART+XOCC * X0CC1
XOFF=XOFF+XUNOC-XUN0C1
CALL XCOORD(XSTART.TSTART.TBEGIN.2)
CALL XCOORD(XOFF.T0FF.TBEGIN.2)
DETERMINE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM OUTDOOR TEMPERATURES
CALL MAXMIN(TOA.TOAMIN.TOAMAX,NMAX)
COMPUTE CONSTANTS FOR ON* AND OFF-PERIOD TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS
IF(HEAT) THEN
YSS=1.5*YSET
YINF«TOAMIN
ELSE
YSS=0.5*YSET
YINF-TOAMAX
ENDIF
45
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340
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342
343
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345
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347
C DETERMINE XLEFT AND XRIGHT
C
CALL XLTRT(XLEFT.XRIGHT)
ICYCLE-ICYCLE+1
SW7«.FALSE.
PRINT 800
PRINT 900
PRINT RESULT
PRINT 900
ENDIF
C
C RESET SWITCH SW1 AT THE BEGINNING OF NEXT CYCLE
C
IF(ICYCLE.GE■1.AND.ABS(TIME-TBEGIN).LT.EPSX) SW1■.TRUE.
C
C FORMAT STATEMENTS
C
100 F0RMAT(5X.'---SWO---SYSTEM OFF AT THE FIRST CYCLE')
200 F0RMAT(5X,'---SW1---SYSTEM OFF')
300 FORMAT(5X,'---SW2---DECAY/RISE RESPONSE OCCURS')
400 F0RMAT(5X,'---SW3---ON-OFF CONTROLLER TAKES OVER')
500 FORMAT(5X,'- - -SW4-•-SYSTEM ON AT FULL POWER')
600 F0RMAT(5X.'---SW5---UPRISE/DECAY RESPONSE OCCURS')
700 F0RMAT(5X.'- --SW6-•-DAYTIME CONTROLLER TAKES OVER')
800 F0RMAT(5X,'---SW7---CALCULATIONS FOR NEXT CYCLE ARE DONE')
900 FORMAT(80('*')/)
C
C
RETURN
END
C ...........................................................
c
C FYDIF : TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
C
C ...............................................................
c
C YONNEW UPDATED TEMPERATURE DURING THE HEAT-UP PERIOD
C YOFF TEMPERATURE DURING THE COOL-DOWN PERIOD
C
C ........................••••••.....*...........................
c
FUNCTION FYDIF(XX)
C
C TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YONNEW AND YOFF
C TO BE USED IN DETERMINATION OF INTERSECTION. XROOT
C
FYDIF«YONNEW(XX)-YOFF(XX)
RETURN
END
C ...................................••**•••*.................
c
C YONNEW. YOFF : THE ON- AND OFF-PERIOD TEMPERATURES
C
C ............................................................
c
FUNCTION YONNEW(XX)
COMMON /XY/ X(4 ) , Y(4),XOCC.XUNOC,YSET
4 /CNST/ TAUON,TAUOFF.YINF.YSS.XD
46
348
349
350
351
352
353
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356
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360
361
362
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387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
C
C THE ON-PERIOD TEMPERATURE WITH ADJUSTMENT
C
T AUON■(X(2)- X(1))/A LOG((YSS-Y(1))/(YSS-Y(2)))
XD«X(1 )-TAU0N»AL0G((YSS-YSET)/(YSS-Y(1 )))
X1P=X(1J+XOCC-XD
YONNEW«YSS-(YSS-YI1))*EXP((X1P-XX)/TAUON)
RETURN
C
ENTRY YOFF(XX)
C
C THE OFF-PERIOD TEMPERATURE
C
TAU0FF=(X(4)-X(3))/A LOG((Y(3)-YINF)/(Y(4)-YINF))
Y0FF«(Y(3)-YINF)*EXP((X(3)- XX)/TAUOFF)+YINF
RETURN
END
c .............................................................
c
C ROOT ; FIND A ROOT OF A FUNCTION F(X)«0 IN A GIVEN INTERVAL
C BY THE REGULA-FALSI METHOD
C
C REFERENCE :
C CARNAHAN. LUTHER. AND WILKES
C * APPLIED NUMERICAL METHODS *. JOHN WILEY. 1969. P.193
C
C THE ORIGINAL PROGRAM WAS MODIFIDED IN FORTRAN77.
