Understanding The Color PDF

Design/Graphic Arts/General
H O L T Z SC H U E
F O U RT H E D I T I O N
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

ENHANCE YOUR SKIL L S FOR WORKING WITH COL OR
Now in an updated Fourth Edition, Understanding Color helps you connect the dots between your emotional,
UNDERSTANDI NG COL OR
intuitive responses to color and the theories that explain them. Through authoritative, easy-to-follow instruction,
you’ll learn how to use color more comfortably, creatively, and effectively than ever before.
Take your work to the next level by exploring how different light sources affect color rendition, how placement
changes color, how to avoid costly color mistakes, and how to resolve the color problems that frequently confront
design professionals. This Fourth Edition is full of powerful new features that reflect the latest issues in color and
design, including:
■ Nearly 35 percent of content expanded and revised

U N D E R ST A N D I N G
■
■
Coverage of a broad range of design disciplines
Ideas from the major color theorists that reinforce one another, rather than an approach
emphasizing what is correct or incorrect
Discussion of color created by traditional media and digital design, and the issues that
arise when design moves from one medium to another
COL OR
AN INTRODUCTION FOR DESIGNERS
■ Innovative coverage of color marketing issues
■ Helpful tips for using color in the working environment
■ An online workbook contains valuable exercises to reinforce color concepts
Understanding Color, Fourth Edition is an unparalleled source of authoritative information and practical solutions
for students and professionals in all fields of design.
LINDA HOLTZSCHUE is Principal of Linda Holtzschue and Associates, an interior design firm based in
New York City. She has taught color theory and related courses at Parsons School of Design, where she also
served as an assistant dean; the Fashion Institute of Technology; and the School of Visual Arts. Her work has
appeared in the New York Times Magazine and Better Homes and Gardens.
www.wiley.com/go/understandingcolor4e
FOURTH
EDITION
L I N D A H O L T Z SC H U E
978-0470-38135-9 4-COLOR GLOSSY

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UNDERSTANDING COLOR
An Introduction for Designers
Fourth Edition
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DEDICATION
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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PREFACE
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CONTENTS
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Color Study

The Experience of Color 2
Color Awareness 4
The Uses of Color 7
Color-Order Systems 8
Color Study 12
Chapter 2 A Little Light on the Subject
Light 18
Additive Color: Mixing Light 20
Lamps 22
Lighting Level 25
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Vision 26
The Illuminant Mode of Vision 27
The Object Mode of Vision 27
Subtractive Color: Colorants 28
Lamps and Color Rendition 31
Metamerism and Matching 32
Modifying Light: Surface 33
Transparent, Opaque, and Translucent 36
Iridescence 36
Luminosity 37
Indirect Light, Indirect Color 37
Modifying Light: Filters 38
Chapter 3!! The Human Element
The Sensation of Color 44

Threshold 46
Intervals 46
The Perception of Color 49
Physiology: Responding to Light 50
Healing and Color 53
Synaesthesia 54
Psychology: Responding to Light 54
Naming Colors 55
Color as Language: From Name to Meaning 57
Impressional Color 61
Color as Words Alone 61
Chapter 4 The Vocabulary of Color
Hue 69
The Artists’ Spectrum 71
VIII
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Primary, Secondary, and Intermediate Colors 72
Saturated Color 72
Other Spectrums, Other Primaries 73
Chromatic Scales 74
Cool and Warm Colors 74
Analogous Colors 75
Complementary Colors 76
Tertiary Colors: Chromatic Neutrals 77
Black, White, Gray 78
Value 79
Value and Image 79
Transposing Image 81
Pure Hues and Value 82
Tints and Shades 83
Monochromatic Value Scales 84
Comparing Value in Different Hues 86
Saturation 87
Saturation: Diluting Pure Hues with Gray 87
Saturation: Diluting Pure Hues with the Complement 88
Tone 90
Chapter 5 The Instability of Colors
The Instability of Colors 94

Color Composition 95
Ground and Carried Colors 96
Placement and Color Change 97
Equilibrium 98
Simultaneous Contrast 99
Afterimage and Contrast Reversal 101
Complementary Contrast 102
Contents IX
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Ground Subtraction 104
Color and Area: Small, Medium, Large 107
Chapter 6 Illusion and Impression
Optical Illusions 112

Color Illusions 113
The Illusion of Depth 113
Spatial Effects of Colors 116
Transparence Illusion 118
Fluting 121
Vibration 122
Vanishing Boundaries 123
Luminosity 124
Bezold Effect 125
Optical Mixes 126
Chapter 7 Color Theory: A Brief History
Setting the Stage 132

The Beginnings of Color Theory 133
Color and Controversy 136
The Scientific Model: Color Gets Organized 138
Color by Numbers 142
A New Perspective 145
! !
Chapter 8 Color Harmony
In Search of Beauty 150

Intervals and Harmony 152
Hue and Harmony 153
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Value and Harmony 154
Saturation and Harmony 156
Major and Minor Themes 158
Some Harmonious Conclusions 159
On Beyond Harmony: Dissonant Colors 160
High-Impact Color 161
The X-tra Factor: Surface and Harmony 162
Chapter 9 Tools of the Trade
It’s the Real Thing: Color in Product and Print 168

Design Media 171
Artists’ Media 172
Subtractive Mixing 174
Tinting Strength 176
Color Printing 177
Chapter 10 The Medium of Light
Then and Now 187

Images of Light 187
Lost in Translation 189
The Screen Display 192
Color Management 195
Color Display Modes 197
Presentation: Screen and Print 200
Color on the Web 202
Web Color Coding 204
Emerging Media 208
Contents XI
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Chapter 11 The Business of Color
The Color Industries 213
Producing Color 213
Color Sampling 214
Color Forecasting 215
Color and Product Identity 217
Palettes, Color Cycles, and History 219
Traditional Colors 221
Influences on Palettes 223
Glossary 230
Bibliography 246
Index 252
Online Workbook (www.wiley.com/go/understandingcolor4e)
XII
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Contents XIII
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1 AN INTRODUCTION TO COLOR STUDY
The Experience of Color / Color Awareness / The Uses
of Color / Color-Order Systems / Color Study
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3 Chapter 1
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7 Chapter 1
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9 Chapter 1
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Endnotes
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Chapter 1 Highlights "$%("%0'(+5#&':%0)2:+'&'%"$%/$0+(0%9"/*'%
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15 Chapter 1
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!"#$%&$'(#)*!+,-.//000&1 &&2(2&!000(3$1045
A LITTLE LIGHT ON THE SUBJECT
2
Light / Additive Color: Mixing Light / Lamps /
Lighting Level / Vision / The Illuminant Mode of
Vision / The Object Mode of Vision / Subtractive Color:
Colorants / Lamps and Color Rendition / Metamerism
and Matching / Modifying Light: Surface / Transparent,
Opaque, and Translucent / Iridescence / Luminosity /
Indirect Light, Indirect Color / Modifying Light: Filters
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19 Chapter 2
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A Little Light On The Subject 20
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21 Chapter 2
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6&$+/1#7%2$"9%(%#&341%'"*$/+0%"$%('%#&341%$+"%+/1+6%2$"9%(.%"5<+/1:%
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#&341%$+(/4&.3%14+%+7+0%#&>+%14+%/"#"$'%"2 %(%9".&1"$%'/$++.%"$%(%
.+".%'&3.:%U.%14+/!"#$%&/8!($/!: /-'.'!0%/"#"$'%($+%'++.%&.6&$+/1#70%('%
$+"%+/1+6%#&341:%@4+%1(.3&5#+%14&.3'%"2 %14+%$+(#%?"$#6 D "5<+/1'%
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The Illuminant Mode of Vision
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The Object Mode of Vision
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/#(''&/%9&'*.6+$'1(.6&.3%"2 %14(1%6&22+$+./+%1"">%-#(/+%&.%14+%LiSR'%?4+.%9(.7%!%$+%+.3&.+'%
?+$+%-(&.1+6%7+##"?[3$++.%&.'1+(6%"2 %14+%1$(6&1&".(#%$+6:%@4+%(--($+.1%$+('".&.3%2"$%14&'%?('%
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27 Chapter 2
!"#$%&$'(#)*!+,-.//000+1 &&2(2&!000(3$1045
14+$+2"$+% 14+% '(2+'10% /"#"$:% J+##"?[ INCIDENT BEAM
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)+$7% ]*&/>#7% (.6% 14+% 1$(6&1&".(#%
$+6% $+1*$.+60% (.% "*1/"9+% ."1% "2 %
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REFLECTED BEAM
f&$+% +.3&.+'% ($+% "5<+/1'0% ."1%
?()+#+.314'%"2 %#&341:%X+$7%6&22+$+.1%
-$&./&-#+'% "2 % 4&34% )&'&5&#&17% (--#7:%
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'*$2(/+%&'%(.%&./&6+.1%5+(9:%@4+%$+"%+/1+6%5+(9%&'%#&341%
/".1$('1%'4($-#7%?&14%14+%.(1*$(#%"$% 14(1%#+()+'%(%'*$2(/+%(.6%$+(/4+'%14+%+7+:
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Subtractive Color: Colorants
H)&$1')*.% ($+% 14+% '*5'1(./+'% "2 % 14+% $+(#% ?"$#6:% @4+7% ($+% 14+% G'1*22 K% "2 % -47'&/(#% "5<+/1'0%
14+%14&.3'%14(1%/(.%5+%'++.%(.6%1"*/4+6:%H)&$1')*./8!(':2/*'+,&:%C&341%$+(/4&.3%(%9(1+$&(#%&'%
9"6&!%+6%&.%".+%"2 %14$++%?(7'8
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INCIDENT
BEAM GLASS
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?4&1+%"5<+/1%-#(/+6%*.6+$%(%3+.+$(#%#&341%'"*$/+%$+"%+/1'%(##%"2 %14+%
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$+"%+/1':%A.#7%14+%$+6%?()+#+.314%$+(/4+'%14+%+7+0%(.6%14+%"5<+/1%
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TRANSMISSION
Figure 2-9.
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29 Chapter 2
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14+%#&341%"2 %7+##"?%'"6&*9%#(9-'0%$+6%/($'0%3$++.%/($'0%(.6%5#*+%/($'%($+%&.6&'1&.3*&'4(5#+%
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31 Chapter 2
!"#$%&$'(#)*!+,-.//000$& &&2(2&!000(3$1045
$+9(&.'% -$"5#+9(1&/% 2"$% 6+'&3.+$'0% 9(.*2(/1*$+$'0% $+1(&#+$'0% (.6% /".'*9+$'% 5+/(*'+% 2"$%
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14+%/#&+.18%3*&'8)&$*20%"2/,38)0/$2$./)*!0$9
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33 Chapter 2
!"#$%&$'(#)*!+,-.//000$$ &&2(2&!000(3$1045
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REFLECTED BEAM
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35 Chapter 2
!"#$%&$'(#)*!+,-.//000$' &&2(2&!000(3$1045
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37 Chapter 2
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39 Chapter 2
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41 Chapter 2
!"#$%&$'(#)*!+,-.//000"& &&2(2&!000(3$1045
!"#$%&$'(#)*!+,-.//000"+ &&2(2&!000(3$1045
!'#$%&$'(#)*!$,-.//000"$ &&2(2&!000(3$(045
3 THE HUMAN ELEMENT
The Sensation of Color / Threshold / Intervals /
The Perception of Color / Physiology: Responding to Light /
Healing and Color / Synaesthesia / Psychology: Responding
to Light / Naming Colors / Color as Language: From Name
to Meaning / Impressional Color / Color as Words Alone
0'+'1-1"!2'#!"!-$1"-)'1"-%&"3-%'-)$#4!-")'%&'#!-%5$#-%'-5&!-&#%"++".%(-6#-7"#"1$+8--
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The Sensation of Color

