Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nuclear Power
Nuclear Energy
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Atomic Structure
• Nuclear technology takes advantage of the power
locked in structure of atoms, the basic particle of
matter.
– The nucleus of an atom
contains all of its
positively-charged protons
and non-charged neutrons.
– Negatively-charged electrons
orbit the nucleus.
• Atoms always contain equal numbers of protons
and electrons, , making them electrically neutral.
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Fission of U-235
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Only certain kinds of atoms are suitable for the development of a nuclear chain reaction.
The two materials most commonly used are uranium-235 and plutonium-239.
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Moderator
• Neutrons are slowed
down by having them
collide with light atoms
(Water in US reactors).
• Highest level of energy
transfer occurs when
the masses of the
colliding particles are
equal (ex: neutron and
hydrogen)
Control Rods
• Control rods are made
of a material that
absorbs excess
neutrons (usually Boron
or Cadmium).
• By controlling the
number of neutrons, we
can control the rate of
fissions
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Basic Ideas
• The Uranium is both the fuel and the source
of neutrons.
• The neutrons induce the fissions
• The Water acts as both the moderator and a
heat transfer medium.
• Control rods regulate the energy output by
“sucking up” excess neutrons
Practicalities
• Processing of Uranium
• Each ton of Uranium ore
produces 3-5 lbs of Uranium
compounds
• Uranium ore is processed
near the mine to produce
“yellow cake”, a material rich
in U3O8.
• Only 0.7% of U in yellow
cake is 235U. Most of the rest
is 238U which does not work
for fission power.
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Enrichment
• To be used in US
reactors, fuel must be
3-5% 235U.
• Yellow cake is converted
into UF6 and this
compound is enriched
using gaseous diffusion
and/or centrifuges.
• There are some reactor
designs that run on
pure yellow cake.
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Fuel Pellets
• The enriched UF6 is
converted into UO2 which
is then made into fuel
pellets.
• The fuel pellets are
collected into long tubes.
(~12ft).
• The fuel rods are collected
into bundles (~200 rods
per bundle
• ~175 bundles in the core
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Cladding
• The material that the
fuel rods are made out
of is called cladding.
• It must be permeable to
neutrons and be able to
withstand high heats.
• Typically cladding is
made of stainless steel
or zircaloy.
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NUCLEAR REACTOR
A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain
reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a
steady rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the
chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and is
uncontrolled causing an exploitation.
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CONTROL RODS
Control rods made of a material that absorbs neutrons are
inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or
lower the control rods.
STEAM GENERATORS
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert
water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor
core.
coolant.
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STEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into
useful mechanical
COOLANT PUMP
The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of
the order of 155bar.
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FEED PUMP
Steam coming out of the turbine, flows through
the condenser for condensation and recirculated
for the next cycle of operation.
CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense
vapor into liquid.
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The heat
generated by the
fission of or
uranium releases
energy that heats
water to produce
steam to turn
turbines to
generate
electricity.
Cooling Tower
In addition to fuel rods containing uranium, reactors contain control rods of cadmium,
boron, graphite, or some other non-fissionable material used to control the rate fission
by absorbing neutrons. Lowering the rods decreases the rate of reaction.
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Natural Draft
Hyperbolic Cooling
Towers
Containment Structure
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Breeder Reactors
• A big problem with nuclear power is the
creation of Plutonium in the reactor core.
• This is a long lived radioactive element that is
difficult to store.
• Q: Why not use it as a fuel too?
Basic Idea
• Process that creates the Pu.
• During fission use one of the extra neutrons to create
a Pu atom
n 238 239
92 U 92 U
239
92U 23 239
min 0
93 Np 1
239 239 0
93 Np 2
.4 days
94 Pu 1
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Fukushima
• The most recent meltdown
occurred following a
massive earthquake and
tidal wave off the coast of
Japan.
• The generators powering
the water pumps of some
of the Fukushima Daiichi
reactors were flooded.
– Without cooling water, the
core overheated and
experienced a meltdown.
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• Advantages • Disadvantages
– Low-cost electricity due to – Potential for radiation
Gov’t subsidies, services, &
insurance leakage and health
– Provides “baseload” effects
constant power to carry – Possible terrorist target
most of the load
• Useful just as threat
– Clean power without air
pollution (no CO2?) – Apparent cheap power
– Requires highly paid work retards renewable
force (job votes) energy development
– Source of local taxation – What to do with the
revenue spent fuel?
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Conclusion
• Nuclear plants provide a significant global energy
• Some antinuclear organizations want all plants closed
right now and vocally oppose them
• Nuclear energy provides too much energy to readily
close them without a substitute (~1600 MW/plant)
• Nuclear energy may be a transitional approach from
fission plants to fusion plants some far away day
• Nuclear plants likely will be built again since
population growth demands more energy, natural gas
prices will be higher in the future, and fossil fuel plants
pollute
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