C
c -- c c EPS A POSITIVE SMALL NUMBER FOR ACCURACY
c FX SCALAR FUNCTION VALUE
c c I FLAG 0 IF FINDING A ROOT IS SUCCESSFUL 1 IF FINDING A ROOT IS NOT
SUCCESSFUL
c ITMAX MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS
c XL LEFT-MOST X-VALUE
c XR RIGHT-MOST X-VALUE
c XROOT A REAL ROOT
C
C ..............................................•••••••
c
SUBROUTINE ROOT(XL.XR.EPS.ITMAX.FX.XROOT.I FLAG)
C
C* PRINT 100,XL.XR.EPS,ITMAX
100 FORMAT(3F10.5,15)
C
C SET LEFTMOST AND RIGHTMOST FUNCTION VALUES
C
FXL-FX(XL)
FXR-FX(XR)
C
C CHECK FOR PRESENCE OF A ROOT
C
IF(FXL*FXR.LT.O.) THEN
C
C BEGIN REGULA FALSI ITERATION
C
DO 10 ITER=1.itmax
47
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407
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409
410
41 1
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413
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455
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457
458
459
460
461
462
463
X2«(XL*FXR-XR*FXL)/(FXR-FXL)
FX2»FX(X2)
C
C CHECK FOR CONVERGENCE
C
IF{ABS(FX2).LE.E PS ) GOTO 20
C
C KEEP RIGHT OR LEFT SU8INTERVAL
c
IF(FX2*FXL.LT.O.) THEN
XR = X2
FXR= FX2
ELSE
XL*X2
FXL*FX2
ENDIF
10 CONTINUE
PRINT 200.ITMAX
200 F0RMAT(5X,'NO CONVERGENCE AFTER' .IS.2X.'ITERATIONS' )
ELSEIF (FXL*FXR.EO.O.) THEN
ITER=1
IF(FXL.EO.0.) THEN
X2 = XL
FX2=0.
ELSE
X2=XR
FX2=0.
ENDIF
ELSE
I FLAG21
PRINT 300
300 F0RMAT(5X.'POSSIBLY NO ROOT ')
RETURN
ENDIF
20 XR00T-X2
IFLAG-0
C* PRINT 400.ITER.XR00T.FX2
400 F0RMAT(5X.'ITER 2 '.I5/SX.'XROOT »',FI0.6/5X.'FX2 «'.F10.6/)
C
RETURN
END
C
C XLTRT : LEFTMOST AND RIGHTMOST X-VALUES FOR THE SUBROUTINE. ROOT
C
C ..................................-...............,................
C
C DX TIME INCREMENT
C N NUMBER OF INTERVALS
C XL LEFT-MOST VALUE OF X
C XR RIGHT-MOST VALUE OF X
C
C ..............................*.........................
c
SUBROUTINE XLTRT(XL.XR)
LOGICAL HEAT
COMMON /XY/ X(4),Y(4).XOCC,XUNOC,YSET
A /LIMIT/ YMIN.YMAX.HEAT.MAINTN.FSYSON.DAYCNT.XSTART
48
464
465
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467
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508
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51 1
512
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C
C
C
10
20
100
C
C
C
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
10
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
TIME BASIS IS HOUR. AND TIME INCREMENT IS 5 MIN.
DX*5./60.