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Figure 3-1.
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45 Chapter 3
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Threshold
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The Human Element 46
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47 Chapter 3
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IMAGES COMPOSED OF EVEN INTERVALS
ARE MORE EASILY UNDERSTOOD THAN
IMAGES IN WHICH THE INTERVALS ARE
UNEVEN OR RANDOM. IMAGES COMPOSED
OF EVEN INTERVALS ARE MORE EASILY
UNDERSTOOD THAN IMAGES IN WHICH
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49 Chapter 3
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55 Chapter 3
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61 Chapter 3
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Endnotes
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*,/6#",/#&,*3+#$/,-)$%#$*0#+,*&3*-$%%=# +,*+(/*)#%3K(#*$&3,*',,0#&(*0#&,#
$0S-)&)#',/6,*(#%(2(%)#&,#K((7#3&#$&# 6$3*&$3*#&'(3/#6($*3*5#,2(/#&36(#
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7$))$5()#," #.,/0)4#,/#,&'(/#",/6)#
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," #%$*5-$5(8#C.$/(*())#," #+-%&-/$%#
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03""(/(*+()#3*#&'(#)(6$*&3+)#," #+,%,/#
3)#+/3&3+$%#&,#&'(#6$/K(&3*5#," #$*=#
7/,0-+&#3*&(*0(0#",/#&'(#5%,A$%#
6$/K(&8#?,/0)#",/#+,%,/)#+,66-*3+$&(#
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A-&#%())#H-3+K%=8#?,/0)#$/(#7/,+())(0#
$)#&',-5'&#/$&'(/#&'$*#$)#)(*),/=#
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m# P,%,/#+,03*5#7%$=)#$#+(*&/$%#/,%(#3*#
+,*2(=3*5#)$"(&=#3*",/6$&3,*8#I&/,,7#
3*&(/$+&3,*#&$K()#7%$+(#.'(*#+,%,/)#$/(#
)((*#$&#&'(#)$6(#&36(#$)#)36-%&$*(,-)#
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6($*3*5#+,67(&(#.3&'#,&'(/#7$/&)#
," #&'(#A/$3*#3*#)&/-+&-/3*5#$#/()7,*)(8#
65 Chapter 3
!'#$%&$'(#)*!$,-.//0006' &&2(2&!000(3$(045
!'#$%&$'(#)*!$,-.//00066 &&2(2&!000(3$(045
!6#$%&$'(#)*!",-.//00061 &&2(2&!000(3'"045
THE VOCABULARY OF COLOR
Hue / The Artists’ Spectrum / Primary, Secondary, and Intermediate
4
Colors / Saturated Color / Other Spectrums, Other Primaries /
Chromatic Scales / Cool and Warm Colors / Analogous Colors /
Complementary Colors / Tertiary Colors: Chromatic Neutrals /
Black, White, Gray / Value / Value and Image / Transposing Image/
Pure Hues and Value / Tints and Shades / Monochromatic Value
Scales / Comparing Value in Different Hues / Saturation / Saturation:
Diluting Pure Hues with Gray / Saturation: Diluting Pure Hues
with the Complement / Tone
!"#$%&'&()$&*&+,-./0&1(2345&6(2345&)*7./&7%&*&-*4#$-&)8,-%9(:&4,%$/0&
&&74&2$*%)&;()4&+#*4&'&8#,,)$&74&4,&2$*%&<&%$74#$-&2,-$&%,-&:$))=0
& & & & & &&&&&& &<!"#$%&'())*++
,-"&#*).%&/*)&0*+*)%&$1&"2")3.(3&+$/"&4&)".5&6)""15&7+8"5&(1.&%*&*1&4&.*&1*9&-(2"&:)"0$%"&
;"(1$16%<&=1%9"(.5&"(0-&#*).&$%&(&0*."&/*)&(&)(16"&*/ &%$;$+()&%"1%(9$*1%<&,-"&%(;"&$%&9)8"&
/*)&#*).%&9-(9&."%0)$7"&0*+*)%5&+$>"&7)$++$(195&.8++5&.()>5&*)&+$6-9<&?".&$%&)".5&(1.&1"2")&7+8"5&
(1.&7)$++$(19&$%&1"2")&.8++5&789&(9&9-"&%(;"&9$;"5&9-"%"&#*).%&$1&0*12")%(9$*1&0(1&)":)"%"19&(&
18;7")&*/ &.$//")"19&2$%8(+&"@:")$"10"%<&
A-"1&(&#*).&$%&8%".&9*&$."19$/3&(&0*+*)&%(;:+"5&*)&(%&9-"&2")7(+&"@:)"%%$*1&*/ &(&0*+*)&1*9&%""15&
$9&;"(1%&%*;"9-$16&%+$6-9+3&.$//")"19&9*&"(0-&:")%*1<&B()3&(1.&C*-1&%""&9-"&%(;"&)".D*)(16"&
%(;:+"&(1.&)"%:*1.&9*&$9&$1&:")%*1(+&#(3%<&B()3&0(++%&$9&)".E&C*-1&$1%$%9%&$9&$%&)".D*)(16"<&
F*9&"2")3*1"&%"1%"%&0*+*)%&$1&"@(09+3&9-"&%(;"&#(35&(1.&"2"1&$/ &9-"3&.$.5&$1.$2$.8(+%&.*&1*9&
4#7%>&*/ &0*+*)%&$1&"@(09+3&9-"&%(;"&#(3<&,-"&)"%8+9&$%&(&%9(+";(9"E&(&.$//")"10"&*/ &*:$1$*1E&(1&
$1(7$+$93&9*&(6)""&*1&#-(9&(&:()9$08+()&%(;:+"&7)&4&(1.&.$/!&08+93&$1&0*;;81$0(9$16&$."(%&
(7*89&$9<&=9&;(>"%&1*&.$//")"10"&#-"9-")&(&0*+*)&$%&%""1&(%&:8)"&+$6-95&*)&(%&(&%*+$.&*7G"095&*)&
(%&(&:)$19".&:(6"<&H(0-&:")%*1&$19"):)"9%&(1.&1(;"%&0*+*)%&$1&-$%&*)&-")&*#1&#(3<&'*+*)&$%&(&
)(?;$847@$&"@:")$"10"<&I1"&;(1J%&:"(0-&$%&(+#(3%&(1*9-")&;(1J%&;"+*1<&&
,-"& ."%$61& :)*0"%%& 0(++%& /*)& (& 2*0(78+()3& 9-(9& 0*;;81$0(9"%& 0*+*)& $."(%& #$9-& ;*)"&
:)"0$%$*15&789&1*&1"#&#*).%&()"&1"".".&/*)&9-$%<&=/ &(&0*+*)&0(11*9&7"&:)"0$%"+3&7.$%47!&$.&73&
!6#$%&$'(#)*!",-.//0006% &&2(2&!000(3'"045
#*).%5&$9&0(1&1"2")9-"+"%%&7"&."%0)$7".<&'*+*)%&-(2"&7(%$0&(99)$789"%&9-(9&0(1&7"&*7%")2".&
(1.&1(;".<&A-"9-")&9-"%"&()"&0(++".&K8(+$9$"%5&(%:"09%5&.$;"1%$*1%5&*)&%*;"9-$16&"+%"5&9-"3&
(++&)"/")&9*&9-"&%(;"&9-$16L&K8(+$9$"%&9-(9&()"&:)"%"19&$1&0*+*)%&*/ &(++&>$1.%E&0*+*)%&*/ &+$6-9&
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*7%")2")&#$9-&(&9)($1".&"3"&0(1&8%"&9-"%"&(99)$789"%&9*&."%0)$7"&(&0*+*)&)"+(9$2"&9*&(1*9-")5&
%$;$+()& *1"5& (1.& 9*& 0*;;81$0(9"& .$//")"10"%& 7"9#""1& 9-";& #$9-& )"(%*1(7+"& :)"0$%$*1<&
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,-"&2*0(78+()3&*/ &#*)>$16&#$9-&0*+*)&(+%*&$10+8."%&#*).%&9-(9&."%0)$7"&$19"))"+(9$*1%-$:%&
7"9#""1&0*+*)%<&,*6"9-")5&9-"&9");%&*/ &."%0)$:9$*1&(1.&$19"))"+(9$*1%-$:&;(>"&$9&:*%%$7+"&9*&
0*12"3&$."(%&(7*89&0*+*)&8%$16&#*).%&#-*%"&;"(1$16%&()"&0+"()5&0*1%$%9"195&(1.&*7G"09$2"<&
,-)""&K8(+$9$"%&*/ &0*+*)&()"&(+)"(.3&/(;$+$()L
& 1($L&9-"&1(;"&*/ &9-"&0*+*)L&)".5&*)(16"5&3"++*#5&6)""15&7+8"5&*)&2$*+"9
& A*:($L&9-"&)"+(9$2"&+$6-91"%%&*)&.()>1"%%&*/ &(&0*+*)&
& B*4(-*47,%&*)&8#-,2*L&9-"&-8"D$19"1%$93&*)&7)$++$(10"&*/ &(&%(;:+"5&

& $9%&.8++1"%%&*)&2$2$.1"%%
&
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$9<&M&0*+*)&%(;:+"&;(3&-(2"&(..$9$*1(+&0-()(09")$%9$0%5&+$>"&*:(0$93&*)&9)(1%+80"1035&789&$9&
0(1&(+#(3%&7"&."%0)$7".&!&)%9&$1&9");%&*/ &$9%&-8"5&2(+8"5&(1.&%(98)(9$*1<&
Hue
1($& ;"(1%& 9-"& %*2$& */ & 9-"& 0*+*)<& =1& %0$"10"5& 9-"& 0*+*)%& */ & +$6-95& *)& )3$84-*:& 8,:,-)/& 0(1& 7"&
"%9(7+$%-".&:)"0$%"+3&73&(&;"(%8)";"19&*/ &#(2"+"169-5&(1.&9-"&#*).%&N-8"O&(1.&N0*+*)O&()"&
$19")0-(16"(7+"<&=1&"2")3.(3&%:""0-&P$10+8.$16&$1&9-$%&7**>Q5&9-"&#*).&N0*+*)O&$%&8%".&$1&9#*&
.$//")"19& #(3%<& =9& 0(1& ;"(1& P;*)"& :)"0$%"+3Q& 9-"& -8"& */ & %*;"9-$16& *)& P;*)"& 6"1")(++3Q& 9-"&
0*;:+"9"&2$%8(+&"@:")$"10"&*/ &$9%&-8"5&2(+8"5&(1.&%(98)(9$*1&9*6"9-")<&I1+3&9-"&0*19"@9&$1&#-$0-&
$9&$%&8%".&9"++%&#-$0-&;"(1$16&$%&$19"1.".<&NR8"5O&-*#"2")5&;"(1%&,%:5&9-"&1(;"&*/ &9-"&0*+*)<
69 Chapter 4
!6#$%&$'(#)*!",-.//0006( &&2(2&!000(3'"045
C#-,2*&$%&(&%31*13;&/*)&-8"<&=9&$%&:()9&*/ &%*;"&/(;$+$()&0*+*)&#*).%L
& '-)*;(9$0L&R(2$16&-8"
& M0-)*;(9$0L&A$9-*89&-8"
& S*+30-)*;(9$0L&R(2$16&;(13&-8"%
& B*1*0-)*;(9$0L&R(2$16&*1"&-8"&*1+3
=9&-(%&7""1&9-"*)$T".&9-(9&9-"&(2")(6"&:")%*1&0(1&.$%9$168$%-&(7*89&UVW&0*+*)%&P-8"%Q&*/ &+$6-95&
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9*&."%0)$7"&-8"&()"L
?HX&&I?MFYH&&ZH!!IA&&Y?HHF&&[!\H&&]=I!H,
D&8,:,-&7)&8*::$.&?5&4#$&%*2$&,9 &74)&2,)4&,?@7,()/&,-&.,27%*%4/&#($<&H2")3&0*+*)&1(;"&)":)"%"19%&(&
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3"++*#&819$+&$9&$%&:+(0".&1"@9&9*&(&.$//")"19&3"++*#&%(;:+"<&^8.."1+35&*1"&3"++*#&$%&%""1&9*&
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:)".*;$1(9"%& $1& "(0-<& \%$16& 9-"& #*).& N8,%4*7%)O& -"+:%& 9*& "2(+8(9"& 0*+*)%<& N,-$%& 3"++*#&
0*19($1%&%*;"&*)(16"O&$%&:")/"09+3&."%0)$:9$2"<&=9&$."19$!&"%&9-"&:)$10$:(+&-8"&(1.&(&%"0*1.&
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The Vocabulary of Color 70
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The Artists’ Spectrum
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71 Chapter 4
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Primary, Secondary, and Intermediate Colors

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3"++*#5&(1.&7+8"<&Y)""15&*)(16"5&(1.&2$*+"9&()"&9-"&)$8,%.*-5&8,:,-)&*/ &9-"&()9$%9%J&%:"09)8;<&
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Saturated Color
M&)*4(-*4$.&8,:,-&$%&(&-8"&$1&$9%&%9)*16"%9&:*%%$7+"&;(1$/"%9(9$*1<&,-"&)".."%9&)".&$;(6$1(7+"5&
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0*19($1&7+(0>5&#-$9"5&*)&6)(3<&
^(98)(9".&0*+*)%&()"&1*9&+$;$9".&9*&9-"&%$@&*)&9#"+2"&N1(;".O&-8"%&*/ &9-"&()9$%9%J&%:"09)8;<&
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8,:,-=&=;(6$1"&9-"&/8++&)(16"&*/ &2$%$7+"&-8"%&(%&(&0$)0+"&#$9-&"(0-&0*+*)&7+"1.$16&$19*&9-"&1"@95&
+$>"&(&0$)08+()&)($17*#<&M13&-8"5&(9&(13&:*$19&*1&9-(9&0$)0+"5&$%&(&%(98)(9".&0*+*)<&,-"&*1+3&
+$;$9&9*&9-"&18;7")&*/ &%(98)(9".&0*+*)%&$%&9-"&+$;$9&*/ &-8;(1&0*+*)&2$%$*1<
Other Spectrums, Other Primaries

