3XR hrQ //BiBQMb iQ :mbb@J`FQp,

! " ! "
aBM+2 *Qp β̂j , β̂k = *Qp β̂k , β̂j - bQ o` [b1 − b|X] rBHH #2 bvKK2i`B+

q2 BMpQF2 i?2 i?2Q`2K i?i  bvKK2i`B+ Ki`Bt i?i Bb TQbBiBp2 b2KB@/2P7MBi2 ?b MQM@
M2;iBp2 MmK#2`b QM Bib KBM /B;QMH
_2bmHi R , 6Q` 2+? 2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 T`K2i2` p2+iQ`- i?2 PGa 2biBKiQ` ?b i?2 bKHH@
2bi p`BM+2 BM i?2 +Hbb Q7 2biBKiQ`b i?i `2 HBM2` M/ mM#Bb2/- +QM/BiBQMH QM
X
*QMbB/2` iFBM; bQK2 HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 2biBKi2/ T`Ki2`b- θ = hT β- θ̂ = hT b-
θ̃ = hT b1 X aQ ! "
o` θ̂|X = hT o` [b|X]
! "
o` θ̃|X = hT o` [b1 |X]

>2M+2 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM p`BM+2b #2ir22M i?2 irQ 2biBKiQ`b rBHH #2

! " ! "
o` θ̂|X − o` θ̃|X = hT [o` [b|X] − o` [b1 |X]] h

q2 BMpQF2 i?2Q`2K i?i 7Q` Mv Mv K × 1 p2+iQ` h M/ TQbBiBp2 b2KB@/2}MBi2 Ki`Bt
G- i?2 b+H` h′ Gh > 0

_2bmHi k , 7Q` Mv HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 b- i?2 PGa 2biBKiQ` ?b i?2 bKHH2bi p`BM+2
BM i?2 +Hbb Q7 2biBKiQ`b i?i `2 HBM2` M/ mM#Bb2/- +QM/BiBQMH QM X

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