N*(XOCC-XUNOC)/DX
XX«X(2)
DO 10 I«1.N
IF(HEAT) THEN
IF(YONNEW(XX).LE.YMIN) GOTO 20
ELSEIF(YONNEW(XX).GE.YMAX) THEN
GOTO 20
ENDIF
XX«XX-DX
CONTINUE
XL-XX
XR =XOCC
PRINT 100.XL.XR
FORMAT(5X, 'XLEFT«=' . F10.4.5X . ' XRIGHT■ ' .F10.4/)
RETURN
END
MAXMIN : EVALUATION OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
A ARRAY VALUES
AMAX MAXIMUM VALUE OF ARRAY VALUES
AMIN MIMINUM VALUE OF ARRAY VALUES
I END INDEX NUMBER OF ENDING OF SEARCH
ISTART INDEX NUMBER OF START OF SEARCH •
NMAX NUMBER OF SAMPLES A DAY
NPTHR SAMPLEING FREQUENCY ( SAMPLES PER HOUR )
SUBROUTINE MAXMIN(A.AMIN.AMAX.NMAX)
DIMENSION A(0:NMAX)
COMMON /XY/X(4 ) .Y(4) .XOCC.XUNOC.YSET
NPTHR=NMAX/24
I STARTsXUNOC*NPTHR
I END*XOCC*NPTHR
AMIN*A(ISTART-1)
AMAX*A(I START - 1)
DO 10 I=ISTART.1END
IF(A(I).LT.AMIN) AMIN«A(I)
IF(A(I).GT.AMAX) AMAX«A(I)
CONTINUE
RETURN
END
XCOORD : X-COORDINATE TRANSFORM
I FLAG -1 FOR TRANSFORM OF TIME OF DAY INTO X-VALUE
*2 FOR TRANSFORM OF X-VALUE INTO TIME OF DAY
49
522
523
524
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526
52 7
528
529
530
531
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566
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572
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575
576
577
578
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C
C ......*....................................................
c
SUBROUTINE XCOORD(X . T IME.TBEGIN.1 FLAG)
IF(IFLAG.EQ.1) THEN
I F(TIME.GE.TBEGIN. AND.TIME.IE.24.) THEN
X-TIME-TBEGIN
ELSE
X*TIME+{24.-TBEGIN)
ENOIF
ELSE
TIME-X+TBEGIN
IF(TIME.GE.24.0) TIME-TIME-24.0
ENOIF
C
RETURN
END
C ..........................................................
c
C ONOFF : THE ON-OFF CONTROL ALGORITHM
c
C ..............................MMMMM.M.MM..MM..MM
c
SUBROUTINE ONOFF(TEMP)
LOGICAL HEAT.MAINTN,FSYSON.DAYCNT,PARTON
COMMON /LIMIT/ YMIN.YMAX.HEAT,MAINTN.FSYSON.DAYCNT.XSTART
A /ONOFFC/ PARTON.DELY
c
IF(HEAT) THEN
IF(TEMP.LE.YMIN) PARTON-.TRUE.
IF(TEMP.GE.YMINfDELY) PARTON*.FALSE.
ELSEIF(TEMP.GE.YMAX) THEN
PARTON-.TRUE.
ELSEIF(TEMP.LE.YMAX-DELY) THEN
PARTON*.FALSE.
ENOIF
C
RETURN
END
C ..........................................................
c
C OPMAIN : MAIN PROGRAM OF OPTIMUM START/STOP CONTROL
C FOR BOTH HEATING AND COOLING SEASONS
C
C.......
c
C DATE
C DAY
C
C NSKIP
C RSCHOL
C TITLE
C
C *M.M.
c
PROGRAM OPMAIN
LOGICAL HEAT.MAINTN.FSYSON.DAYCNT.PARTON
INTEGER DATE.DAY
DATE OF YEAR
*0 FOR NON-WORKING DAY
■1 FOR WORKING DAY
NUMBER OF RECORDS TO BE SKIPPED IN PRINTING OUT
TIMES WHEN THE SCHEDULE FILE IS READ (MILITARY TIME)
TITLE OF INPUT DATA SET IN TWO ROWS
50
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
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603
604
605
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61 1
612
613
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616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
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CHARACTER TITLE(2)*80
PARAMETER (NPTHR=4)
DIMENSION RSCHDU2)
COMMON /XY/ X(4).Y(4),XOCC.XUNOC,YSET
& /CNST/ TAUON.TAUOFF.YINF.YSS.XD
& /limit/ ymin.ymax.heat.maintn.fsyson.daycnt.xstart
& /ONOFFC/ PARTON.OELY
& /TSET/ TSTART,TOFF.TOCC.TUNOC.TBEGIN
NAMELIST /INIT/ DATE,DAY.TOCC.TUNOC.TSTART,
& YSET.YMIN.YMAX.DELY.HEAT.NSKIP
& /DAYOCC/ DATE.DAY.TOCC.TUNOC
& /OUTPUT/ TIME.MAINTN.PARTON.FSYSON.DAYCNT.