Figure 4-3. ,-"&()9$%9%J&%:"09)8;&$++8%9)(9"%&*1"&0*+*)D*).")&%3%9";<&=9&$%&/(;$+$()5&2$%8(++3&+*6$0(+5&"(%3&
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A$+-"+;&I%9#(+.J%&
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73 Chapter 4
!6#$%&$'(#)*!",-.//0001$ &&2(2&!000(3'"045
Figure 4-4.!
D:4$-%*47@$&B3$84-(2)=!
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-8"%& $1& %*;"& #(35& (1.& (++& /*++*#&
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Chromatic Scales
M&8#-,2*478&)8*:$&$%&(13&+$1"()&%")$"%&
*/& -8"%& $1& %:"09)8;& *).")<& M&
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*)(16"&P7+8"D6)""1D3"++*#D*)(16"Q5&
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Cool and Warm Colors
C,,:&(1.&+*-2&()"&#*).%&8%".&9*&."%0)$7"&9#*&*::*%$16&K8(+$9$"%&*/ &-8"<&'**+&0*+*)%&0*19($1&
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3"++*#&()"&0*1%$.")".&#();<&M%&(&)"%8+95&9-"&"19$)"&%:"09)8;&$%&;*)"&-"(2$+3&N#();O&9-(1&
$9&$%&N0**+<O&[+8"&$%&9-"&:*+()&"@9)";"&*/ &0**+5&(1.&*)(16"5&;(."&*/ &)".&(1.&3"++*#5&$%&9-"&
:*+()&"@9)";"&*/ &#();<&
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(::"()&#();")&*)&0**+")&)"+(9$2"&9*&(1*9-")&0*+*)<&,-")"&()"&0**+")&)".%&P0+*%")&9*&2$*+"9Q&
(1.&#();")&*1"%&P0+*%")&9*&*)(16"Q<&]$*+"9&(1.&6)""1&()"&6"1")(++3&0*1%$.")".&9*&7"&0**+&
0*+*)%5& 789& $9& $%& :*%%$7+"& 9*& ."%0)$7"& *1"& 2$*+"9& (%& #();")& 9-(1& (1*9-")& 2$*+"9& 7"0(8%"& $9&
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0+*%")&9*&*)(16"<O
Analogous Colors
D%*:,I,()&8,:,-)&()"&-8"%&9-(9&()"&(.G(0"19&*1&9-"&()9$%9%J&%:"09)8;<&D%*:,I,()&8,:,-&I-,(37%I)&
8,%4*7%&4+,&3-72*-5&8,:,-)&?(4&%$@$-&4#$&4#7-.<&M1(+*6*8%&0*+*)%&()"&(;*16&9-"&;*%9&/)"K8"19+3&
8%".& $1& ."%$61<& M1(+*63& (//*).%& 9-"& ."%$61")& (1& *::*)981$93& 9*& (..& 0*+*)%& 9*& (& ."%$61&
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*)(16"&$%&"1)$0-".5&1*9&0-(16".5&73&9-"&(..$9$*1&*/ &)".D*)(16"<
Figure 4-5.
D%*:,I,()&1($)=&
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1"2")&9-"&9-$).<
75 Chapter 4
!6#$%&$'(#)*!",-.//0001' &&2(2&!000(3'"045
,-"&9)(.$9$*1(+&."!&1$9$*1&*/ &(1(+*6*8%&0*+*)%&$%&N(&6)*8:&*/ &0*+*)%&0*1%$%9$16&*/ &(&:)$;()3&
0*+*)5& (& %"0*1.()3& 0*+*)5& (1.& (13& (1.& (++& -8"%& 9-(9& +$"& 7"9#""1& 9-"& 9#*<O& =1& 9-$%& 9$;"D
-*1*)".&."!&1$9$*15&(&:)$;()3&-8"&.*;$1(9"%&9-"&6)*8:$16<&H2")3&0*+*)&73&9-$%&."!&1$9$*1&
0*19($1%&P2$%8(++3Q&*4&:$*)4&VW_&*/ &9-"&%(;"&:)$;()3<&,3:$0(+&6)*8:%&*/ &9-$%&>$1.&()"&7+8"5&
7+8"D2$*+"95&(1.&2$*+"9&P7+8"&.*;$1(19QE&3"++*#5&3"++*#D6)""15&(1.&6)""1&P3"++*#&.*;$1(19QE&
(1.&)".5&)".D*)(16"5&(1.&*)(16"&P)".&.*;$1(19Q<
M&;*)"&6"1")*8%&."!&1$9$*1&."%0)$7"%&(1(+*6*8%&0*+*)%&(%&*&I-,(3&,9 &8,:,-)&4#*4&*-$&*.;*8$%4&,%&
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6)*8:%& $1& #-$0-& (& :)$;()3& *)& %"0*1.()3& 0*+*)& .*"%& 1*9& (098(++3& (::"()<& Y)""15& 3"++*#D
6)""15&(1.&3"++*#D3"++*#&6)""1&()"&(1(+*6*8%5&789&1*&:)$;()3&$%&:)"%"19E&)".5&)".D)".D2$*+"95&
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Complementary Colors
C,23:$2$%4*-5&8,:,-)&()"&-8"%&9-(9&()"&*::*%$9"&*1"&(1*9-")&*1&9-"&()9$%9%J&%:"09)8;<&,*6"9-")5&
9-"&9#*&()"&0(++".&8,23:$2$%4)&*)&(&8,23:$2$%4*-5&3*7-<&,-"&7(%$0&0*;:+";"19()3&:($)%&*/ &9-"&
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7(%$0&:($)%<&A-"9-")&(&%:"09)8;&$%&$++8%9)(9".&#$9-&%$@&
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Tertiary Colors: Chromatic Neutrals
A-"1&(&:($)&*/ &0*;:+";"19%&$%&;$@".&9*6"9-")&$1&(&%879)(09$2"&;".$8;5&9-"&;$..+"&;$@&
77 Chapter 4
!6#$%&$'(#)*!",-.//00011 &&2(2&!000(3'"045
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91 Chapter 4
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5 The Instability of Colors
The Instability of Colors / Color Composition / Ground
and Carried Colors / Placement and Color Change /
Equilibrium / Simultaneous Contrast / Afterimage and
Contrast Reversal / Complementary Contrast / Ground
Subtraction / Color and Area: Small, Medium, Large
5"&('#*&(/3-31()$(,63(7)..&1&$,(/3$,&8,'()'($3,(,"&('#*&(/3-31999995")'(
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&'%(%-$&2&-(#%'>&##%."$%5*'&0)%,$".*''&")(#'6
The Instability of Colors
!1()0*'%2(>*%,#(-*%&)%-"#"$'%."$%2?"%8*$=%5&..*$*)2%$*('")'6%A1*%!%$'2%#&*'%&)%21*%$*#(2&")'1&,%
4*2?**)%-"#"$()2'%()5%#&0126%C)=%-1()0*%&)%(94&*)2%D0*)*$(#E%#&012&)0%1('%21*%,"2*)2&(#%2"%
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-"#"$'%5"%)"2%-1()0*%&. %21*$*%&'%(%-1()0*%&)%$""9%#&012&)06%A1*=%($*%?(8*#*)021'%". %#&012%
21(2%$*(-1%21*%*=*%5&$*-2#=%.$"9%()%&)5*,*)5*)2%'"/$-*3%#&>*%(%9")&2"$%'-$**)%"$%(%2$(.!%-%
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2"0*21*$%21*%,"''&4&#&2=%*+&'2'%21(2%")*%"$%9"$*%?&##%/)5*$0"%(%'1&.2%&)%1/*3%8(#/*3%'(2/$(2&")3%
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4=%,#(-*9*)2%($*%,$*5&-2(4#*%()5%-()%4*%-")2$"##*5%4=%21*%5*'&0)*$6%;&/#0'&(<-#/&*&$,(#..&/,'(
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,"130%"(/3*<0,&1(1&$7&1)$%=(,3(,"&(!($)'"&7(<1370/,9%
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@)5*$'2()5&)0% 1"?% -"#"$'% (..*-2% ()5% -1()0*% *(-1% "21*$% &'% 9"$*% 21()% B/'2% (% ?(=% ". %
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21$**%-"#"$'%-()%4*%9(5*%2"%'**9%#&>*%21$**3%"$%."/$3%"$%*8*)%9"$*3%4=%9()&,/#(2&)0%21*&$%
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,$&-&)0O%21*%9"$*%-"#"$'3%21*%1&01*$%21*%,$"5/-2&")%-"'26%C%'>&##*5%-"#"$&'2%-()%9(>*%2?"%
"$%21$**%-"#"$'%'**9%#&>*%9()=%9"$*%4=%,#(-&)0%21*9%'2$(2*0&-(##=%(0(&)'2%*(-1%"21*$6%A1*%
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8&2(#&2=%()5%&)2*$*'2%2"%-"#"$%-"9,"'&2&")'6
Color Composition
C% /3*<3'),)3$( &'% '"9*21&)0% 9(5*% /,% ". % &)5&8&5/(#% ,($2'% 21(2% 1(8*% 4**)% ($$()0*5% &)% '/-1%
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95 Chapter 5
!1#$%&$'(#)*!',-.//000(' &&2(2&!000(3'%045
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."$9'%()5%-"#"$'%9*()2%2"%4*%'*)'*5%('%(%'&)0#*%8&'/(#%&5*(6%!"#"$'%/'*5%2"0*21*$%-$*(2*%(%
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Ground and Carried Colors
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107 Chapter 5
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109 Chapter 5
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6 Illusion and Impression
Optical Illusions / Color Illusions / The Illusion
of Depth / Spatial Effects of Colors / Transparence
Illusion / Fluting / Vibration / Vanishing Boundaries /
Luminosity / Bezold Effect / Optical Mixes
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113 Chapter 6
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129 Chapter 6
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7 Color Theory: A Brief History
Setting the Stage / The Beginnings of Color Theory /
Color and Controversy / The Scientific Model: Color Gets
Organized / Color by Numbers / A New Perspective
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*(+)*()':#//&+&(5)12'.#(#$$)&()(*%"/#3)%2&$)7/'7'$&%&'()$%&..)/#$'(*%#$)%'+*8;
H/&$%'%.#) O-;) XYSRXKK) LFU) %2#) 4'$%) &(")"#(%&*.) '= ) %2#) #*/.&#$%) 1/&%#/$) '() -'.'/3) *++/#$$#+)
&%) =/'4) ,'%2) 72&.'$'72&-) *(+) $-&#(%&!)-) $%*(+7'&(%$;) H/&$%'%.#Z$) 7/#4&$#) %2*%) *..) -'.'/$)
+#/&:#)=/'4),.*-9)*(+)12&%#3)'/)+*/9(#$$)*(+).&52%3)1*$)*--#7%#+)*$)=*-%)"(%&.)1#..)&(%')%2#)
#&52%##(%2)-#(%"/8;)
[#(*&$$*(-#)1/&%#/$3)&(-."+&(5)\#'(*/+')+*)]&(-&)OISPKRIPIJU)*(+)'%2#/$),#='/#)*(+)*=%#/)
2&43)1/'%#)'()*$7#-%$)'= )-'.'/)%2*%)/*(5#+)=/'4)%2#)7/*-%&-*.&%&#$)'= )4&C&(5)7&54#(%$)%')
%2#)72&.'$'72&-*.)*(+)4'/*.)4#*(&(5$)'= )-'.'/$;)L"%)1/&%#/$)'()-'.'/)1#/#)=#13)*(+)-'.'/)
/#4*&(#+)*)%'7&-)'= )(*//'1)*(+)$7#-&*.&6#+)&(%#/#$%)"(%&.)%2#)#&52%##(%2)-#(%"/83)12#(3)*$)
%2#)/#$".%)'= )#C7#/&4#(%$),8)?$**-)^#1%'(3)&%)1*$)$1#7%)&(%')%2#)4*&($%/#*4)'= )72&.'$'72&-)
*(+)$-&#(%&!)-)%2'"52%;
The Beginnings of Color Theory
_"/&(5)%2#)#&52%##(%2)-#(%"/8)&()`"/'7#3)*()2&$%'/&-*.)7#/&'+)9('1()*$)%2#)`(.&52%#(4#(%)
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#C7.*(*%&'($)='/)*..)9&(+$)'= )(*%"/*.)72#('4#(*;)N#'7.#),#5*()%'),#.&#:#)&()%2#)#C&$%#(-#)
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#/8%2&(53)&(-."+&(5).*1$)='/)-'4,&(&(5)-'.'/$3)*(+)%2*%)%2#$#).*1$3).&9#).*1$)'= )5/*:&%83)'(.8)
*1*&%#+)+&$-':#/8;)<2&$)$#*/-2)='/)*,$'."%#$)+#%#/4&(#+),8)$-&#(-#)1*$)*$)/&5&+)*(+)"(-'4@
7/'4&$&(5)&()&%$)1*8)*$)%2#)+#4*(+$)'= )*,$'."%#)=*&%2)%2*%)7/#-#+#+)&%;)a(.8)%2#)$'"/-#)'= )
*"%2'/&%8)2*+)-2*(5#+3)=/'4)D'+)*(+)2&$)#*/%2.8)/#7/#$#(%*%&:#$3)%2#)-.#/583)%')/#*$'()*(+)
&%$)#*/%2.8)/#7/#$#(%*%&:#$3)4#(;
133 Chapter 7
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<2#) &(%#..#-%"*.) 1'/.+) '= ) %2#) #&52%##(%2) -#(%"/8) 1*$) >"&%#) ")"&+;) N#'7.#) +&+(Z%) %2&(9)
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N2&.'$'72#/$)*(+).&%#/*/8)!)5"/#$)1/'%#)-'(!)+#(%.83)&= )1&%2)+",&'"$)#C7#/%&$#3)'()*..)9&(+$)'= )
$-&#(%&!)-)*(+)72&.'$'72&-*.)%'7&-$;)a%2#/$3)7'#%$)7'&$#+)*%)%2#)#+5#)'= )%2#)$-&#(-#$3)$'"52%)
*) /*%&'(*.) ,*$&$) ='/) %2#) (*%"/#) '= ) ,#*"%8) &%$#.= ) *(+3) *$) *) -'/'..*/83) -'.'/;) ?() %2&$) 1*8) %2#)
V,#2*:&'/W)'= )-'.'/$)-'".+),#)#C7.*&(#+)*(+)7/#+&-%#+3)*(+)%2#)48$%#/8)'= )',$#/:#+)-'.'/)
72#('4#(*)4*$%#/#+)%2/'"52)*()"(+#/$%*(+&(5)'= )(*%"/*.).*1$;)<2#)$#*/-2)='/).*1$)'= )
-'.'/)2*/4'(8)1*$)'(.8)'(#)$4*..)7*/%)'= )%2#)$1##7&(5)&(%#..#-%"*.)=#/4#(%)'= )%2#)%&4#;
<1')%2#4#$)+'4&(*%#+)#&52%##(%2@3)(&(#%##(%2@3)*(+)#*/.8)%1#(%&#%2@-#(%"/8)-'.'/)$%"+8;)<2#)
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='/):&$"*.&6&(5)&%;)a(-#)&()7.*-#3)*)-'.'/@'/+#/)$8$%#4)-'".+),#-'4#)*)!)#.+)&()12&-2)%2#)*..@
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#&52%##(%2)-#(%"/8)*(+)-'(%&("&(5)%'+*83)4*9#)"7)%2#)-'..#-%&:#),'+8)'= )9('1.#+5#)9('1()*$)
"#$#%!&'(#%);)b"$%)*$)%2#/#)*/#)-.*$$&-$)&().&%#/*%"/#3)%2#/#)*/#)-.*$$&-$)'= )-'.'/)$%"+8;)<1')%'1#/&(5)
*(+) :#/8) +&==#/#(%) =&5"/#$) +'4&(*%#) %2#) ,#5&((&(5$) '= ) %2&$) +&$-&7.&(#c) ?$**-) ^#1%'()
OIQSKRIdKdU)*(+)b'2*(()B'.=5*(5):'()D'#%2#)OIdSJRIYXKU;)<2#&/)',$#/:*%&'($)*/#)
%2#)='"(+*%&'($)'= )4'+#/()-'.'/)%2#'/8;)
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'= )1*%#/)&()%2#)*%4'$72#/#)*-%)*$)%&(8)7/&$4$3)*(+)$"(.&52%)&$),/'9#()&(%'):&$&,.#)-'.'/$;)
^#1%'()/#-'4,&(#+)%2#)$#7*/*%#+),#*4$)1&%2)*).#($)*(+)/#-'($%&%"%#+)12&%#).&52%;)e/'4)
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2&$)/#$".%$3)#(%&%.#+)61&."7,8)&()IdTX;)^#1%'(Z$)-'(-."$&'()%2*%).&52%)*.'(#)5#(#/*%#$)-'.'/)
/#4*&($)*),*$&$)'= )4'+#/()728$&-$;
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Color Theory: A Brief History 134
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W
H
ED
INFRAR
IT
RED
E
LI
GH
ORANGE
T
YELLOW
GREEN
Figure 7-1. 9(:&#/;,!<%.,5*
^#1%'()$7.&%)12&%#).&52%)&() BLUE
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INDIGO
VIOLET
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135 Chapter 7
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137 Chapter 7
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139 Chapter 7
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141 Chapter 7
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143 Chapter 7
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145 Chapter 7
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Endnotes
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147 Chapter 7
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8
Color Harmony
In Search of Beauty / Intervals and Harmony / Hue
and Harmony / Value and Harmony / Saturation and
Harmony / Major and Minor Themes / Some Harmonious
Conclusions / On Beyond Harmony: Dissonant Colors /
High-Impact Color / The X-tra Factor: Surface
and Harmony
32"1"+4*&)"+%1*5 16*-*(/718+98:89$#--&1*(18+12#()*+&718/1";<"(8"+6"91,&1%2"1
"&"1#/1#+1*(.#+71#+918%16*))$+86#%"/18%/1<-"#/$("1%*1%2"1("/%1*5 1%2"1)#+=
1 1 1 1 1 >C*"(,,%D*03.(,.%8*,%E*#)"#%
!"#$#%&'%(%)"#*$+%&,%-#'&.,%)"()%/#*/0#%1&00%$#'/#2)%(,-%2($#%3*$%'4$$*4,-&,.'%(,-%*56#2)'%)"()%
)"#+%!%,-%5#(4)&3407%(,-%1&00%-&'-(&,%(,-%,#.0#2)7%#8#,%-(9(.#7%)"*'#%)"()%($#%4,(//#(0&,.:%
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In Search of Beauty
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4,'422#''340:%D"()%1('%)"#%2*0*$&')%)$+&,.%)*%(2"&#8#%&,%2"**'&,.%)"#%2*0*$'R%!*%2$#()#%(,%
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151 Chapter 8
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!"#% *0-% I0(1'J% *3 % "($9*,+% 9(+% '##9% (,)&<4()#-% ,*17% 54)% )"#% *5'#$8()&*,'% )"()% .(8#%
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(2"&#8&,.%2*0*$%"($9*,+:%O4)%,*%'#)%*3 %I0(1'J%3*$%2*0*$%"($9*,+%&'%2*9/$#"#,'&8#7%(,-%
,*%'&,.0#%3(2)*$%-#)#$9&,#'%&):%>00%('/#2)'%*3 %(%2*0*$%2*9/*'&)&*,%S%"4#7%8(04#7%'()4$()&*,7%
)"#%'/(2&,.%*3 %&,)#$8(0'7%(,-%2*9/0#)#,#''%S%2*,)$&54)#%)*%(%"($9*,&*4'%#33#2):%D"#,%(00%
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/#$3#2)0+% ')()#-% 5+% C*'#3 % >05#$'P% ID"()% 2*4,)'% "#$#%S%!%$')% (,-% 0(')%S%&'% ,*)% '*T2(00#-%
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Intervals and Harmony

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'/##2"7%1"#,%)"#+%($$(,.#%50*2F'%*$%)*+'%&,%'&M#%*$-#$:%>-40)'%2*,)$*0%&,3*$9()&*,%&,%#=(2)0+%)"#%
'(9#%1(+7%-#'&.,()&,.%'9(007%9#-&497%0($.#B%*$%('2#,-&,.%*$%-#'2#,-&,.%0#))#$'%*$%,495#$':%
A,)#$8(0'7%/($)&240($0+%#8#,%&,)#$8(0'7%$#/$#'#,)%(%F&,-%*3 %*$-#$%&,%/#$2#/)&*,:%>05#$'W'%ID"()%
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)1*%2$#()#'%(%8&'4(0%5$&-.#B%(%2*,,#2)#-,#''%)"()%$#'/*,-'%)*%)"#%"49(,%,##-%3*$%*$-#$:%H*%
9())#$%"*1%4,0&F#0+%(%2*0*$%2*95&,()&*,%9(+%'##9%()%!%$')7%(%'#$&#'%*3 %&,)#$8(0'%2(,%#')(50&'"%
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*$&.&,(0%2*0*$%2*,2#/):%A3 %2*0*$'%($#%'&9&0($%&,%8(04#%(,-%(,%*8#$(00%#33#2)%'##9'%"%()7%(--&,.%
')#/'%*3 %:#-$"1[1&)"*4)%2"(,.&,.%"4#'\%(22*9/0&'"#'%)"&'%&,%(%'#2*,-%1(+:
Color Harmony 152
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/$#'#,2#% *3 % )"$##% /$&9($&#':% Q*0*$'% &,% (% 2*9/0#9#,)($+% $#0()&*,'"&/% ($#% <2&/8*-*.86#--&%
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1"#,%(%'&,.0#%"4#%&'%4'#-%&,%(%8($&#)+%*3 %8(04#'%*$%'()4$()&*,'7%('1)*+*62(*)#%861'2"#9#'B%*$%
('% #+#-*.*$/% 2*95&,()&*,'7% 1"&2"% 2*,)(&,% )1*% /$&9($&#'% 54)% ,*)% )"#% )"&$-:% !"#% 9#,4% *3 %
153 Chapter 8
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Value and Harmony

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Color Harmony 154
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*3 %0&.")%*$%-($F%($#%4,/0#('&,.:%!*%#=(9&,#%)"&'%&-#(7%2*,'&-#$%!%$')%)"()%*,0+%)"#%-($F#')%
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'(9/0#':%!"#$#%&'%/0#,)+%*3 %0&.")T)*T-($F%$(,.#%&,%)"#%9&--0#%8(04#':%
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155 Chapter 8
&!#$%&$'(#)*!%,-.//000&'' &&2(2&!000&!3&%045
*/)&2(0% 9&=#'7% 54)% 0($.#% ($#('% *3 % 2*0*$% )"()% ($#% 20*'#% &,% 8(04#% -*% ,*)% 9#0-% &,)*% (%
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Saturation and Harmony
Q*,'&-#$()&*,'% *3 % '()4$()&*,7% *$% 2"$*9(7% ($#% (,% &,)#.$(0% /($)% *3 % 2*0*$T*$-#$% '+')#9'7%
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Color Harmony 156
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157 Chapter 8
&!#$%&$'(#)*!%,-.//000&'1 &&2(2&!000&!3&%045
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*3 %"($9*,+:%O$&00&(,)%2*0*$'%&,%2*95&,()&*,%($#%#=2&)&,.%(,-%94)#-%*,#'%($#%2(09&,.7%54)%
,#&)"#$%&'%&,"#$#,)0+%9*$#%"($9*,&*4'%)"(,%)"#%*)"#$:%;,0+%)"#%$#0()&*,'"&/%5#)1##,%2*0*$'%
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1&)"%2*0*$'%()%(,+%0#8#0%*3 %'()4$()&*,:
Major and Minor Themes
X(,+%2*9/0#=%2*0*$&,.'%"(8#%(,%(--&)&*,(0%2"($(2)#$&')&2:%!"#$#%&'%(%-*9&,(,)%"4#%3(9&0+B%
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504#T)*T.$##,%$(,.#%&'%)"#%9(6*$%)"#9#B%)"#%-*9&,(,)%"4#%3(9&0+%&'%504#T.$##,:%L9(00%($#('%
*3 %)"#%2*9/0#9#,)($+%$#-%)*%$#-T*$(,.#%'4//*$)%(,-%$#&,3*$2#%)"#%2**0%"4#'7%#9/"('&M&,.%
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&,%1"&2"%)1*%*$%9*$#%"4#%3(9&0&#'%2*9/#)#%3*$1"C$#-1())#,)&*,%($#%*3)#,%0#''%'422#''340%)"(,%
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Color Harmony 158
&!#$%&$'(#)*!%,-.//000&'% &&2(2&!000&!3&(045
Some Harmonious Conclusions
>%2#,)$(0%3#()4$#%*3 %'422#''340%"($9*,&#'%&'%2*9/0#)#,#'':%!"#%.$*4,-%&'%*3)#,%)"#%0($.#')%
'&,.0#%($#(%&,%(%2*9/*'&)&*,7%(,-%)"()%&-#(%*3 %2*9/0#)#,#''%&,204-#'%2*,'&-#$()&*,%*3 %)"#%
2*0*$% *3 % )"#% .$*4,-7% #8#,% 1"#,% &)% &'% '&9/0+% 1"&)#:% D"&)#% &'% ,*% 9*$#% (,% (5'*04)#% )"(,%
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2*0*$:%O0(2F'%(,-%.$(+'7%)**7%2($$+%4,-#$)*,#':%!"#$#%($#%.$##,T50(2F'7%504#T50(2F'7%8&*0#)%
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"($9*,+%(,-%(%0#''%'()&'3+&,.%*,#:
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"($9*,+%-*#'%,*)%.4($(,)##%)"()%(%/($)&240($%2*0*$1(+%1&00%"(8#%4,&8#$'(0%(//#(0:%!"#$#%
&'%(01(+'%(,%#0#9#,)%*3 %/#$'*,(0%5&('%&,%2*0*$%/$#3#$#,2#:%O4)%)"#$#%&'%,*%1(+%)*%#'2(/#%)"#%
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*3 % 2*93*$):% D#% #,6*+% )"#% (22&-#,)(0% 5#(4)&#'% *3 % ,()4$#:% A,% -#'&.,7% "($9*,&*4'%
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159 Chapter 8
&!#$%&$'(#)*!%,-.//000&'( &&2(2&!000&!3&(045
D"()%-*#'%9(F#%'#,'#%&'%)*%2*,'&-#$%'*9#%*5'#$8()&*,'%(5*4)%2*0*$%"($9*,+P
c%H*%'&,.0#%3(2)*$%-#)#$9&,#'%2*0*$%"($9*,+:
c%!"#%2*9/0#9#,)($+%$#0()&*,'"&/%5#)1##,%"4#'%&'%(%')$*,.%5('&'%3*$%"($9*,+7%%
% 54)%&)%&'%,*)%)"#%*,0+%5('&':%>,+%"4#'%4'#-%)*.#)"#$%2(,%5#%"($9*,&*4':
c%G8#,%&,)#$8(0'%5#)1##,%2*0*$'%2*,)$&54)#%)*%"($9*,+:%G8#,%&,)#$8(0'%($#%/0#('&,.%%
% 1"#)"#$%)"#+%#=&')%5#)1##,%"4#7%8(04#7%'()4$()&*,7%*$%(,+%2*95&,()&*,%*3 %)"#'#:
c%Q*0*$%2*9/*'&)&*,'%)#,-%)*%5#%"($9*,&*4'%1"#,%)"#%0#8#0%*3 %'()4$()&*,%
% &'%$#0()&8#0+%2*,')(,):
c%Q*9/*'&)&*,'%*3 %9(,+%2*0*$'%)#,-%)*%5#%9*')%'422#''340%1"#,%(%-*9&,(,)%%
% 3(9&0+%*3 %(,(0*.*4'%"4#'%&'%'4//*$)#-%5+%'9(00#$%($#('%*3 %)"#&$%2*9/0#9#,)':
On Beyond Harmony: Dissonant Colors
A3 %2*0*$%"($9*,+%&'%)"#%.**-%2"&0-%*3 %-#'&.,7%
&)'%/*0($%*//*'&)#%&'%-&'"($9*,+7%*$%-&''*,(,2#:%
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Color Harmony 160
&!#$%&$'(#)*!%,-.//000&6! &&2(2&!000&!3&(045
High-Impact Color
L*9#%-#'&.,%/$*50#9'%2(00%3*$%2*0*$'%*$%2*95&,()&*,'%)"()%1&00%-$(1%&,')(,)%())#,)&*,:%!"#%
')$*,.#')%&9(.#'%($#%2$#()#-%5+%"&."%8(04#%2*,)$(')%(0*,#7%(%.$(/"&2%/*1#$%)"()%$#<4&$#'%
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5$&00&(,)% 2*0*$% )*% (,% (0$#(-+% /*1#$340% &9(.#%
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177 Chapter 9
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WHITE
PAPER
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179 Chapter 9
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189 Chapter 10
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203 Chapter 10
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Endnotes
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Chapter 10 Highlights$ b$ <,6,*$#%'(-'*-#$'*"$#'126"#$%&'%$
"('?6"$%&"$-"#+)("*$%,$1'8"$0,(#%'(%$
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209 Chapter 10
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11 The Business of Color
The Color Industries / Producing Color / Color
Sampling / Color Forecasting / Color and
Product Identity / Palettes, Color Cycles,
and History /Traditional Colors / Influences
on Palettes
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The Color Industries

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213 Chapter 11
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The Business of Color 214
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215 Chapter 11
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217 Chapter 11
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219 Chapter 11
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221 Chapter 11
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223 Chapter 11
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227 Chapter 11
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GLOSSARY
Achromatic!"#$%&'!&(!)%*+,-&%./,!01,!(-!+(/(-2
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231
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Binary code colors >!*5*4,:!7(-!*;,+%75%&'!+(/(-*!7(-!T,.!'-#;0%+*!.5!40,%-!-,/#4%$,!

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Glossary 232
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Color constancy!80,!;,-+,;4%(&!40#4!40,!+(/(-*!(7 !7#:%/%#-!(.M,+4*!-,:#%&!40,!*#:,!&(!

:#44,-!90#4!40,!',&,-#/!/%'04%&'2!
Color cycle!>!;,-%()!(7 !4%:,!(-!*4#',!%&!+(&*1:,-!;-,7,-,&+,!7(-!+,-4#%&!;#/,44,*K!40,!

;-,$#/,&+,!(7 !+,-4#%&!+(/(-*!%&!40,!+(&4,A4!(7 !#!;#-4%+1/#-!4%:,2
Color display mode!80,!9#5!%&!90%+0!#!1*,-!:%A,*!+(/(-*!(&!#!:(&%4(-!*+-,,&2!!""!"PS!

)%*;/#5!:(),=!XOS!)%*;/#5!:(),=!6QVW!)%*;/#5!:(),2
Color forecasting! >!*,-$%+,!40#4!;-($%),*!:#&17#+41-,-*!#&)!$,&)(-*!9%40!%&7(-:#4%(&!

#&)!'1%)#&+,!(&!1;+(:%&'!+(&*1:,-!%&4,-,*4!%&!+,-4#%&!+(/(-*!#&)!;#/,44,*2
Color gamut!!""!O#:142
Colorimeter >!),$%+,!40#4!:,#*1-,*!40,!-,)=!'-,,&=!#&)!./1,!9#$,/,&'40*!(7 !,:%44,)!/%'04K!

1*,)!4(!+#/%.-#4,!+(:;14,-*2
Color management!80,!;-(+,**!(7 !*5&+0-(&%L%&'!+(/(-*!.,49,,&!49(!(-!:(-,!),$%+,*!

(-!:,)%#2
Color memory!80,!#.%/%45!4(!-,4#%&!+(/(-!%&!:,:(-5K!#/*(!40,!#**(+%#4%(&!(7 !+(/(-*!9%40!

%:#',*!(-!,$,&4*2!P(:,!,A;,-%:,&4*!0#$,!%&)%+#4,)!40#4!40,!;-,*,&+,!(7 !+(/(-!#))*!
#))%4%(&#/!%&7(-:#4%(&!4(!:,:(-5!*(!40#4!#&!%:#',!*,,&!%&!+(/(-!%*!:(-,!,#*%/5!-,+#//,)!
40#&!40,!*#:,!%:#',!*,,&!9%40(14!+(/(-2
233
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112$$ !!3%3!4111"5"!167
Color notation!>!*5*4,:!(7 !/,44,-*!#&)!&1:.,-*!1*,)!4(!(-'#&%L,!+(/(-*
Color Rendering Index!>!-#4%&'!*+#/,!:,#&4!4(!#**,**!40,!#.%/%45!(7 !#!/#:;!4(!-,&),-!40,!

+(/(-*!(7 !(.M,+4*2!Y#:;*!#-,!-#4,)!.#*,)!(&!40,!),'-,,!(7 !+(/(-!*0%74!40#4!(++1-*!90,&!
#&!(.M,+4!;/#+,)!1&),-!40,!4,*4!/#:;!%*!+(:;#-,)!4(!40,!*#:,!(.M,+4!1&),-!#!-,7,-,&+,!
*4#&)#-)!/#:;2
Color solid!>!-,;-,*,&4#4%(&!(7 !+(/(-*!(-'#&%L,)!.5!01,=!$#/1,=!#&)!+0-(:#!B*#41-#4%(&C!#*!

#!40-,,F)%:,&*%(&#/!7(-:2
Color temperature!!R&!/%'04%&'=!40,!:,#*1-#./,!4,:;,-#41-,!%&!),'-,,*!W,/$%&!(7 !#&5!

'%$,&!/%'04!*(1-+,2!R&!+(/(-!40,(-5!#&)!),*+-%;4%(&=!40,!-,/#4%$,!9#-:40!B-,)F5,//(9F(-#&',!
+#*4C!(-!+((/&,**!B./1,!(-!'-,,&!+#*4C!(7 !#!+(/(-2
Colorway!>!*;,+%!!+!+(:.%&#4%(&!(7 !+(/(-*!7(-!#!;-()1+4!*1+0!#*!#!4,A4%/,!(-!9#//!+($,-%&'!
40#4!%*!#$#%/#./,!%&!:(-,!40#&!(&,!+(:.%&#4%(&!(7 !+(/(-*K!#*!D40%*!9#//;#;,-!%*!#$#%/#./,!%&!
#!-,)!+(/(-9#5=!#!'-,,&!+(/(-9#5=!#&)!#!'-#5!+(/(-9#52E
Color wheel!>!*5&(&5:!7(-!*;,+4-1:2!>/*(=!#!4,-:!*(:,4%:,*!1*,)!4(!:,#&!#!:1/4%F
+(/(-!*;%&&%&'!4(;!),$%*,)!.5!&%&,4,,&40F+,&41-5!*+%,&4%*4!Z#:,*!Q#A9,//!4(!),:(&*4-#4,!
-,*;(&*,*!(7 !40,!01:#&!,5,!4(!+(/(-*!%&!:(4%(&2
Complementary colors!6(/(-*!40#4!/%,!)%-,+4/5!(;;(*%4,!(&,!(40,-!(&!40,!#-4%*4*?!*;,+4-1:2!
U#+0!;#%-!(7 !+(:;/,:,&4*!%&+/1),*!40,!40-,,!;-%:#-5!+(/(-*!B-,)=!5,//(9=!#&)!./1,C!%&!
*(:,!;-(;(-4%(&!(-!:%A41-,2
Complementary contrast >&!,77,+4!(7 !%&4,&*%!!,)!01,!)%77,-,&+,!40#4!4#N,*!;/#+,!90,&!

+(/(-*!1*,)!4(',40,-!+(&4#%&!,$,&!#!;#-4%#/!+(:;/,:,&4#-5!-,/#4%(&*0%;2
Complements !""!+(:;/,:,&4#-5!+(/(-*2
Composition >!+(:;/,4,!,&4%45=!*(:,40%&'!:,#&4!4(!.,!*,&*,)!#*!#!90(/,2
Cones Y%'04F*,&*%4%$,!-,+,;4(-!+,//*!%&!40,!-,4%&#!40#4!-,*;(&)!4(!+(/(-!#&)!!!&,!),4#%/2
Contrast reversal! >!$#-%#4%(&!(7 !#74,-%:#',!%&!90%+0!40,!D'0(*4E!%:#',!%*!*,,&!#*!#!

&,'#4%$,!(7 !40,!(-%'%&#/!%:#',!#&)!%&!+(:;/,:,&4#-5!+(/(-2
Glossary 234
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112$" !!3%3!4111"5"!167
CRI!!""!6(/(-!X,&),-%&'!R&),A
Design![*,)!#*!#!&(1&=!#-4!71*,)!9%40!71&+4%(&!%&!#&!(.M,+4!40#4!9%//!.,!;-()1+,)!.5!
(40,-*K!#*!#!$,-.=!40,!;-(+,**!(7 !(-%'%&#4%&'!#;;/%,)!#-42
Design concept!>!.-(#)!*(/14%(&!4(!#!),*%'&!;-(./,:!9%40(14!-,*(/14%(&!(7 !),4#%/*2
Design process \-(+,)1-,!7(-!*(/$%&'!),*%'&!;-(./,:*2
Dilution 60#&'%&'!#!;1-,!(-!*#41-#4,)!01,!.5!/%'04,&%&'=!)#-N,&%&'=!(-!:14%&'!.5!40,!
#))%4%(&!(7 !./#+N=!90%4,=!'-#5=!(-!%4*!+(:;/,:,&42
Display mode!80,!9#5!%&!90%+0!#!1*,-!:%A,*!40,!+(/(-*!(7 !#!:(&%4(-!*+-,,&!)%*;/#52!