& TSTART.TOFF.TOCC.TUNOC.TBEGIN
DATA RSCHDL/6.0.18.0/
OPEN FILE 7 FOR INITIAL AND SCHEDULE INFORMATION
OPEN FILE 8 FOR SIMULATED DATA OF MEASURED VALUES
OPEN (7,FILE='OPT IN')
OPEN (8,FILE='0PTDATA' )
REWIND 7
REWIND 8
READ INITIAL INPUT DATA
READ(7.1OOO) TITLE
READ(7.INIT)
PRINT 1000. TITLE
PRINT INIT
IW=0
1-0
READ SIMULATED MEASURED DATA AND SCHEDULE INFORMATION
READ(8.*.END=999) TI ME.TEMP.TOUT
IF(I.EQ.O) TBEGIN= TIME
IF((ABS(TIME-RSCHDL(1)).LT.0.5/NPTHR).OR.
& (ABS(TIME-RSCHDL(2)).LT.O.5/NPTHR)) THEN
READ(7,DAYOCC)
PRINT DAYOCC
ENDIF
MAINTAIN MINIMUM REQUIREMENT DURING NOT-WORKING DAYS
IF(DAY.EQ.0) THEN
MAINTN*.TRUE.
ELSE
CALL OPTSS(TIME.TEMP.TOUT)
ENDIF
IF(MAINTN) CALL ONOFF(TEMP)
IF(IW.EQ.NSKIP+1) THEN
PRINT *.TIME,TEMP.TOUT
PRINT OUTPUT
IW*0
ENDIF
IW-IW+1
1-1
51
638 GOTO 10
639 C V,
640 C FORMAT STATEMENTS
641 C
642 1000 FORMAT(A80/A80)
643 c
644 999 STOP
645 END
INPUT DATA
APPENDIX D
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64
NtS-i 14* (REV. 2-go)
U.S. OEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performlnt Orfan. Report No.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA REPORT NO.
SHEET (See instructions) 83-2720
S. Publication Date
June 1983
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
An Optimum Start/Stop Control Algorithm for Heating and Cooling
Systems in Buildings
5. AUTHOR(S)
Cheol Park
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see Instructions)
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234
7. Contract/Grant No.
S. Type of Report 8. Period Covered
9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. Stole, ZIP)
Office of Buildings and Community Systems
U.S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20585
U.S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory
U.S. Department of Defense
Washington, DC 20310
10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
[3J Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is
attached.
11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information.
If document includes a significant
bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)
When a building structure is occupied intermittently, energy savings can be
realized from the optimal start-up and shut-down of the heating or cooling system.
This strategy, known as optimum start/stop control, reduces energy consumption by
delaying the start-up of the space conditioning system until the last moment and
then
initiating shut-down as early as possible, while maintaining a preset level of
comfort
during the period of building occupancy.
Based on the bang-bang control theory, a simple optimum start/stop control
algorithm
is developed for computerized control systems in buildings. The optimum start time
is
obtained by finding the intersection of cool-down and heat-up curves that are
approximated by exponential fitting of the previous and current day’s data.
Information is presented in this report on the input and output variables, logic
flow, and methodology employed in developing the algorithm. A computer program
listing of the optimum start/stop control algorithm written in FORTRAN 77 and
sample
input and output data are included in the appendices.
12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper
names; and separate key words by semicolons)
digital control systems; energy conservation; energy management and control
systems;
heating and cooling systems; optimum start/stop time; preheat time.
13. AVAILABILITY
f~y] Unlimited
| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS
I | Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C.
20402.
QX| Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA.
22161
14. NO. OF
PRINTED PAGES
69
15. Price
$10.00
USCOMM-DC S043-P80
I
I

i
*

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