!""!+(/(-!)%*;/#5!:(),2
Dithering!>!'-#%&5!(-!.-(N,&!#-,#!(7 !+(/(-!+#1*,)!.5!40,!%&*,-4%(&!.5!40,!*(749#-,!(7 !
*:#//!#-,#*!(7 !*%:%/#-!+(/(-*!9%40%&!#&!%:#',!4(!#;;-(A%:#4,!#!+(/(-!40#4!)(,*!&(4!,A%*4!%&!
40,!'#:142!!""!'#:14=!0,A#),+%:#/!+(/(-*=!#&)!T,.F*#7,!;#/,44,2
Divisionism!!""!(;4%+#/!:%A2
Document color!6(/(-!(-!+(/(-*!%&!#!-,;-()1+4%(&!4,A4%/,=!9#//;#;,-=!;#%&4=!(-!(40,-!
;-()1+4!40#4!#++1-#4,/5!-,;-()1+,!40,!+(/(-!(-!+(/(-*!(7 !40#4!;-()1+4!#*!40,5!9,-,!
90,&!(-%'%&#//5!;-()1+,)2
Dye (dyestuff)!>!+(/(-#&4!40#4!%*!71//5!)%**(/$,)!%&!#!$,0%+/,=!*1+0!#*!9#4,-!(-!(40,-!/%@1%)K!
#!+(/(-#&4!%&!*(/14%(&2!8-#)%4%(&#/!)5,*!%&!',&,-#/!9,-,!(-'#&%+=!.14!:(*4!:(),-&!
)5,*!#-,!*5&40,4%+!B:#&F:#),C2
Equilibrium >&!%&$(/1&4#-5=!;05*%(/('%+#/!*4#4,!(7 !-,*4!40#4!40,!,5,!*,,N*!#4!#//!4%:,*2!

U@1%/%.-%1:!(++1-*!90,&!#//!40-,,!B#))%4%$,!(-!*1.4-#+4%$,C!;-%:#-5!+(/(-*!#-,!;-,*,&4!
9%40%&!40,!!!,/)!(7 !$%*%(&2
Even intervals!3%*1#//5!,@1%)%*4#&4!*4,;*!.,49,,&!40-,,!(-!:(-,!+(/(-*2
Field R&!+#-;,4!#&)!7/#'!),*%'&=!40,!4,-:!7(-!40,!.#+N'-(1&)!1;(&!90%+0!+(/(-*!#-,!
/#%)2!!""!'-(1&)2
235
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112$& !!3%3!4111"5"!167
Filter >!:#4,-%#/!40#4!4-#&*:%4*!*(:,!9#$,/,&'40*!(7 !/%'04!#&)!#.*(-.*!(40,-*2
Fluting >!40-,,F)%:,&*%(&#/!%//1*%(&!%&!90%+0!#!*,-%,*!(7 !$,-4%+#/!*4-%;,*!(7 !1&%7(-:!9%)40!

#;;,#-!4(!0#$,!+(&+#$%45=!/%N,!40,!+0#&&,/*!(7 !#!](-%+!+(/1:&2
Fugitive!U#*%/5!7#)%&'!(-!),4,-%(-#4%&'!+(/(-2
Full color!!""!*#41-#4,)!+(/(-2
Gamut!80,!71//!-#&',!(7 !+(/(-*!#$#%/#./,!%&!*(749#-,!#&)!*,,&!#*!40,!/%'04!)%*;/#5!
(7 !#!+(/(-!:(&%4(-2!>/*(!1*,)=!/,**!7-,@1,&4/5=!4(!+0#-#+4,-%L,!40,!-#&',!(7 !+(/(-*!%&!
*1.4-#+4%$,!:,)%#2
Glitter!P;#-N/,K!*0#-;!/%'04!-,"!,+4%$,&,**!9%40!#&!%:;-,**%(&!(7 !:($,:,&42
Gloss!>!0%'0/5!;(/%*0,)=!/%'04F-,"!,+4%$,!*1-7#+,!@1#/%452
Gradient >!*,-%,*!(7 !;-('-,**%$,!%&4,-$#/*!(7 !+(/(-*!*(!+/(*,!40#4!%&)%$%)1#/!*4,;*!

+#&&(4!.,!)%*4%&'1%*0,)2
Gray scale!>!$#/1,!*,-%,*!:#),!1;!(7 !%&4,-$#/*!(7 !'-#5=!90%+0!:#5!(-!:#5!&(4!,A4,&)!

4(!%&+/1),!./#+N!#&)!90%4,2
Ground 80,!.#+N'-(1&)!#'#%&*4!90%+0!+(/(-*=!7(-:*=!(-!*0#;,*!#-,!/#%)2
Harmony!R&!+(/(-=!40,!;/,#*%&'!M(%&4!,77,+4!(7 !49(!(-!:(-,!+(/(-*!1*,)!4(',40,-!%&!
#!*%&'/,!+(:;(*%4%(&2
Hexadecimal colors 6(/(-*!9%40%&!#!*5*4,:!(7 !*;,+%75%&'!+(/(-*!7(-!T,.!'-#;0%+*!.#*,)!

(&!#!G^F*5:.(/!+(),!+(&*%*4%&'!(7 !40,!&1:.,-*!J!40-(1'0!_!#&)!40,!/,44,-*!>!40-(1'0!`2!
U#+0!+(/(-!%*!*;,+%!!,)!.5!49(!*5:.(/*!#*!#!;,-+,&4#',!(7 !-,)=!'-,,&!#&)!./1,2
HSB display mode!80,!"PS!)%*;/#5!:(),!B"1,=!P#41-#4%(&=!S-%'04&,**C!:%A,*!/%'04!(&!

40,!:(&%4(-!*+-,,&!%&!#!9#5!40#4!%*!#**(+%#4,)!(&/5!9%40!)%'%4#/!),*%'&2!P(749#-,!7(-!40,!
"PS!)%*;/#5!:(),!%*!#/*(!:#-N,4,)!#*!"PY!B"1,=!P#41-#4%(&=!Y%'04&,**C!#&)!"P3!
B"1,=!P#41-#4%(&=!3#/1,2C
HTML!"5;,-4,A4!:#-N1;!/#&'1#',K!40,!;-%&+%;#/!;-('-#::%&'!/#&'1#',!(7 !40,!R&4,-&,4!
Glossary 236
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112$8 !!3%3!4111"5"!167
#&)!40,!/#&'1#',!%&!90%+0!T,.!;#',*!#-,!),*%'&,)2
Hue 80,!&#:,!(7 !40,!+(/(-<!-,)=!(-#&',=!5,//(9=!'-,,&=!./1,=!(-!$%(/,42!P5&(&5:*!

#-,!+0-(:#!(-!+(/(-2
Hue intensity!80,!*#41-#4%(&!(-!;1-%45!(7 !#!+(/(-K!%4*!$%$%)!$,-*1*!)1//!@1#/%452!

!""!*#41-#4%(&2
Illuminant mode!of vision!80,!;-,*,&+,!(7 !#!$%,9,-!#&)!/%'04!*(1-+,!(&/52
Image >!-,;-,*,&4#4%(&!(-!),;%+4%(&!(7 !#!;,-*(&=!#&%:#/=!(-!(.M,+4K!#/*(!#!7(-:!

(-!*0#;,!*,,&!#'#%&*4!#!'-(1&)2!R:#',*!+#&!$#-5!7-(:!;0(4('-#;0%+!/%N,&,**,*!4(!
&(&-,;-,*,&4#4%(&#/!7(-:*!40#4!)(!&(4!;(-4-#5!(.M,+4*!(-!&#41-#/!#;;,#-#&+,*2
Incandescent light!Y%'04!40#4!-,*1/4*!#*!#!.5;-()1+4!(7 !.1-&%&'2
Incident beam!80,!.,#:!(7 !/%'04!/,#$%&'!#!/%'04!*(1-+,2
Indirect color!>!*,+(&)#-5!-,"!,+4%(&!(7 !+(/(-!40#4!(++1-*!90,&!/%'04!7-(:!#!',&,-#/!

/%'04!*(1-+,!-,#+0,*!#!0%'0/5!-,"!,+4%$,!+(/(-!(&!#!.-(#)!;/#&,2!80,!9#$,/,&'40!(7 !+(/(-!
-,"!,+4%&'!(77 !40,!+(/(-,)!;/#&,!9#*0,*!#&5!*1-7#+,!40#4!%*!;(*%4%(&,)!4(!-,+,%$,!%4!B40#4!%*=!
;(*%4%(&,)!#4!#&!#&'/,!,@1#/!4(!40#4!(7 !40,!%&+%),&4!.,#:!/,#$%&'!40,!',&,-#/!/%'04!*(1-+,C2
Intensity!P(:,4%:,*!1*,)!#*!#!*5&(&5:!7(-!.-%//%#&+,=!(-!40,!*4-,&'40!(7 !#!01,2!
!""!01,!%&4,&*%45!#&)!/%'04!%&4,&*%452
Intermediate color >!+(/(-!(&!40,!*;,+4-1:!.,49,,&!#!;-%:#-5!#&)!#!*,+(&)#-52
Interval >!$%*1#/!*4,;!.,49,,&!+(/(-!*#:;/,*2#!""!,$,&!%&4,-$#/2
Iridescence!>&!#44-%.14,!(7 !*1-7#+,*!(&!90%+0!40,!01,!+0#&',*!#*!40,!(.*,-$,-?*!
#&'/,!(7 !$%,9!+0#&',*2
Lamp!>!),$%+,!40#4!,:%4*!/%'04=!(-!$%*%./,!,&,-'52!80,!+(--,+4!4,-:!7(-!#!/%'04!.1/.2
Light!3%*%./,!,&,-'52!
Light intensity!80,!/%'04F-,"!,+4%&'!@1#/%45!(7 !#!+(/(-2!!""!/1:%&(*%45!#&)!$#/1,2
237
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112$9 !!3%3!4111"5"!167
Luminosity!Y%4,-#//5=!/%'04!,:%44,)!9%40(14!0,#42![*,)!4(!),*+-%.,!40,!/%'04F-,"!,+4%&'!
@1#/%45!(7 !#!+(/(-2!Y1:%&(1*!+(/(-*!-,"!,+4!/%'04K!&(&F/1:%&(1*!+(/(-*!#.*(-.!/%'042
Luster P0,,&K!*(74,&,)!(-!)%771*,)!/%'04!-,"!,+4%$,&,**!(&!#!*1-7#+,2
Matte >!*:((40=!)1//=!$%*1#//5!"!#4!@1#/%45!(7 !*1-7#+,2
Maximum chroma!80,!*4-(&',*4!;(**%./,!:#&%7,*4#4%(&!(7 !#!01,2
Medium!80,!:,#&*!.5!90%+0!*(:,40%&'!%*!4-#&*:%44,)2!!""##-4%*4*?!:,)%#2
Metameric pair 89(!(.M,+4*!40#4!#;;,#-!4(!:#4+0!1&),-!(&,!*,4!(7 !/%'04!+(&)%4%(&*!.14!

)(!&(4!:#4+0!1&),-!#!)%77,-,&4!*,4!(7 !/%'04!+(&)%4%(&*2
Metamerism!80,!;0,&(:,&(&!40#4!(++1-*!90,&!49(!(.M,+4*!40#4!#;;,#-!4(!:#4+0!1&),-!
(&,!*,4!(7 !/%'04!+(&)%4%(&*!)(!&(4!:#4+0!1&),-!#!)%77,-,&4!*,4!(7 !/%'04!+(&)%4%(&*2
Monochromatic!6(&4#%&%&'!(&/5!(&,!01,2
Monotone!6(/(-!9%40(14!$#-%#4%(&2![*,)!4(!),*+-%.,!49(!(-!:(-,!+(/(-*!(7 !$,-5!+/(*,!01,=!
$#/1,=!#&)!*#41-#4%(&2!
Motif >!*%&'/,=!*;,+%!!+!),*%'&!,/,:,&4=!#&!%*(/#4,)!#&)!%&)%$%)1#/!%),#=!7(-:!(-!*0#;,2
Motion parallax >!-,#/F9(-/)!),;40!+1,!40#4!%&+/1),*!:(4%(&!#&)!4%:,2
Motion graphics ]-#9%&'*!40#4!%&+/1),!;%+4(-%#/!),;40!+1,*=!:(4%(&=!#&)!4%:,2
Negative space 80,!#-,#!(7 !#!+(:;(*%4%(&!40#4!%*!&(4!(++1;%,)!.5!:(4%7 !(-!%:#',2!

a,'#4%$,!*;#+,!%*!(74,&=!.14!.5!&(!:,#&*!#/9#5*=!40,!'-(1&)!(7 !#!+(:;(*%4%(&2
Object mode of vision!80,!;-,*,&+,!(7 !#!$%,9,-=!/%'04!*(1-+,=!#&)!(.M,+42
Optical mix!>!&,9!+(/(-!40#4!%*!*,,&!#*!#!-,*1/4!(7 !40,!+/(*,!M1A4#;(*%4%(&!(7 !*:#//!#-,#*!

(7 !49(!(-!:(-,!(40,-!+(/(-*2!P(:,4%:,*!+#//,)!)%$%*%(&%*:2!!""!;#-4%4%$,!+(/(-2
Optimized palette!>!;-,F*,/,+4,)=!/%:%4,)!;#/,44,!:#),!1;!(7 !+(/(-*!40#4!#-,!7(1&)!%&!40,!

(-%'%&#/!*(1-+,!%:#',2
Glossary 238
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112$% !!3%3!4111"5"!167
Palette Y%4,-#//5=!#!.(#-)!(-!;/#4,!1;(&!90%+0!+(/(-*!#-,!:%A,)2!\#/,44,!),*+-%.,*!#!'-(1;!
(7 !+(/(-*!1*,)!+0#-#+4,-%*4%+#//5!.5!#&!%&)%$%)1#/!#-4%*4!(-!),*%'&,-K!+(/(-*!;-,*,&4!%&!#!
*;,+%!!+!),*%'&=!'-(1;!(7 !),*%'&*=!(-!.()5!(7 !9(-NK!(-!+(/(-*!(7 !#!;#-4%+1/#-!,-#2
Partitive color >!&,9!+(/(-!40#4!%*!*,,&!#*!#!-,*1/4!(7 !40,!+/(*,!M1A4#;(*%4%(&!(7 !*:#//!#-,#*!

(7 !49(!(-!:(-,!(40,-!+(/(-*2!!""#(;4%+#/!:%A2
Pastel!>&!#;;#-,/F%&)1*4-5!4,-:!7(-!+(/(-*!)%/14,)!.5!90%4,!4(!0%'0!(-!:%))/,!$#/1,K!
#/*(=!+/,#&!4%&4*!9%40!/%44/,!(-!&(!:14,)!@1#/%452
Pattern >!),*%'&!+(:;(*%4%(&!7(-:,)!.5!40,!-,(++1--,&+,!(7 !:(4%7*2!\#44,-&!:#5!.,!

',(:,4-%+!(-!"!1%)=!-,'1/#-!(-!-#&)(:2
Physical spectrum!80,!71//!-#&',!(7 !$%*%./,!+(/(-*!(7 !/%'04!#*!;(*41/#4,)!.5!a,94(&<!-,)=!

(-#&',=!5,//(9=!'-,,&=!./1,=!%&)%'(!B./1,F$%(/,4C=!#&)!$%(/,42
Pigment!>!+(/(-#&4!40#4!%*!!!&,/5!'-(1&)!#&)!*1*;,&),)!#*!:%&14,!;#-4%+/,*!%&!#!$,0%+/,2!
8-#)%4%(&#//5=!;%':,&4*!9,-,!%&(-'#&%+!B,#-40!+(/(-*C=!.14!:(),-&!+0,:%*4-5!0#*!./1--,)!
40%*!)%*4%&+4%(&2!\%':,&4*!%&!',&,-#/!#-,!(;#@1,2
Pixel b&,!(7 !40,!;(%&4*!(7 !/%'04!40#4!:#N,!1;!40,!;%+41-,!(&!#!:(&%4(-!*+-,,&2!80,!9(-)!

),-%$,*!7-(:!D;%+41-,!,/,:,&42E!80,!'-,#4,-!40,!&1:.,-!(7 !;%A,/*!%&!#!'%$,&!#-,#!B40,!
*:#//,-!#&)!+/(*,-!4(',40,-C=!40,!0%'0,-!40,!*+-,,&!-,*(/14%(&2
Primary colors!80,!*%:;/,*4!+(/(-*!(7 !40,!#-4%*4*?!*;,+4-1:K!40(*,!40#4!+#&&(4!.,!-,)1+,)!

(-!.-(N,&!)(9&!%&4(!+(:;(&,&4!+(/(-*<!-,)=!5,//(9=!#&)!./1,2!!""!#-4%*4*?!;-%:#-%,*=!
#))%4%$,!;-%:#-%,*=!#&)!;-(+,**!;-%:#-%,*C2
Process colors!>!*1.4-#+4%$,!:,)%1:!40#4!*,/,+4%$,/5!#.*(-.*!#&)!4-#&*:%4*!/%'042!V,//(9=!
+5#&!B./1,F'-,,&C=!#&)!:#',&4#!B-,)F$%(/,4C!+(/(-#&4*!40#4=!90,&!:%A,)!(-!/#%)!($,-!(&,!
#&(40,-=!-,*1/4!%&!#!9%),!-#&',!(7 !+(/(-*!7(-!40,!;-%&4,)!;#',2![*,)!9%40!40,!#))%4%(&!(7 !
./#+N!%&!7(1-F+(/(-!B6QVWC!;-%&4%&'2
Process primaries 80,!*%:;/,*4!+(/(-*!(7 !;-(+,**!;-%&4%&'!%&N*K!40(*,!+#&&(4!.,!-,)1+,)!

(-!.-(N,&!)(9&!%&4(!+(:;(&,&4!+(/(-*<!65#&!B./1,F'-,,&C=!:#',&4#!B-,)F$%(/,4C=!#&)!
5,//(92!>//!01,*!%&!;-(+,**!;-%&4%&'!#-,!),-%$,)!7-(:!40,*,!40-,,!%&N*2!!""!#-4%*4*?!;-%:#-%,*=!
239
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112$' !!3%3!4111"5"!167
#))%4%$,!;-%:#-%,*=!#&)!;-(+,**!+(/(-*2
Pure color!!""!*#41-#4,)!+(/(-!#&)!:#A%:1:!+0-(:#2
Reflected beam!80,!.,#:!(7 !/%'04!-,#+0%&'!#&!(.M,+4!40#4!%*!-,"!,+4,)!.#+N2
Rendering![*,)!#*!#!&(1&=!#!!!&#/!)-#9%&'K!1*,)!#*!#!$,-.=!40,!;-(+,**!(7 !)-#9%&'!#!!!&#/!%:#',2
Resolution!>!:,#*1-,!(7 !40,!*0#-;&,**!#&)!+/#-%45!(7 !#&!%:#',!#&)!,A4,&4!#&)!+/#-%45!(7 !

),4#%/!40#4!+#&!.,!*,,&2!R&!#!:(&%4(-!%:#',!40%*!%*!),4,-:%&,)!;-%&+%;#//5!.5!40,!&1:.,-!
(7 !)(4*!B;%A,/*C!;,-!*@1#-,!%&+0<!40,!:(-,!;%A,/*=!40,!0%'0,-!40,!-,*(/14%(&2!X,*(/14%(&!%*!
1*,)!4(!),*+-%.,!;-%&4,-*=!:(&%4(-*!#&)!*+#&&,-*2
RGB display mode!80,!XOS!BX,)=!O-,,&=!S/1,C!:(),!(7 !*+-,,&!)%*;/#5!;#-#//,/*!40,!

-,*1/4*!(7 !:%A%&'!/%'042!R4!%*!1*,)!4(!:%A!+(/(-*!7(-!%:#',*!40#4!9%//!.,!$%,9,)!(&/5!#*!
:(&%4(-!*+-,,&!/%'04!)%*;/#5=!*1+0!#*!T,.*%4,*!(-!]3]*2
Rods!Y%'04F*,&*%4%$,!-,+,;4(-!+,//*!%&!40,!-,4%&#!40#4!#-,!-,*;(&*%./,!7(-!;,-%;0,-#/=!/,**!
7(+1*,)!$%*%(&2
Saturated color!80,!:(*4!%&4,&*,!:#&%7,*4#4%(&!(7 !#!+(/(-!%:#'%&#./,K!40,!D-,)),*4E!-,)!

(-!D./1,*4E!./1,2!>!71//5!*#41-#4,)!+(/(-!+(&4#%&*!(&,!(-!49(!(7 !40,!;-%:#-5!+(/(-*!.14!
&,$,-!40,!40%-)2!P#41-#4,)!+(/(-*!#-,!1&)%/14,)!.5!./#+N=!90%4,=!(-!'-#52!P5&(&5:*!#-,!
;1-,!+(/(-=!71//!+(/(-=!(-!01,*!#4!:#A%:1:!+0-(:#2
Saturation!80,!),'-,,!(7 !;1-%45!(7 !#!+(/(-K!%4*!01,!%&4,&*%45!(-!$%$%)!@1#/%45=!#*!(;;(*,)!4(!

:14,)!(-!)1//!@1#/%452
Secondary colors!6(/(-*!:#),!1;!(7 !49(!;-%:#-5!+(/(-*2!!""#*,+(&)#-5!+(/(-*!(7 !/%'04=!

*,+(&)#-5!+(/(-*!(7 !#-4%*4?*!:,)%#=!#&)!*,+(&)#-5!+(/(-*!(7 !;-(+,**!;-%&4%&'2
Secondary colors of artist’s media!>!'-(1;!(7 !+(/(-*=!,#+0!-,*1/4%&'!7-(:!40,!:%A41-,!(7 !49(!

*1.4-#+4%$,!;-%:#-%,*<!(-#&',!B-,)!#&)!5,//(9C=!'-,,&!B./1,!#&)!5,//(9C=!$%(/,4!B-,)!#&)!./1,C2!
Secondary colors of light!>!'-(1;!(7 !+(/(-*!(7 !/%'04!B#))%4%$,!+(/(-*C=!,#+0!-,*1/4%&'!7-(:!

40,!:%A41-,!(7 !49(!;-%:#-5!+(/(-!9#$,/,&'40*<!+5#&!B./1,!#&)!'-,,&C=!5,//(9!B-,)!#&)!
'-,,&C=!#&)!:#',&4#!B./1,!#&)!-,)C2!
Glossary 240
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112"4 !!3%3!4111"5"!167
Secondary colors of process printing >!'-(1;!(7 !+(/(-*=!,#+0!-,*1/4%&'!7-(:!40,!:%A41-,!
(7 !49(!;-%:#-5!+(/(-*!(7 !;-(+,**!+(/(-!%&N<!-,)!B:#',&4#!#&)!5,//(9C=!'-,,&!B5,//(9!#&)!
+5#&C=!#&)!./1,!B:#',&4#!#&)!+5#&C2!
Shade!>!;1-,!+(/(-!:#),!)#-N,-=!(-!9%40!./#+N!#)),)2
Simultaneous contrast >!*;(&4#&,(1*!+(/(-!,77,+4!40#4!-,*1/4*!7-(:!#!;05*%(/('%+#/!

-,*;(&*,!(7 !40,!,5,!4(!*4%:1/#4%(&!.5!(&,!+(/(-!(&/52!80,!,5,=!*,,N%&'!40,!;-,*,&+,!
(7 !#//!40-,,!;-%:#-%,*!%&!40,!!!,/)!(7 !$%*%(&=!',&,-#4,*!#!D9#*0E!(7 !%4*!+(:;/,:,&4!
(&4(!#&5!#)M#+,&4!&,14-#/!#-,#2
Single interval!80,!*:#//,*4!)%77,-,&+,!.,49,,&!*#:;/,*!40#4!#!$%,9,-!+#&!)%*4%&'1%*0K!
,*4#./%*0,)!.5!40,!%&)%$%)1#/?*!40-,*0(/)2!!""!%&4,-$#/!#&)!40-,*0(/)2
Sparkle P0#-;!/%'04!-,"!,+4%$,&,**!(&!#!*1-7#+,=!9%40!#&!#;;,#-#&+,!(7 !:($,:,&42!!""!'/%44,-2
Spectral colors!P+%,&4%!!+#//5!),!!&,)!+(/(-*!(7 !/%'04K!#))%4%$,!+(/(-*!40#4!#-,!:,#*1-#./,!

.5!9#$,/,&'402
Spectral reflectance curve!80,!;#44,-&!(7 !-,/#4%$,!,&,-'5!40#4!#!*;,+%!!+!/#:;!,:%4*!

#4!40,!$#-%(1*!9#$,/,&'40*2!
Spectrophotometer >!+(/(-!:#&#':,&4!4((/!40#4!;-($%),*!#!9#$,/,&'40F.5F9#$,/,&'40!
#&#/5*%*!(7 !#))%4%$,!(-!*1.4-#+4%$,!+(/(-2
Spectrum 80,!71//!-#&',!(7 !$%*%./,!01,*2!!""!#-4%*4*?!*;,+4-1:!#&)!;05*%+#/!*;,+4-1:2
Spreading effect!!""!S,L(/)!,77,+42
Standard!!>!*#:;/,!#'#%&*4!90%+0!#!+(/(-!%*!:#4+0,)2! !
Subtractive mixture!6(/(-!*,,&!#*!40,!-,*1/4!(7 !40,!#.*(-;4%(&!(7 !/%'04K!40,!+(/(-*!

(7 !(.M,+4*!#&)!40,!,&$%-(&:,&42
Subtractive primaries 80,!;-%:#-5!+(/(-*!(7 !#-4%*4*?!:,)%#=!40,!#-4%*4*?!;-%:#-%,*<!-,)=!

5,//(9=!#&)!./1,!!""!#-4%*4*?!;-%:#-%,*!#&)!;-(+,**!;-%:#-%,*2
Successive contrast!!""!#74,-%:#',2
241
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112"! !!3%3!4111"5"!167
Surface 80,!(14,-:(*4!/#5,-!(7 !#!49(F!(-!40-,,F)%:,&*%(&#/!40%&'K!%4*!D7#+,E!(-!D*N%&2E
Synaesthesia!>!/#-',/5!1&,A;/#%&,)!;0,&(:,&(&!%&!90%+0!(&,!*,&*,!-,*;(&)*!4(!40,!
*4%:1/#4%(&!(7 !#&(40,-2
Tertiary colors!6(/(-*!:#),!(7 !#&5!:%A41-,!(7 !40,!40-,,!;-%:#-%,*K!D.-(9&=E!(-!

+0-(:#4%+!&,14-#/*2
Threshold!80#4!;(%&4!%&!$%*%(&!#4!90%+0!#&!%&)%$%)1#/!+#&!M1*4!)%*4%&'1%*0!.,49,,&!
49(!+/(*,!*#:;/,*2
Tint >!;1-,!+(/(-!;/1*!90%4,=!(-!:#),!/%'04,-2
Tone >!&(&*;,+%!!+!9(-)!-,7,--%&'!4(!*(:,!+0#&',!%&!#!01,2!Q(*4!(74,&!1*,)!4(!:,#&!
#!'-#5%&'=!(-!-,)1+4%(&!%&!*#41-#4%(&!B+0-(:#C2!
Transition >!+0#&',!40#4!4#N,*!;/#+,!%&!*4,;*!B(-!%&4,-$#/*C!7-(:!(&,!7(-:=!+(/(-=!*%L,=!
*1-7#+,=!(-!(40,-!,/,:,&4!4(!#&(40,-=!)%77,-,&4!(&,2
Transparence illusion >&!%//1*%(&!%&!90%+0!(;#@1,!+(/(-*!#-,!:#),!4(!#;;,#-!

4-#&*;#-,&4=!+-,#4,)!.5!)-#9%&'!49(!+(/(-*!#*!%7 !40,5!($,-/#;!#&)!;/#+%&'!#&!%&4,-$#/!
.,49,,&!40,:!%&!40,!#-,#!(7 !($,-/#;2
Value X,/#4%$,!/%'04!#&)!)#-N=!9%40!(-!9%40(14!40,!;-,*,&+,!(7 !01,2!"%'0F$#/1,!*#:;/,*!

#-,!/%'04K!/(9F$#/1,!*#:;/,*!#-,!)#-N2
Vehicle >!/%@1%)=!;#*4,=!$%*+(1*=!9#A=!+0#/N=!(-!(40,-!*1.*4#&+,!%&4(!90%+0!;%':,&4*=!
)5,*!(-!(40,-!+(/(-#&4*!:#5!.,!%&4-()1+,)!4(!7(-:!#!:,)%1:!*1+0!#*!(%/!;#%&4=!4,A4%/,!
)5,=!(-!+-#5(&2!>/*(!-,7,--,)!4(!#*!#!.#*,!(-!.%&),-2
Visual acuity P0#-;&,**!(7 !$%*%(&=!40,!#.%/%45!(7 !40,!,5,!4(!*,,!),4#%/2
Wavelength!>!;1/*,!(7 !,&,-'5!40#4!#!/%'04!*(1-+,!,:%4*!#4!*;,+%!!+!)%*4#&+,*!#;#-42!T%40%&!
40,!-#&',!(7 !$%*%./,!,&,-'5=!,#+0!*%&'/,!9#$,/,&'40!%*!;,-+,%$,)!#*!#!*,;#-#4,!+(/(-2
Web-safe palette! >!;#/,44,!(7 !cG^!*,/,+4,)!+(/(-*!40#4!#-,!-,#*(&#./5!+(&*%*4,&4!7(-!

$%,9%&'!(&!#&5!(;,-#4%&'!*5*4,:!#&)!:(&%4(-2!T%40!#)$#&+,*!%&!%:#'%&'!40%*!'#:14!%*!
&(9!+(&*%),-,)!.5!:#&5!4(!.,!#&!1&&,+,**#-%/5!-,*4-%+4,)!&1:.,-!(7 !+(/(-*2!T,.F*#7,!
Glossary 242
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112"2 !!3%3!4111"5"!167
+(/(-*!#-,!&(&F)%40,-%&'2!!""!0,A#),+%:#/!+(/(-*2
Weber-Fechner principle!>!:#40,:#4%+#/!*,-%,*!%&!90%+0!%&4,-$#/*!.,49,,&!&1:.,-*!#-,!
',(:,4-%+!BG=!c=!d=!H=!G^=!Ic=!^d=!GcH=!,4+2C!%&!;-('-,**%(&=!,#+0!*4,;!49%+,!40,!(&,!.,7(-,!
#&)!0#/7 !40,!(&,!7(//(9%&'2!T,.,-F`,+0&,-!*,-%,*!#-,!1*,)!4(!%//1*4-#4,!$%*1#/!%&4,-$#/*=!
;#-4%+1/#-/5!%&4,-$#/*!(7 !$#/1,2
243
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112"$ !!3%3!4111"5"!167
Glossary 244
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,,-./001112"" !!3%3!4111"5"!167
!"#$%!$"&#''(')(*+(,--.../0" !!1%1!2...030!.45
BIBLIOGRAPHY
!"#$%&'()*&$+,(!"#$%&'#()"*)+ *,)-)%.,(-$.(/01$2'(345(60"$(7281$%&89:(;%$&&'(<=>?,
!%@&9%*2A'(48@,(,)-)/%*0$%'$1#()"2*3*0%&'#('&-*311%)&'4*#)*,)-)/%*54$)%6,(-*%+*"B'(C2A"02D5(((
( 40%EF82(;F#"8G098*2&'(<==<,
!%2H$8@'(IFD*"+,(7(./&-*54("8("9,(J$%B$"$:(02D(K*&(!2A$"$&5(7281$%&89:(*+ (30"8+*%280(((
((( ;%$&&'(<=>=,
J0""'(;H8"8L,(:%(94#*;&%#4<(-$.(6*%B5(M0%%0%'(N9%0F&(O8%*FP'(QRR<,
J0%9"$99'()*H2,*=&>(-(&%*?/)#&#()".,(J*&9*25(K899"$'(J%*.2(02D(3*@L02:'(<=SR,
J09$&'()*H2,(:&.('*@$.(9",(3"$1$"02D'(T/5(U*%"D(;F#"8&H82A'(<=>R,
J8""@$:$%'(M%$D(U,'(02D(V0P(N0"W@02,(0%("'(1-$.*)+ *,)-)%*5$'4")-)96,(-$.(6*%B5(X29$%&G8$2G$(
;F#"8&H$%&(YD818&8*2(*+ ()*H2(U8"$:(Z(N*2&'(X2G,['(<=>>,
J8%%$2'(M0#$%,*,)-)%*0.6'4)-)96*&"A*,)-)%*54$%&16,(-$.(6*%B5(7281$%&89:(J**B&'(<=><,
\\\,(0%("'(1-$.*)+ *,)-)%,(U$&9(3H$&9$%'(;!5(NGH8++$%(;F#"8&H82A'(<=S],
\\\,*,)-)%*&"A*B/>&"*C$.1)".$,(-$.(6*%B5(^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<=]S,
\\\,(,)-)%*0$%'$1#()"*("*3%#,(-$.(6*%B5(^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<=]>,
J"$8GH$%'(N9$LH$2,(,)"#$>1)%&%6*,)-)%<(3"8+9*2(;0%B'(-)5(4H*@&*2_`$"@0%(;F#"8&H82A'(QRRa,
J*."9'()*H2(C,'(02D(I*&$b30%*"(U0&H9*2(K*2A'($D&,*54$*D(+$*)+ *7&..(-(*E&"A(".862*3*F#/A6*)+ ***
*** GH"*54$*F1(%(#/&-*("*3%#,c(-$.9*218""$'(V!5(T%8$290"(I$&$0%GH(;0%92$%&'(<=SR,
3H$1%$F"'(V8GH$"(CFA$2$,*54$*0%("'(1-$.*)+ *B&%>)"6*&"A*,)"#%&.#*)+ *,)-)%.*&"A*54$(%**
*** 311-('&#()".*#)*#4$*3%#.,(-$.(6*%B5(I$82H*"D(;F#"8&H82A'(<=>],
!"#$%!$"&#''(')(*+(,--.../06 !!1%1!2...030!.45
3*H$2'(!%9HF%'($D,*54$*I$J*3%#*)+ *,)-)%2*54$*K%(#("9.*)+ *C)L$%#*&"A*F)"(&*@$-&/"&6<(-$.(6*%B5(
( ^8B82A(;%$&&'(<=]S,
54$*,)-)%*54$)%($.*)+ *M)$#4$*&"A*I$J#)"*("*#4$*D(94#*)+ *N)A$%"*046.('.,(K$G9F%$(A81$2(82((
( JFD0L$&9(*2(!L%8"(QS'(<=d<'(09(9H$(/F2A0%802(3"F#(*+ (NL8%89F0"(3**L$%098*2,(( (
( ;F#"8&H$D(82(O$%@02(82(V0:'(<=d<(82(9H$(L$%8*D8G0"(M$(.#*A$%*O$(#,(C2A"8&H(9%02&"098*2((
( G*F%9$&:(*+ (`%,(X102(J*D8&bU*""2$%'(I*GB$+$""$%(7281$%&89:'(-$.(6*%B'(<=Sa,
3*99*2'(J*#'(02D(I8GH0%D(T"81$%,*54$*,6L$%.1&'$*D$P(')"<*K*2D*25(;H08D*2'(<==d,
3%*+9*2'(X02,*3*@('#()"&%6*)+ *3%#,(K*2D*25(I*F9"$DA$'(<=SS,
3%*W8$%'(I0:,(N&"/+&'#/%$A*0-$&./%$.Q0.6'4)-)9('&-*C$.1)".$.*#)*@$.(9"<(V02GH$&9$%5(((
( V02GH$&9$%(7281$%&89:(;%$&&'(<==d,
`02A$%'(C%8G(;0P9*2,*54$*,)-)%*B&"AL))8,(!"D$%&H*9'(C2A"02D5(O*.$%(4$GH28G0"(
( ;%$&&'(<=S],
`018D*++'()F"$&(J,(,)9"(#()"*#4%)/94*,)-)%<*30@#%8DA$'(V!5(VX4(;%$&&'(<==<,
`$(J%F2H*+'(K0F%$29,(:&L&%R.*:))8*)+ *,)-)%,(-$.(6*%B5(/0%%:(-,(!#%0@&'(<=Sd'(QRRd,
`$(O%02D8&'(KF8A820,(4%02&"09$D(#:()*H2(O8"#$%9,(54$)%6*&"A*S.$*)+ *,)-)%,(-$.(6*%B5(( (
( /0%%:(-,(!#%0@&'(<=Sd,
@$.(9"$%R.*M/(A$*#)*,)-)%'(^*"F@$&(X(02D(XX,(4%02&"09$D(#:()0@$&(N9*GB9*2,(N02(M%02G8&G*5((
( 3H%*28G"$(J**B&'(<=Sd,
C8&$@02'(K$09%8G$,(54$*03I5HI;*:))8*)+ *,)-)%,(-$.(6*%B5(/0%%:(-,(!#%0@&'(<==R,
C"D%8DA$'(e8B8'(02D(K$&0(N0.0H090,*,)>1-$#$*,)-)%*B&%>)"6*K)%8L))8,(O"*FG$&9$%'(V!5(
( I*GBL*%9(;F#"8&H$%&'(QRR],
C102&'(I0"LH(V,*3"*!"#%)A/'#()"*#)*,)-)%,(-$.(6*%B5()*H2(U8"$:(02D(N*2&'(<=dS
M$8&2$%'(CD89H(!2D$%&*2,(,)-)%*F#/A($.,(-$.(6*%B5(M08%GH8"D(;F#"8G098*2&'(QRR<,
\\\,(,)-)%*F#/A($.(YQ2D($D,[,(K*2D*25(M08%GH8"D(;F#"8G098*2&'(QRR>,
O0A$'()*H2,(,)-)%*&"A*N$&"("9,(J$%B$"$:(02D(K*&(!2A$"$&5(7281$%&89:(*+ (30"8+*%280(;%$&&'(<===,
O$%%89&*2'(M%02&,(;T)-/#()"*("*,)-)%,(U$&9(3H$&9$%'(;!5(NGH8++$%(;F#"8&H82A'(<=SS,
O*$9H$'()*H022(U*"+A02A(1*2,*M)$#4$R.*,)-)%*54$)%6,(4%02&"09$D(#:(IFLL%$GH9(V099H$8,((
( -$.(6*%B5(^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<=]<,
O*"D&9$82'(C,(J%FG$,*F$".&#()"*&"A*0$%'$1#()",(J$"@*29'(3!5(U0D&.*%9H(;F#"8&H82A'(<=Sd,
O%$$2H0"AH'(;0F",(?/)#&#()".*&"A*F)/%'$.*)"*@$.(9"*&"A*#4$*@$')%&#(T$*3%#.<(V02GH$&9$%5((
( V02GH$&9$%(;%$&&'(<==?,
O%$8@02'(!L%8",(B6L%(A*!>&9$%62*54$*=/.()"*)+ *5$'4")-)96*&"A*M%&14('*@$.(9"<(K*2D*25(
( !%GH89$G9F%$(`$&8A2(02D(4$GH2*"*A:(;%$&&'(<==R,
247
!"#$%!$"&#''(')(*+(,--.../07 !!1%1!2...030!.45
/0"$'(/$"$2,(54$*3%#(.#R.*?/)#&#()"*:))8,(K*2D*25(I*#$%9(/0"$'(<==R,
/*GB2$:'(`018D,(F$'%$#*E")J-$A9$,(-$.(6*%B5(^8B82A(N9FD8*'(QRR<,
/*"9W&GHF$'(K82D0'(02D(CD.0%D(-*%8$A0,*@$.(9"*=/"A&>$"#&-*+)%*#4$*@(9(#&-*39$,(-$.(6*%B5((
( ^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<==],
/*L$'(!FAF&982$'(02D(V0%A0%$9(U0"GH,(54$*,)-)%*,)>1$"A(/>,(-$.(6*%B5(^02(-*&9%02D((
( I$82H*"D'(<==R,
X99$2'()*H022$&,(54$*3%#*)+ *,)-)%,(4%02&"09$D(#:(C%2&9(^02(/00A$2,(-$.(6*%B5(^02(
((-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<=>R,
\\\,(54$*;-$>$"#.*)+ *,)-)%,(CD89$D(#:(M0#$%(J8%%$2,(4%02&"098*2(#:(C%2&9(^02(/00A$2,(
((-$.(6*%B5(^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<=]R,
\\\,(54$*:&.('*,)/%.$*&#*#4$*:&/4&/.(Y%$1,($D,[,(K*2D*25(4H0@$&(02D(/FD&*2(Y0"&*(K899*2(
((( CDFG098*20"(;F#"8&H82A['(<=]a,
)$22:'(;$9$%,*54$*F$"./&-*=/"A&>$"#&-.*)+ *@$.(9",(fF%8GH5(^$%"0A(D$%(M0GH1$%$82$'(<==<,
e02D82&B:'(U0&&8":,(0)("#*&"A*D("$*#)*0-&"$,(-$.(6*%B5(`*1$%(;F#"8G098*2&'(<=]R,
e$"":'(e$22$9H(K*.,(,)-)%*S"(T$%.&-*D&"9/&9$*&"A*@('#()"&%6*)+ *I&>$.<*U0&H82A9*2'(`35(
( -098*20"(JF%$0F(*+ (N902D0%D&'(<=]>,
e*$28A'(J$GB:,*,)-)%*K)%8L))8<(7LL$%(N0DD"$(I81$%'(-)5(;%$298G$(/0""'(QRR?,
\\\,(,)-)%*K)%8L))8(YQ2D($D,[<(7LL$%(N0DD"$(I81$%'(-)5(;$0%&*2(CDFG098*2'(QRR],
e%$GH'(I,'(N,(3%F9GH!($"D'(02D(-,(K818&*2,*;-$>$"#.*)+ *0.6'4)-)96(YQ2D($D,[(-$.(6*%B5(!"+%$D((
( !,(e2*L+'(<=]=,
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( -*&9%02D(I$82H*"D('(<==?,
K0@#$%9'(;09%8G80,(,)"#%)--("9*,)-)%,(-$.(6*%B5(`$&8A2(;%$&&'(<==<,
K0%&$2'()0GB(K$2*%(02D()$022$(U$$B&,(=&L%('.*+)%*!"#$%()%.,(-$.(6*%B(5^02(-*&9%02D(
( I$82H*"D'(<=]a,
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D(94#("9*311-('&#()"*:/--$#(",(O$2$%0"(C"$G9%8G(;F#"8G098*2(gQRabd<?<<'(F2D09$D,
K829*2'(/0%*"D,(,)-)%*=)%$'&.#("9<*3*F/%T$6*)+ *!"#$%"&#()"&-*,)-)%*N&%8$#("9,(-$.(6*%B5(^02(
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( ;%$&&'(<=S>,
Bibliography 248
!"#$%!$"&#''(')(*+(,--.../0% !!1%1!2...030!.45
K*.$2A0%D'(N0%0H,(54$*,%$&#()"*)+ *,)-)%*("*UV#4*,$"#/%6*;/%)1$<(...,AF9$2#$%Ab$,*%A_"*.$2A0%D,
KFGB8$&H'(V,(7(./&-*!--/.()".2*54$(%*,4&%&'#$%(.#('.*&"A*311-('&#()".<(-$.(6*%B5(`*1$%(
( ;F#"8G098*2&'(X2G,'(<=>a,
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V0GB'(O$%H0%D,(,)-)/%.2*C$>*E))-4&&.WHN3X*I)%>&"*=).#$%X*3-$..&"A%)*N$"A("(,*,)-)/%.,(J0&$"'(
(( J$%2'(J*&9*25(J8%BH0F&$%b;F#"8&H$%&(+*%(!%G9F%8&'(QRR<,
V0$%W'(!,'(02D(I$0(V,(;0F",(3*@('#()"&%6*)+ *,)-)%,(-$.(6*%B'(4*%*29*'(K*2D*2,(VGO%0.(
((( /8""(J**B(3*@L02:(X2G,'(<=aR,
V0H2B$'(M%02B(/,(02D(IFD*"+ (/,(V0H2B$,(,)-)%*("*N&"*N&A$*;"T(%)">$"#.<(-$.(6*%B5((
((( ^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<=SQ,
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V0B*%2:'(7"%8B$(J$GB&,(E&"A(".86,(e*"25(J$2$D8B9(40&GH$2'(<==d,
V0:$%'(I0"LH,(54$*3%#(.#R.*B&"AL))8*)+ *N&#$%(&-.*&"A*5$'4"(Y/$.,(-$.(6*%B5(^8B82A(;%$&&'(<=S<,
VG3"$""02D'(`$B$,(N&.#$%("9*3A)L$*!--/.#%&#)%,(/*@$.**D'(XK5(JF&82$&&(T2$(X%.82(`$&B9*L(
((( ;F#"8&H82A(K8#%0%:'(<==<,
VF2&$""'(!"#$%9(/$2%:,(3*M%&>>&%*)+ *,)-)%.,(-$.(6*%B5(^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<=>=,
VF2&$""'(!,(/,(3*,)-)%*I)#&#()",(-$.#F%AH'(-6,(V0G#$9Hh(`818&8*2(*+ (e*""@*%A$2(
((X2&9%F@$29&(3*%L*%098*2,*5&>("9*#4$*F1$'#%/>Z,(<==Q,
-8G*"&*2'(V0%i*%8$(/*L$,(I$J#)"*@$>&"A.*#4$*N/.$,(;%82G$9*2'(-)5(;%82G$9*2(7281$%&89:(
((( ;%$&&'(<=>>,
T&9.0"D'(U8"H$"@,(54$*,)-)%*0%(>$%,(-$.(6*%B5(^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D'(<=>=,
;029*2$'(X2G,'(%$L%829(+%*@(TG9*#$%'(<==S($D898*2(*+ (;-$'#%)"('*0/L-(.4("9,(;$22U$""'(<==S,
;0%&*2&'(4H*@0&(02D(N*2&,(B(.#)%('&-*,)-)/%.,(K*2D*25(4H*@0&(;0%&*2&(02D(N*2&'(<=?d,
;09$%&*2'(X02,*3*@('#()"&%6*)+ *,)-)%,(K*2D*25(4H*%*A**D'(QRR?,
0)'8$#*0&-,(V8GH0$"(J%F2*'($D,(V$@LH8&'(4-5(X29$%2098*20"(;0L$%'(<=SS,
;**%$'(/$2%:(I,(3%#*0%("'(1-$.*("*0%&'#('$,(-$.(6*%B5(O,;,(;F920@j&(N*2&'(<=?R,
I*D$@022'(;09%8G80(!,(0&##$%".*("*!"#$%()%*;"T(%)">$"#.2*0$%'$1#()"X*0.6'4)-)96*&"A*0%&'#('$,(
((( -$.(6*%B,()*H2(U8"$:(Z(N*2&'(<===,
I**D'(TAD$2,(<=]?,(N)A$%"*,4%)>&#('.<(-$.(6*%B5(^02(-*&9%02D(I$82H*"D('(<=]?,
N0LL8'(U0%%$2,*54$*K&%%$"*F#&"A&%AX*1*",(?'(2*,(Q(Y=>ba>Q>['(<==>,
N0%A$29'(U0"9$%,(54$*;"[)6>$"#*&"A*S.$*)+ *,)-)%,(-$.(6*%B5(`*1$%(;F#"8G098*2&'(<=>d,
249
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NG*99'(I*#$%9(O8""80@,(@$.(9"*=/"A&>$"#&-.,(-$.(6*%B5(VGO%0.(/8""'(<=a<,
NH0%L$'(`$#*%0H,(54$*0.6'4)-)96*)+ *,)-)%*&"A*@$.(9"<(4*9*.0'(-)5(K899"$!($"D'(!D0@&(02D((
((( 3*@L02:'(<=]d,
NH"082'(K$*20%D,(3%#*&"A*046.('.2*0&%&--$-*7(.()".*("*F1&'$X*5(>$*&"A*D(94#<(-$.(6*%B5(
((( U8""80@(V*%%*.'(<==<,
N"*02$'(;09%8G80,(54$*7(./&-*I&#/%$*)+ *,)-)%,(-$.(6*%B5(`$&8A2(;%$&&'(<=S=,
N*"&*'(I*#$%9(K,(,)9"(#()"*&"A*#4$*7(./&-*3%#.,(30@#%8DA$'(V!5(VX4(;%$&&'(<==d,
N.8%2*++'(K*8&,*@(>$".()"&-*,)-)%,(J*&9*25(J8%BH0F&$%'(<=S>,
4020B0'(XBB*,*\&1&"*,)-)%,(N02(M%02G8&G*5(3H%*28G"$(J**B&'(<=SQ,
40:"*%'()*&HF0(3,(D$&%"("9*#)*D))8,(3H8G0A*5(7281$%&89:(*+ (3H8G0A*(;%$&&'(<=Q],
54$*I$J*D$P(')"*K$L.#$%R.*@('#()"&%6*)+ *#4$*;"9-(.4*D&"9/&9$,(-$.(6*%B5(K$P8G*2(;F#"8G098*2&'(<=S],
54$*C&"A)>*B)/.$*@('#()"&%6*)+ *#4$*;"9-(.4*D&"9/&9$,(-$.(6*%B5(I02D*@(/*F&$'(X2G,'(<=>],
4H$%*FP'(!"$P02D$%,(54$*0%(>&%6*,)-)%.,(-$.(6*%B5(/$2%:(/*"9(02D(3*@L02:'(<==d,
\\\,(54$*F$')"A&%6*,)-)%.,(-$.(6*%B5(/$2%:(/*"9(02D(3*@L02:'(<==>,
4F+9$'(CD.0%D(I,*;"T(.()"("9*!"+)%>&#()"<(3H$&H8%$'(345(O%0LH8G&(;%$&&'(<==R,
^0%"$:'(/$"$2'($D,(,)-)%<(-$.(6*%B5(4H$(^8B82A(;%$&&'(<=SR,
^$29F%8'(K8*2$""*,*B(.#)%6*)+ *3%#*,%(#('(.>,(-$.(6*%B5(C,;(`F99*2(02D(3*,'(<=>d,
^$%2$F8",(!D,(C9(V;,(E&-$(A).')1$*)%"$>$"#.*&L.#%&(#.,(;0%8&5(CD898*2&(!"#$%9(K$1:'(YF2D09$D'(G,(<=Q=,[
^82G$'()*H2,(54$*D&"9/&9$*)+ *,)>1/#$%*M%&14('.,(K*2D*25(!%GH89$G9F%$(`$&8A2(02D(
((( 4$GH2*"*A:(;%$&&'(<==R,
U0"GH'(V0%A0%$9,(,)-)%*F)/%'$*:))8,(-$.(6*%B5(NG%8#2$%&'(<=]=,
K$L.#$%R.*I$J*5J$"#($#4*,$"#/%6*@('#()"&%6*S"&L%(A9$A*F$')"A*;A(#()",(3"$1$"02D'(T/5(U*%"D(
((( ;F#"8&H82A(3*@L02:'(<=a=,
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((( ;F#"8&H82A'(<==>,
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U*"++'(/$2%:,(7(./&-*54("8("92*N$#4)A.*+)%*N&8("9*!>&9$.*N$>)%&L-$,(-$.(6*%B5(!@$%8G02(
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Bibliography 250
!"#$%!$"&#''(')(*+(,--.../"2 !!1%1!2...030!.45
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,-.)*++///0&! !!1%1!2///3430/56
INDEX
!! "
"#$%&'()*#+!,- H(I9%JK*229%!4*5I+!6D
"#.*)/+!!""!0*1.(2!(#.*)/ H(19+!=,D
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'&391 H9(.)/+!=6:
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49%149#)*89 H9L&23!9AA9#)+!=76
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"2B9%1+!C&19A+!=D+!6E+!=67+!=6D+!=-> H*&2&<*#!%914&5191!)&!#&2&%+!!""!
"5*2*59!3/91+!77F N$/1*&2&<*#(2!%914&5191!)&!#&2&%
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Index 254
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,-.)*++///0&3 !!1%1!2///3430/56
W'4%911*&5+!==D !!$.'(5!#&'A&%)!(53!49%A&%'(5#9!.539%+!76
W'4%911*&5(2!#&2&%+!E= !!*5#(5391#95)+!7D+!D=
W5#(5391#95)+!!""!Y('41+!*5#(5391#95) !!YQX+!76
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W53*%9#)!2*<$)+!D, Y()9%(2!*5$*B*)*&5+!67
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K9'&%/!#&2&%+!66 !!)%(3*)*&5(2+!77=
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K*;*5<+!'&391!&A+!=->+!7:- N(%95)J391#95395)!#&2&%!'*;).%91+!FE
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!!4%&#911!#&2&%+!=,, N())9%5!%9#&<5*)*&5+!F>
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!!#(2*B%()*&5+!=>E N$(1*#!(%&.1(2+!6D
!!@U\+!=>D N*#)&%*(2!394)$!#.91+!==F
!!Y@X+!=>D N1/#$&2&<*#(2!%914&5191!)&!#&2&%+!6F
K&)*&5!<%(4$*#1+!==6 N$/1*&2&<*#(2!%914&5191!)&!#&2&%+!6:
K&)*&5!4(%(22(;+!==6 N*<'95)1+!=,D
K.51922+!"2B9%)!T95%/?+!=D+!=D>+!=67 N*;92+!=>7
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- !!$(53+!=-=
_B]9#)!#&2&%+!F !!3/9!1.B2*'()*&5+!7:7
Index 256
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,-.)*++///0&" !!1%1!2///3430/56
!!T9;(#$%&'9+!=-=+!7:7 O#(291+
!!4%&#911!#&2&%+!=,,+!7:7 !!#$%&'()*#+!,F
!!1*2I!1#%995+!=-= !!'&5&#$%&'()*#+!-F
!!14&)!#&2&%+!=-= !!1().%()*&5+!-,
N%&#911!#&2&%1+! !!8(2.9+!,>
!!'*;*5<+!=,, O#())9%*5<+!7-
!!4%*'(%*91+!=,, O#$29''9%+!K(;+!=F=
!!19#&53(%*91+!=,, O#$&495$(.9%+!"%)$.%+!=F7
N%&#911!4%*'(%*91+!!""!N%&#911!#&2&%1 O#%995!3*142(/+!=>7
N%&3.#)+ O#%995!*'(<91+!=-,
!!#&2&%*5<+!=,: !!W5)9%59)!3*1)%*B.)*&5!&A+!7:D
!!*395)*)/!(53!#&2&%+!7=, O9#&53(%/!#&2&%1+
N.%9!#&2&%+!!""!O().%()93!#&2&% !!(%)*1)1G!149#)%.'+!,7
N/)$(<&%.1+!=DD !!2*<$)+!7=
!!4%&#911+!=,,
/ O9'(5)*#1+!6,
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0
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O(A9)/!#&2&%1+!E: O49#)%(2!%9"!9#)(5#9!#.%89+!7D
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O('42*5<+!7=F O49#.2(%!1.%A(#9+#!""!O.%A(#9
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!!$(%'&5/!(53+!=6E O4%9(3*5<!9AA9#)+!!""!H9L&23!9AA9#)
!!14()*(2!9AA9#)1!&A+!==E O)(53(%3+!=>6
257
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,-.)*++///0&7 !!1%1!2///3430/56
O)*'.2.1+!FF !!#&'4(%*1&5!&A !3*AA9%95)!$.91+!-E
O)%.#).%(2!#&2&%+!!""!W%*391#95#9 !!<%(4$*#!Z.(2*)/!(53+!,>
O)%&&4!*5)9%(#)*&5+!E: !!<%&.53!(53+!,>
O.B)%(#)*89!#&2&%!'*;*5<+!=,F !!$(%'&5/!(53+!=6F
O.##911*89!#&5)%(1)+!!""!"A)9%*'(<9 !!*'(<9!(53+!,>
O.52*<$)+!7:+!76+!67 !!'&5&#$%&'()*#!1#(291+!-F
O.%A(#9+!DD+!=,: !!1().%()93!$.91!(53+!-7
!!$(%'&5/!(53+!=E7 !!1#(291+!-F
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!!)9;).%93+!DF !!8*B%()*&5!(53+!=77
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! ! ! ! ! 0*1*B29!959%</+!!""#Y*<$)
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\$9&%9)*#(2!<%(/+!-> !!&B]9#)!'&39!&A+!7,
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4
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\%(514(%95#9!*22.1*&5+!==- M(89295<)$+!=>
\%(514(%95)!'()9%*(2+!DE !!8*1*B29+!=>
M9B!#&2&%!#&3*5<+!7:F
2 M9BJ1(A9!4(29))9+!7:E
M%*)*5<+!6,
`2)%(8*&29)!2*<$)+!!""!Y*<$)+!.2)%(8*&29)
`191!&A !#&2&%+!,
0(2.9+!=7+!,>
Index 258
!"#$%!$&'#()*+,-.)*++///0&% !!1%1!2///3430/56
Design/Graphic Arts/General
H O L T Z SC H U E
F O U RT H E D I T I O N
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

ENHANCE YOUR SKIL L S FOR WORKING WITH COL OR
Now in an updated Fourth Edition, Understanding Color helps you connect the dots between your emotional,
UNDERSTANDI NG COL OR
intuitive responses to color and the theories that explain them. Through authoritative, easy-to-follow instruction,
you’ll learn how to use color more comfortably, creatively, and effectively than ever before.
Take your work to the next level by exploring how different light sources affect color rendition, how placement
changes color, how to avoid costly color mistakes, and how to resolve the color problems that frequently confront
design professionals. This Fourth Edition is full of powerful new features that reflect the latest issues in color and
design, including:
■ Nearly 35 percent of content expanded and revised

U N D E R ST A N D I N G
■
■
Coverage of a broad range of design disciplines
Ideas from the major color theorists that reinforce one another, rather than an approach
emphasizing what is correct or incorrect
Discussion of color created by traditional media and digital design, and the issues that
arise when design moves from one medium to another
COL OR
AN INTRODUCTION FOR DESIGNERS
■ Innovative coverage of color marketing issues
■ Helpful tips for using color in the working environment
■ An online workbook contains valuable exercises to reinforce color concepts
Understanding Color, Fourth Edition is an unparalleled source of authoritative information and practical solutions
for students and professionals in all fields of design.
LINDA HOLTZSCHUE is Principal of Linda Holtzschue and Associates, an interior design firm based in
New York City. She has taught color theory and related courses at Parsons School of Design, where she also
served as an assistant dean; the Fashion Institute of Technology; and the School of Visual Arts. Her work has
appeared in the New York Times Magazine and Better Homes and Gardens.
www.wiley.com/go/understandingcolor4e
FOURTH
EDITION
L I N D A H O L T Z SC H U E
978-0470-38135-9 4-COLOR GLOSSY

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Design/Graphic Arts/General

FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

■ Nearly 35 percent of content expanded and revised

978-0470-38135-9 4-COLOR GLOSSY

[#I#,%'2 %[#/&#=#,5ZR#$0=/#I-*%'2 %</**/+,5\%<"#=-%,"-%)E&=#$"-*%/+.%,"-%/E,"'*%"/C-%E$-.%,"-#*%

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Color Study

Chapter 2 A Little Light on the Subject

Chapter 3!! The Human Element

The Sensation of Color 44

Chapter 4 The Vocabulary of Color

Chapter 5 The Instability of Colors

The Instability of Colors 94

Chapter 6 Illusion and Impression

Optical Illusions 112

Chapter 7 Color Theory: A Brief History

Setting the Stage 132

In Search of Beauty 150

Chapter 9 Tools of the Trade

It’s the Real Thing: Color in Product and Print 168

Chapter 10 The Medium of Light

Then and Now 187

!"#"$% &'% '(&)*#+(&,-.% /+#)&,-.% 012$0''&30.% 4&'(*$5&,-.% &)2$0''&",+#.% /*#(*$+#.% 01*50$+,(.%

The Experience of Color

An Introduction to Color Study 4

Figure 1-4. I"#@*3,&H676"(%!"#"$%+44'%)0+,&,-%("%(:0%>$&((0,%>"$47

An Introduction to Color Study 6

!"#"$%/+,%)"4&96%(:0%20$/02(&",%"9 %'2+/0.%/$0+(&,-%&##*'&",'%"9 %'&R0.%,0+$,0''.%'02+$+(&",.%"$%

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!"#"$% &40,(&!%0'7% 8(% 2$"3&40'% &,'(+,(% 4&'/$&)&,+(&",% Figure 1-7.

An Introduction to Color Study 8

?0/:,&/+#%'6'(0)'%"9 %/"#"$%"$-+,&R+(&",%+$0%,"(%+%2+$(%"9 %(:0%4+6=("=4+6%>"$<%"9 %(:0%40'&-,%

An Introduction to Color Study 10

Figure 1-9. H676"&H677+,136$.(!B%$02$0'0,(+(&30%'+)2#&,-%"9 %@+$$">%+,4%T+##%2+&,(%/"#"$'S%2+$(%"9 %+%#+$-0$%

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An Introduction to Color Study 12

?:0%'0/",4%9"/*'%"9 %/"#"$%'(*46%&'%/"#"$%,6$1"677%?:0%&,'(+5&#&(6%"9 %/"#"$'%/+,,"(%50%0#&)&,+(04.%

An Introduction to Color Study 14

An Introduction to Color Study 16

@4+%&.'1(5&#&17%"2 %/"#"$%4('%(%.*95+$%"2 %/(*'+':%@4+%!%$'1%"2 %14+'+%&'%14+%?(7%&.%?4&/4%/"#"$'%

Figure 2-1.! @4+% 4*9(.% +7+% &'% (5#+% 1"% '+.'+%

400 450 550 600 650 700

Additive Color: Mixing Light

A Little Light On The Subject 20

_&,&.3% 1?"% "2 % 14+% -$&9($7% /"#"$'%

B()+#+.314'% /(.% 5+% /"95&.+6% &.%

B4&1+%"$%/"#"$+6%#&341%'++.%('%(%$+'*#1%"2 %(%/"95&.(1&".%"2 %?()+#+.314'%&'%/(##+6%(.%)(('&'-$/

_"'1% #(9-'% -$"6*/+% #&341% 14(1% &'%

A Little Light On The Subject 22

@4+%/"#"$%1+9-+$(1*$+%"2 %(%#(9-%&'%*'+6%('%(%9+('*$+%"2 %?4&1+.+''%2"$%14+%/"#"$%"2 %*'+,&/

A Little Light On The Subject 24

?'+,&'0+/*$-$*%$+2+$'%1"%14+/;3)0&'&2/"2 %()(&#(5#+%#&3410%$+3($6#+''%"2 %&1'%/"#"$%9(>+*-:%C&341&.3%

A Little Light On The Subject 26

Subtractive Color: Colorants

A Little Light On The Subject 28

A14+$% /"#"$(.1'% 9"6&27% #&341/ .$*$%&'-$*29/ ;% $+6% /"#"$(.1% (5'"$5'%

A Little Light On The Subject 30

@4+% .+($[*.&)+$'(#% '-+/&!%/(1&".% "2 % "%*"$+'/+.1% #(9-&.3% 2"$% /"99+$/&(#% (--#&/(1&".'0%

A Little Light On The Subject 32

Modifying Light: Surface

P31:)%$%&'%14+%"*1+$9"'1%#(7+$%"2 %(%14&.30%&1'%G'>&.:K%Y&22+$+.1%'*$2(/+' D $"*340%'9""140%"$%

C&341%'1$&>&.3%(%'*$2(/+%$+"%+/1'0%"$%5"*./+'%"22 %&1:%@4+%-"'&1&".%"2 %(%'*$2(/+%$+#(1&)+%1"%14+%

SMOOTH SURFACE ROUGH SURFACE

A Little Light On The Subject 34

[#I#,%'2 %[#/&#=#,5ZR#$0=/#I-*%'2 %</**/+,5\%<"#=-%,"-%)E&=#$"-%/+.%,"-%/E,"'%"/C-%E$-.%,"-#*%

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